Employment and inclusive economic growth Thematic session 1: Sustainable livestock transformation for improved livelihoods, food security and nutrition, and enhanced resilience Sub-session 1.1: Improved livelihoods, and food security and nutrition Isabelle Baltenweck, International Livestock Research Institute At national level: livestock contributes significantly to agricultural Gross Domestic Product—everywhere Livestock contributions to agricultural GDP: Global average: 40% HIC average: 50% LMIC average: from 15–80%—and this is growing As economies grow, the proportion of: agriculture’s contribution to total GDP shrinks livestock’s contribution to agriculture GDP rises Caveat! GDP measures exclude many ‘hard-to-measure’ livestock functions (e.g. manure fertilizer, ecosystem services), especially important in LMICs. Salmon, G. 2018. Fact Check 2: Livestock and Economy. Does the livestock sector make up 40% of total agricultural GDP globally? http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30115 ‹#› Employment Overall, livestock sustains the livelihoods of 1.7 billion people globally This includes on-farm (households and hired labour) and workers along the livestock value chains Scanty data on employment in the LMIC livestock sector FAO (n.d.) Contribution of the livestock sector to food security and sustainable agrifood systems. Draft for consultation. Chapter 4.3 Christiaensen and Maertens (2022) Rural Employment in Africa: Trends and Challenges. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 2022. 14:267–89 In Africa, agriculture (including livestock) employs most people in the rural areas ‹#› Case of youth employment in livestock How to provide decent jobs to the growing population, given that Africa population will continue to grow at 2.5% per year in the next decades? How to support youth’s participation in livestock? Bullock et al. 2023. Youth engagement in livestock production and marketing in East Africa. Outlook on Agriculture 52(4): 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/00307270231215368 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 2019. CGIAR Research Program on Livestock: Youth strategy. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. Various factors at play Analysis of youth versus non-youth livestock ownership in East Africa shows no systematic youth-specific trends across the asset ownership, levels of commercialization or market participation Education more than age is a determinant factor of market participation ‹#› Livestock for gender equity and social inclusion Animals are often the only productive asset that women are allowed to own and manage Studies show that increasing women’s roles in livestock decisions is associated with positive impacts on women’s welfare, increased livestock assets, reduced debt, and increased incomes, as well as decreased anxiety symptoms and improved subjective health scores But development interventions have mixed effects Most asset transfer projects combined with extension had positive effects Interventions focusing on output markets negatively impacted women’s empowerment Gender accommodative approaches had negative or unclear impacts on women’s labour and workloads as the focus is often on increasing incomes Baltenweck I et al. (2024). Livestock as a Pathway to Women’s Empowerment in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review. The Journal of Development Studies, 60(6), 813–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2024.2319072 ‹#› Case of milk traders in Nairobi (Kenya) Milk is key in people’s diets and most households buy milk from traders due to convenience and lower price Women represent ~45% of informal milk traders in peri-urban Kenya Intervention: training-certification-marketing of traders (TCM) to improve children nutrition and health outcomes. How to make the training gender-responsive? Gender norms restrict women’s mobility, use of public transport, independent use of private motorbikes, interaction with unrelated men Also, women feel unsafe travelling in remote areas and can’t lift heavy jerry cans (and metal ones compulsory for transport) Galiè et al., 2022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09718524.2022.2084491 ‹#› Findings Men sell milk in large quantities and as main commodity & their milk business thrives Women sell some milk and other commodities & ‘survive in the milk business’ ‹#› Towards a sustainable and inclusive livestock sector: 5 dimensions of sustainability Innovations to maximise livestock for nutrition, health & food security While recognizing the risk of animal-human/emerging diseases and unsafe foods Innovations for poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs While ensuring that the benefits are not restricted to few people Innovations to enhance gender equity, youth and social inclusion As gender neutral interventions don’t work and will delay progress towards a sustainable livestock sector Innovations to achieve climate adaptation & greenhouse gas reduction While acknowledging barriers to uptake Innovations towards better environmental health and biodiversity While mitigating negative impact of livestock on pollution, land/water degradation ‹#› Thank you Contact Isabelle Baltenweck i.Baltenweck@cgiar.org image7.wmf image8.wmf image9.png image10.png image11.png image12.png image13.jpg image14.png image15.jpg image16.png image17.jpeg image1.jpg image2.png image3.png image4.jpg image5.png image6.jpg