Report October 31, 2023 Tran Thi Bich Ngoc1 & Mary Atieno2 1National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Hanoi Vietnam 2Tropical Forages Program, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Hanoi, Vietnam ©2023 This publication is copyrighted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. To view this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Unless otherwise noted, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the following condition: ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by ILRI or the author(s). NOTICE: For any reuse or distribution, the licence terms of this work must be made clear to others. Any of the above conditions can be waived if permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Nothing in this licence impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. The parts used must not misrepresent the meaning of the publication. ILRI would appreciate being sent a copy of any materials in which text, photos etc. have been used. Photo credit: Tran Thi Bich Ngoc/NIAS Citation: Ngoc, T.T.B. and Atieno, M. 2023. Training manual for pig feeds and nutrition in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam: NIAS and Rome, Italy: Alliance Bioversity and CIAT Acknowledgments This work was conducted as part of the CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity for Livelihoods, Nutrition and Gender inclusion (SAPLING). CGIAR research is supported by contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to transforming food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. Page 2 of 28 Report Introduction Pig production plays an important role for the livelihood of farmers, especially for poor people in the difficult-to-access rural and mountainous areas. In mountainous areas, pig production is associated with indigenous pig breeds which are low performance but well-adapted to the local harsh and deprived conditions, better resistant to disease than improved pig breeds. However, in recent years, crossbreds and exotic pig breeds have been introduced to farmers in mountainous regions. For example, in the Li-chan project, using the technology of artificial insemination (AI) with exotic semen for Ban pigs has been successful in Chieng Chung and Chieng Luong communes, Mai Son district, Son La province. Although there is a long traditional practice in pig production, farmers have limited knowledge on pig nutrition which greatly affects the productivity and health of the pig herd. One of the objectives of the CGIAR initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity for Improved Livelihoods, Nutrition and Gender Inclusion (SAPLING), is to assess, test and promoted locally suited feed intervention strategies for cattle and pigs, in Mai Son and Phu Yen districts, Son La province, located in the Northwest Highlands of Vietnam. In order to achieve this goal, the project team has developed this training material focusing on knowledge about feed and nutrition for pigs to disseminate to local officials and farmers throughout Son La province, especially the two districts Mai Son and Phu Yen. 1. CLASSIFICATION OF PIG FEED 1.1. Feed materials rich in energy content Have a high energy value of over 2,500 Kcal/kg of feed (dry matter basis), mainly supply energy for activities such as moving, breathing, digesting food, etc. and helps to form products (meat, milk, pregnancy, semen, etc.). This feed group comprises: • Cereal grains and their by-products: corn, paddy, broken rice, rice bran, etc. • Roots and tubers: cassava, sweet potato, edible canna (Canna edulis Ker Gawl.), lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill), etc. 1.2. Feed materials rich in protein Have high protein content (>20% protein, dry matter basis), mainly to be synsthesized into body protein. This feed group includes: • Plant origin feeds: Soybean, sesame, peanut, peanut meal, soybean meal, etc.). • Animal origin feeds: Fish, fish meal, shrimp meal, meat meal, silkworm pupae powder, earthworm, termite, etc. Page 4 of 28 1.3. Feed materials rich in minerals • Have high mineral content, involved in forming bones and other organs. • This feed group includes: Powdered don (a type mollusk) shell, crab shell, snail shell, eggshell, bone meal, etc. • Mineral content of the diet exceeding the recommended level will cause poinsoning for pigs. 1.4. Feed materials rich in vitamins High in vitamins, helping to enhance metabolism in the body. This group includes: • Vegetables, grasses, leaves, roots and tubers, fruits (carrot, pumpkin, kohlrabi, etc.). • In addition, synthetic vitamins and mineral-vitamin premixes are available to provide both minerals and vitamins for animals. Page 5 of 28 EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN PIG FEEDS 1. Energy deficiency: Slow growth, low milk production and quality, low semen volume. Newborn piglets have low birth weight. 2. Protein deficiency: Slow growth, poor lean meat deposition; low milk production and quality, low semen volume. Newborn piglets have low birth weight. 3. Mineral deficiency: Piglets have poorly developed bones and are prone to rickets. Pregnant and suckling sows are prone to paralysis. Slow growth in meat pigs. 4. Vitamin deficiency: High embryo mortality. Reduced vitality in newborn piglets, prone to premature death, prone to being stunted, prone to diseases related to anemia, eyes and skin, etc. Energy, protein and mineral content of locally available pig feed ingredients in the Northern uplands of Vietnam Moisture Minerals (%) Ingredient (%) Protein ME (Kcal/kg) (%) Calcium Phosphorus Corn 10.6 3691 10.07 0.25 0.34 Broken rice 11.8 3741 9.64 0.15 0.39 Rice bran 12.2 2847 13.67 0.19 1.88 Paddy 12.8 3073 8.03 0.25 0.31 Dried cassava 11.5 3503 3.28 0.28 0.18 Fresh cassava 72.3 3495 3.25 0.18 0.14 Fresh cassava pulp 90.0 2780 1.80 0.40 0.15 Edible canna tubers 76.0 3375 4.58 0.38 0.17 Wet edible canna powder and 76.9 2268 3.90 0.26 0.09 pulp Wet tofu pulp 85.0 2663 27.90 0.67 0.73 Soybean meal 10.6 2908 46.98 0.31 0.73 Soybean 10.3 3679 43.48 0.26 0.70 Don shell powder 33.20 Banana stalk 94.3 1649 10.53 Edible canna 86.5 2237 8.89 1.04 0.22 Tropical pitcher plant leaves 73.0 16.03 Page 6 of 28 Paper mulberry leaves 72.8 2176 22.35 2.35 0.40 Water spinach 89.5 2571 20.00 1.14 0.48 Camote tops 88.7 2681 20.97 1.24 0.53 Water cabbage 91.4 2279 13.95 1.05 0.47 Cocoyam 91.5 2788 14.12 1.18 0.35 Cassava leaves 80.5 20.38 2.20 0.27 Handmade rice wine vinegar 70.0 2501 13.32 0.40 0.87 FEED CHARACTERISTICS FOR BẢN PIGS • Mostly self-sufficient. • Mainly vegetables • Corn, rice and rice bran are the only cereals available. These cereals are energy-rich but low in protein. • Vegetables provide very little dry matter, energy and low protein. • Few protein-rich feeds Crops commonly used as feed in pig keeping households in the northern uplands of Vietnam No. Green forages Hải Dương (n=30) Phú Thọ (n=30) Hòa Bình (n=30) Overall (n=90) No. of Ratio % No. of Ratio No. of Ratio % Ratio % households households % households 1 Sweet potato 30 100 30 100 29 96.67 98.89 2 Banana 5 16.67 26 86.67 27 90.00 64.45 Page 7 of 28 3 Cocoyam 16 53.33 22 73.33 15 50.00 58.89 4 Perilla leaves 8 26.67 22 73.33 5 16.67 38.89 5 Paper mulberry - - 10 33.33 18 60.00 31.11 6 Water spinach 19 63.33 - - 3 10.00 24.44 7 Water primrose 20 66.67 1 3.33 - - 23.33 8 Sapodilla 5 16.67 - - 11 36.67 17.78 9 Water hyacinth 12 40.00 - - 2 6.67 15.56 10 Guava (leaf, fruit) 2 6.67 - - 11 36.67 14.45 11 Papaya fruit 2 6.67 4 13.33 6 20.00 13.33 12 Siam weed 8 26.67 - - - - 8.89 13 Soh-shang leaves 2 6.67 - - 4 13.33 6.67 14 Tape grass - - - - 6 20.00 6.67 15 Pigweeds 2 6.67 1 3.33 2 6.67 5.56 16 Fireweed - - 2 6.67 3 10.00 5.56 17 Taro 1 3.33 1 3.33 3 10.00 5.55 18 Dwarf copperleaves 3 10.00 - - 1 3.33 4.44 19 Fig 1 3.33 1 3.33 2 6.67 4.44 20 Spiderworts 3 10.00 - - - - 3.33 21 Chaff flower 1 3.33 1 3.33 1 3.33 3.33 22 Leaves of cabbage - - 1 3.33 2 6.67 3.33 and kohlrabi 23 Water cabbage 1 3.33 - - 1 3.33 2.22 24 Water fern - - 2 6.67 - - 2.22 25 Skunkvine leaves - - - - 2 6.67 2.22 Page 8 of 28 2. FEEDING REGIMES FOR PIGS AT DIFFERENT STAGES • Different breeds of pigs at different ages have different nutritional requirements. • Farmers should understand well the nutritional needs of each breed at different stages in order to provide sufficient necessary nutrients for pigs to grow. 1. Feed materials rich in vitamins Nurturing goals: • Female pigs reach reproductive age early, • Female pigs produce many piglets from the first litter. • Prolong the longevity of sows. Feed and feeding regime for female gilts: • Sufficient nutrients should be given to gilt pigs so that their bodies are ready for mating, pregnancy and nursing piglets. • If gilt pigs are fed too much carbohydrate feed compared to their needs, they become overweight, leading to no or erratic oestrus, difficulties conceiving, high embryo mortality rate, resulting in lower numbers of piglets born. • If gilt pigs are not provided with sufficient nutrition, they will be underweight, thus have delayed or no oestrus, prolonging their first-service age; the gilts do not accumulate enough nutrients for their bodies during pregnancy and nursing at a later stage, resulting in earlier culls. Page 9 of 28 1.1 Feeding regime for Bản female gilts Weight of pig Concentrates Fresh vegetables Meals/day (kg) (kg/day) (kg/day) 10 - 20 0.4 - 0.8 2-3 2 21 - 30 0.8 - 1.0 3-4 2 30 - phối giống 1.0 -1.2 3-4 2 • Feed mixed concentrates before fresh vegetables. • Fresh vegetables such as paper mulberry leaves, sweet potato vines, banana stalks, etc., only require washing before feeding, cooking is not necessary to avoid vitamin losses. • Human food leftovers should be cooked well before feeding to pigs. • It is necessary to adjust the feed intakes to suit each pig’s conditions. • Give pigs enough clean water to drink. 1.2 Feeding regime for exotic female gilts Weight of pig (kg) Complete compound feed (kg) 50-80 kg 2.4 80-120 kg 2.87 • From the stage of 25 - 110 kg: gilts should fed freely (food should always be in the trough so that pigs can access feed at any time) • From the stage of 110 kg until reaching the mating weight (130-135 kg): feed according to the individual pig conditions, adjust the feeding level accordingly depending on the level of fat and leanness of each animal. • Before breeding (5-6 days): feed freely to stimulate ovulation • Clean drinking water should be provided freely. 2. Feeding regimes for pregnant sows Nurturing goals: • Ensures good fetal development, no miscarriages, no stillbirths • Pigs produce milk well and have little wear and tear when raising young ones • Piglets are born uniformly and large 2.1 Feed and feeding regime for pregnant sows • Pregnant sows need adequate nutrients for good foetal growth. The gestation period is 114 days (fluctuating around 110-118 days), divided into 2 phases with different nutrition needs according to the growth of the fetuses: Page 10 of 28 • Gestation phase 1 (from mating to day 84): Adequate volume and quality of food should be ensured for good featal growht and sows to accumulate for their bodies to prepare for the nursing period. • Gestation phase 2 (from day 85 until farrowing): The amount of food required for pregnant sows in phase 2 increases by about 25 - 30% compared to phase 1 to provide enough nutrition for fetal growth. Fetuses grow fast in this phase (accounting for up to 65 - 70% of the weight of newborn piglets). Feeding regime for pregnant sows Concentrates (kg/day) Weight of sow Fresh vegetables (kg) (kg/day) Meals/day Phase I Phase II 30-40 0.5-0.6 0.7-0.8 2- 3 2 40-60 0.6- 0.8 0.8-1.0 3 - 4 2 60-80 0.8-1.0 1.0-1.2 3 - 4 2 Leg paralysis • Ensure food safety. Food that is stale, moldy or toxic, etc., will cause embryo loss, fetal mummification, miscarriage, premature birth, or weak piglets. • Provide sufficient clean water. • The amount of daily feed intake for pregnant sows depends on their conditions (thin, fat or normal). Thin sows must be given more concentrates and fewer roughages. Sows that are too fat should be fed fewer concentrates and more green vegetables. • In winter when there is extreme, damaging cold, sows should be fed more to sustain against the cold (0.2-0.3 kg concentrates/sow/day). • Rice distillers' grains and vinegar are not good for sows. Consuming too much of these will induce contractions, causing miscarriage. The amount of rice vinegar used for sows should be only 1/3-1/4 of that for meat pigs. Page 11 of 28 2.2 Feeding regime for exotic gestating sows Sow with second Gestating period Sow with first pregnancy* pregnancy * Day: 0 - 30 2.2 kg 2,0 kg Day: 30 - 84 2.2 kg 2,0 kg Day: 85 - 107 2.4 kg 2,6 kg Day: 108 - 113 2.4 kg 2,6 kg Day: 114 - farrowing Reduce feed to 1.0-0.5 kg • Applies to complete compound feed. • Adjustments are made immediately after mating day, adjusted weekly to ensure that when the day of farrowing, gilts' back fat thickness is 18-19 mm, 2nd litter pigs onwards are 20- 21mm. • The specific amount of food is adjusted based on actual observation of the pig's body condition to ensure that pregnant sows are not skinny or fat during pregnancy. Issues to note in raising pregnant Ban sows • Do not feed pregnant sows too much because it will lead to: o Difficulty giving birth, o Can crush the baby to death, o Poor milk secretion • Do not let pregnant sows eat too little, the pigs will become thin leading to: o Susceptibility to diseases, o Lack of milk to feed children, o Sows experience a lot of wear and tear while raising their piglets and take a long time to come back into heat after weaning the piglets. • Ensure enough vitamins and minerals in the diet: o Vitamin deficient piglets will grow slowly, have poor vitality, and easily die prematurely. o Foods containing lots of vitamins, vegetables, grass, tubers, fruits... o Lack of minerals causes weak bones, convulsions in sows, and paralysis of the hind legs. Food groups that contain a lot of minerals include bone meal, snail shells, mussel shells, eggshells, oyster shells, stone powder... o Should use mineral and vitamin supplements in the form of premix packages available on the market. Dosage according to manufacturer's instructions. 3. Feeding regimes for lactating sows Nurturing goals • Sows have more milk, less weight loss when raising piglets, and come into heat quickly after weaning their piglets. • Piglets grow quickly, evenly, and have a high survival rate. Page 12 of 28 • Suckling sows should be provided with adequate nutrition to maintain their body condition and produce enough milk for their piglets. • Feeds for suckling sows should be more nutritious than for gilts and pregnant sows. It is necessary to increase both the quantity and quality of the feed for these sows. 3.1 Feeding regime for Ban lactating sows at first week after farrowing Lactating period Ration (kg/sow/day) Concentrates Green vegetables At farrowing 0.3 - 0.5 0 After farrowing Day 1 0.5 1 Day 2 1.0 1 Day 3 1.5 1 Days 4-5 2.0 2 After 5 days, ad libitum feeding, no restriction. • Sows that produce many piglets and are thin should be fed more, and vice versa. • Sows should be fed feeds that are cooked into a gruel; concentrates should be mixed in well before feeding. Page 13 of 28 • From day 6 onwards, feed the sows ad libitum. Sows nursing 8-10 piglets are usually fed 2.5-3 kg concentrates/day. Those nursing more than 10 piglets are given 3-3.5 kg concentrates/day. • Giving the sows at least 3 meals/day will help them to eat more and digest better. • Prepare separate feeding and drinking troughs, provide enough clean drinking water for sows. • It is recommended to feed post-farrowing sows glutinous rice gruel mixed with finely chopped young fig leaves, young elephant ear fig leaves, or cooked with wild banana flowers or banana flowers to help sows to increase their milk production. 3.2 Feeding regime for exotic lactating sows raising piglets (using concentrate feed) • Offer feed to lactating sows ad libitum, divide into many meals so that the sows can get fed as much as possible, meeting the need for lactation. Always ensure adequate supply of clean water to ensure milk production. • On the farrowing day, sows often stop eating or eat little. They should only eat 0.5- 1kg/head to avoid milk fever. • Gradually increase the amount of feed according to the sow's intake need but must be consistent with the principle: Gradually increase the amount of feed in the first week by 1 kg each day, and by the 4th day increase to 4 kg. • From the 5th day onwards, feed lactating sows freely (estimated 5-9 kg feed/day, depending on the sow’s condition and number of piglets. Early weaning for piglets • Start weaning when piglets reach 7-10 days old: roast cereal grains (rice, corn, soybean), ground into powder, sprinkle a little of the powder into the trough in the nest; as piglets smell and lick it, they will gradually get used to it. • From 10-14 days: introduce thick rice gruel; finely ground roasted soybean can be added to attract and increase the appetite of piglets. Page 14 of 28 • From 15-21 days: mix concentrates for piglets, including 55% popped corn + 15% fine rice bran + 30% well roasted soybean or concentrates. When giving to sows, mix into their gruel at a 30% ratio. • After 21 days: add young vegetables to gruel and mix with 30% concentrates using the above formula. In this way, after weaning, there is no sudden change in feed for piglets to affect their weight gaining. • After 28-30 days, piglets have gotten used to solid food and can be fed as normal. • Packaged feeds can be used (cooking is not required) for weaning piglets. Ensure to buy from reputable feed manufacturers. • The purpose of early weaning of piglets is to increase litters/sow/year, reduce the chance of transmitting diseases from sows to piglets, and reduce sow depreciation after weaning so that sows can quickly return to estrus. 4. Feeding regimes for meat pigs Nurturing goals • Raised for meat, not used for any other purposes. • Ban pigs should be raised until about 7-9 months old, reaching about 25-30 kg. If the weight of the pig is too large, it will increase the fat ratio, feed consumption/kg weight gain will be higher, but the selling price will be decreased, does not meet consumer tastes. 4.1 Feeding regime for Ban pigs • The nutritional needs of Bản meat pigs could be divided into 2 phases: from weaning to 15kg and from 15kg to finisher. The nutritional values of feed at the first phase are higher than the second phase. • The daily feed intake for meat pigs should be increased gradually according to their age and weight to meet their body growth needs. Page 15 of 28 For piglets after weaning until 15kg: • Usually equal to 4 - 5% of body weight, e.g., a 10 kg pig can eat about 0.4-0.5 kg concentrates/day) • From day 4 after weaning, if pigs do not have diarrhea, increase the ration following the increases of the herd. Recommend ad libitum feeding so pigs can grow to their full capacity. Feed quality requirements: o Provide adequate nutrients for pigs to grow fast. o Be easy to digest, use readily available ingredients such as corn, soybean, brown rice, ground broken rice, rice bran, etc., or concentrated feeds can be mixed with available ingredients. o Should not be stale, moldy or toxic, etc. o Available seasonal vegetables, tubers and fruits such as sweet potato vines, banana stalks, cocoyam leaves, paper mulberry leaves, wild vegetables, etc. Feeding regime for meat Ban pigs Weaning day Feeding levels Day 1 Equal to 1/2 of the pre-weaning feed amount Day 2 Equal to 3/4 of the pre-weaning feed amount Day 3 Equal to the pre-weaning feed amount • Food quality requirements: o Providing feed enough nutrients for pigs to grow quickly. o Easy-to-digest feed, using available ingredients such as corn, soybeans, brown rice, broken rice, rice bran... Or using concentrated feed to mix with available ingredients. o Feed is not rancid, moldy, contaminated with toxins, ... o Vegetables, tubers, and fruits are available according to each season such as: sweet potato vines, banana stems, water potato leaves, aspen leaves, wild vegetables... For pigs from 15 kg until slaughtering • Feed rations for pig meats from 15kg until harvest: calculated as about 3-4% of body weight, e.g., a 20kg pig can eat from 0.6-0.8 kg concentrates. • If feeding concentrates, rations should be equal to 60% of pigs’ intake, i.e., 1.8-2.4% x body weight. E.g., a 20kg pig needs 0.36-0.48 kg concentrates/day. • Traditional feeds: green vegetables, tubers, fruits, banana stalk, rice vinegar, etc. • Balancing nutrients in the diet, especially protein (in other words, amino acids) is a crucial factor in limiting fat levels when pigs are slaughtered. Page 16 of 28 Nutritional regimen for meat pigs to increase the percentage of lean meat (Ban pigs) • Balancing nutrients in the diet, especially providing enough protein (amino acids such as lysine...) is an important factor in limiting the amount of fat when pigs are sold. If the diet has excess energy, lean meat production will be reduced. • Time to sell and slaughter pigs: The age at which pigs are slaughtered affects the lean rate, pigs should be slaughtered from 25-30kg, the longer the raising time, the leaner the lean rate will be, so it should be sold for sale. , slaughter pigs at the above weight milestone to have a high lean rate. • Drinking water for pigs: o Water also plays an important role in the production of lean meat because the structure of lean meat consists mainly of water (water accounts for 70%, proteins account for 20% and fat accounts for 10%), while the structure of fatty meat (fat accounts for 88%, Protein accounts for 2% and water accounts for 10%); o The water content in lean meat is 7 times that of fatty meat, therefore, to maximize the ability to produce lean meat, it is necessary to provide adequate drinking water for porkers. If there is a lack of water, the ability to store lean meat will decrease, Fat storage will increase; Pigs should be allowed to drink water freely. 4.2 Feeding regimes for exotic breed weaned piglets Week after weaning period Day old Feed type Feeding regime Week 1 21 - 28 Starter complete compound feed Restriction Week 2 28 - 35 Starter complete compound Restriction/gradually to feed feeding ad libitum Starter complete compound Week 3 - 5 35 - 56 feed Complete compound feed for Feeding ad libitum growing pigs Week 6 - 7 56 - 70 Complete compound feed for growing pigs Feeding ad libitum • Weaning piglets at 21-25 days of age, healthy pigs can eat a lot of training food (100g TA/day) • It is necessary to classify pigs with relatively uniform weight for rearing in the same plot; Pay special attention to raising smaller, weaker pigs to be kept in separate pens for special care. • It is necessary to carry out the transfer gradually within 4 days, in which each day replace ¼ of the previous stage's food with ¼ of the next stage's food, and on the 4th day, feed the pigs 100% of the next stage's food. Gradually switching feeds helps pigs to gradually get used to the new feed and avoid nutritional stress that causes diarrhea. Page 17 of 28 4.3 Feeding regimes for exotic breed growing and finishing pigs Pig weight Feed type Feeding regime 25 kg – 40 kg 40 kg – 60 kg Complete compound feed for each period Feeding ad libitum From 60 kg to finished • When pigs show signs of diarrhea, feed should be reduced. • In case the whole herd stops eating, or detects that the food is damp, moldy, has a different smell, lumpy, etc., the food must be stopped from being fed to the pigs and replaced with new feed. • Mixed foods need to be stored in a cool, dry place to avoid mold. Nutritional value of total mixed feeds for pigs at different stages (TCVN 1547-2007) Pig stages Weaning Meat pigs Breeding pigs Indicator piglets Pregnant Lactating Boars in Growing Finishing sows sows service Metabolizable energy, in Kcal/kg, 3200 3100 2950 2850 3000 2950 not lower than Protein content, as % of weight, 18.0 16.0 14.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 not lower than Total lysine content, as % of 1.10 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.80 0.80 weight, not lower than Calcium content, as % of weight 0.80-1.10 0.60-0.95 0.50-0.90 0.75-1.05 0.75-1.05 0.75-1.00 Total phosphorus content, as % 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.60 of weight, not lower than Salt content, as % of weight, not 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 lower than Nutritional value of total mixed feeds for exotic pigs at different stages (NRC, 2012) Indicator Meat pigs Breeding pigs Page 18 of 28 Weaning Pregnant Lactating Boars in Growing Finishing piglets sows sows service Metabolizable energy, in Kcal/kg, 3383 3383-3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 not lower than Protein content, as % of weight, not 15,7 15,7-12,1 10,4 7,1-13,4 11,8-13,9 14,2-12,13 lower than Total lysine content, as % of weight, 1,45 1,45-0,97 0,77 0,39-0,8 0,83-1,0 1,01-0,85 not lower than Calcium content, as % of weight 0,78 0,78-0,59 0,49 0,43-0,83 0,6-0,8 0,64-0,57 Total phosphorus content, as % of 0,65 0,65-0,52 0,45 0,38-0,62 0,54-0,67 0,55-0,5 weight, not lower than Salt content, as % of weight, not 0,50 0,50 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,5 lower than Some formulas of concentrates for Bản pigs 15kg- Ingredients (kg) Weaning piglets Pregnant sows Lactating sows Boars in service slaughtering Corn 56 54 51 53 50 Soybean 25.5 18 14.5 22 21.5 Rice bran 18 27.5 34 24.5 28 Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Nutritional value Dry matter (%) 89.36 89.49 89.66 89.49 89.57 ME (Kcal/kg) 3093 2949 2856 3000 2954 CP 16.08 13.96 13.00 15.11 15.01 Ca 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 P 0.48 0.53 0.57 0.52 0.54 Lys 0.91 0.74 0.67 0.84 0.83 All of the above formulas lack Ca content; thus, it is necessary to add limestone powder/ shell powder/ bone meal, etc. Page 19 of 28 Some formulas of concentrates for Bản pigs Meat pigs 15 kg- Pregnant Lactating Post-weaning piglets slaughtering sows sows Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 1 Formula 2 Concentrated 20 20 15 15 12 18 46% protein Corn/ broken 40 50 45 40 45 45 rice Rice bran 30 25 30 30 30 30 Cassava 10 5 10 15 13 7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Page 20 of 28 3. PIG FEED PROCESSING METHODS 1. Sweet potato vine ensilage • Ingredients preparation: Vines are collected, old parts and scorched leaves are removed. Finely chop to 3-5cm → air dry until 100 kg fresh vines become 55-66 kg dried → immediate ensilage in 1-2 days. • Formula: Add 6-7 kg cassava meal (or bran or corn meal) to 100 kg peanut stalk and leaves and 0.5 kg salt • Ensilage method: -Mix ingredients following the ratio, turn well in pit/ bag → put in pit/ bag in 15-20cm thick layers, press firmly. -Can weigh sweet potato vines and place in pit/ bag in 15-20cm thick layers, evenly sprinkle bran and salt at the above ratio → press firmly → do layer by layer until full. • How to feed: after 10 days of ensilage, sows can be fed 2-3kg/day, meat pigs can be fed 1- 2kg/day 2. Sweet potato root ensilage • Ingredients preparation: Remove spoiled or rotten tubers, slice and chop finely. • Formula: For each 100 kg: 89.5 kg chopped tubers + 10 kg corn meal or rice bran + 0.5 kg salt 85 kg chopped tubers + 15 kg fresh vines + 0.5 kg salt 70 kg chopped tubers + 30 kg fresh vines + 0.5 kg salt 55 kg chopped tubers + 45 kg fresh vines + 0.5 kg salt • Ensilage method: Same as for vines. • How to feed: after 10 days of ensilage, sows can be fed 2-3kg/day, meat pigs can be fed 1- 2kg/day. Page 21 of 28 3. Cassava leaf and root ensilage • Ingredients preparation: Remove rotten roots, slice and chop roots finely; chop leaves to 3-5 cm. • Formula: For each 100 kg:  89.5 kg finely chopped cassava roots + 10 kg fresh leaves + 0.5 kg salt  79.5 kg finely chopped cassava roots + 20 kg fresh leaves + 0.5 kg salt  69.5 kg finely chopped cassava roots + 30 kg fresh leaves + 0.5 kg salt • Method: Same as for sweet potato vines. • How to feed: Sows can be fed 1.5-2.5 kg/day, meat pigs can be fed 0.5-1.5 kg/day. 4. Banana stalk ensilage • How to ensilage banana stalks:  Ingredient preparation: finely chopped banana stalks.  Formula: For each 100 kg: 89.5 kg banana stalks + 10 kg corn meal or rice bran + 0.5 kg salt  Method: Same as for sweet potato vines. • How to feed: Sows can be fed 1.5-2.5 kg/day, meat pigs can be fed 0.5-1.5 kg/day. 5. Concentrate fermentation • Ingredients: Probiotics, rice bran or corn meal or cassava meal, clean water • Tools: barrels or plastic bags • Preparation:  Weigh 100 kg ingredients comprising of corn meal, rice bran or cassava meal.  First, mix 0.5 kg probiotics + 10 kg powdered corn/bran/cassava evenly.  Then, mix this mixture evenly with the remaining ingredients. Page 22 of 28  Add 100 liters of clean water to the mixture, stir well and let sit for 3-4 hours.  Put into plastic bags or sacks, keep them open for 5-6 hours, then tie them tightly closed and keep at warm or cool places.  After 2-3 days when there is a mild aroma, ready to feed. • How to feed:  For piglets after weaning: Mix 1 kg concentrates + 5 kg fermented feed, feed 0.7-1.1 kg/piglet.  For pigs more than 15 kg/pig: mix 1 kg concentrates + 6 kg fermented feed, feed 1.2-1.7 kg/pig.  For sows: mix 1 kg concentrates + 7 kg fermented feed, then feed additional 80-90% mixed concentrates. Things to note when making silage • Use 2 layers of bags if making ensilage in plastic bags (the outer layer is sack and inner is plastic). After ensilage for 1-2 days, if the bag is inflated, open it to let air out and tie the bag tightly closed, store in a dry place, avoid rats and insects as they may bite open the bag. • To ensure quality, ensilage feeds must be kept in maximum anaerobic conditions (firmly pressed, tightly sealed, no bag puncture or torn); check the bag regularly, if it is torn or punctured due to rats or some causes, replace with another bag immediately to prevent silage spoiling. • Make sure to mix the ingredients evenly with additives, hence creating a premise for anaerobic microorganisms to operate. Each time after taking silage out, ensure that the bag is tightly sealed to avoid excess air. It is recommended to use up one bag before moving on to another. Page 23 of 28 FEED AND FEEDING REGIMES FOR BAN PIGS FEED CLASIFICATION FEEDING REGIMES FOR BAN PIGS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS FEEDING REGIMES FOR GILTS  2-4kg greenforage/day; 2 times/day BW of Banpigs(kg) Concentrate (kg/day) 10-20 0.4-0.8 21-30 0.8-1.0 30-PG 1.0-1.2 BW of exoticpigs(kg) Concentrate (kg/day) 50-80 kg 2.4 80-120 kg 2.87 FEEDING REGIMES FOR PREGNANT SOWS  2-4kg greenforage/day; 2 times/day Paralysis of the legs Concentrate (kg) BW (kg) Phase 1 Phase 2 30-40 0.6 0.8 40-60 0.8 1.0 Exotic pigs 1st parity >1st parity 60-80 1.0 1.2 Day 0 - 84 2.2 kg 2.0 kg Day 85 - 113 2.4 kg 2.6 kg Day 114 - đẻ Reduce from1.0-0.5 kg Page 24 of 28 FEED AND FEEDING REGIMES FOR BAN PIGS FEEDING REGIMES FOR LACTATION SOW Consumption of concentrate(kg) Ban pigs Exotic pigs One day before 0,5-1,0 farrowing 0,3 - 0,5 Day 1-4 after farrowing 0,5-2,0 1-4 After 5 days farroing, ad libitum - Early feed from7-10 days of age Early weening Increase parities /year, earlier return to estrus After weaning fed 4-5% of FEEDING REGIMES FOR FATTENING PIGS body weight Increase the percentage of lean meat?  2-4kg vegetables/day  2 meals/day 15kg-slaughter: fed 3-4% Balance Suitable slaughtering of body weight protein/energy in diet Enough water body weight & time FEED FERMENTATION BY PROBIOTICS Probiotic: 0.5kg Mix with Put into Mixing 96kg rice nylon bran bag, tie tightly Rice bran: Feeding after 2-3 days 4kg 100kg Rice bran+0.5kg Prob. Mixing with of fermentation; using + 100 L water 100L water within 7-10days Page 25 of 28 SHORT MESSEAGES ON FEEDING REGIMES FOR PIGS Pigs will maximize their genetic potential when they fully meet nutrient requirements. Daily feed intake is estimated at 4-5% of body weight. Daily water intake is about 10% of body weight. Provide drinking water freely. Exotic and native pigs should be fed the mixed concentrate, however native pigs should be fed more green vegetables. Should arrange enough feeding troughs for the number of pigs in each pen to limit uneven feeding. When changing diets, pigs must be adapted to the new diet for at least 3 days: Day 1: 25% new diet and 75% old diet; Day 2: 50% new diet and 50% old diet; Day 3: 75% new diet and 25% old diet; Day 4: 100% new diet. Page 26 of 28 The CGIAR Research Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity for Livelihoods, Nutrition and Gender inclusion (SAPLING) is is working in seven countries focusing on livestock value chains to package and scale out tried-and-tested, as well as new, innovations in livestock health, genetics, feed and market systems. SAPLING aims to demonstrate that improvements in livestock productivity can offer a triple win: generating improved livelihoods and nutritional outcomes; contributing to women’s empowerment; and, reducing impacts on climate and the environment. Its seven focus countries are Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Nepal, Tanzania, Uganda and Vietnam. It forms part of CGIAR’s new Research Portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.