Title Subtitle Author Developing Country Author ORCID ORCID number Year Date Copyrighted Series Name Series Number Publisher Place of publication Edition Contributors Language Language ISO639 Record Type Abstract Table of Contents Source Publication DOI ISBN ISSN DOI Number Full citation Peer Reviewed - PR or Non-PR Subject - keywords Subject - author supplied keywords Subject - country location JEL Descriptors IFPRI Descriptors IFPRI Division Access Rights Creative Commons CC License Cataloged by Edited by Related Documents Language Versions Associated dataset Book Reviews Display Notes Holdings LOC call number Bar Code Notes Physical description IFPRI Web link e-book link Times cited-- Google Scholar RePEc Downloads SSRN File size IFPRI Publication Ranking CGIAR Research Program Project number Type Record Type CG Core Funding ORCiDstaffRemoved Rights Holder Previous Series Name Web link OCLC number Date cataloged Date modified Reference URL CONTENTdm number CONTENTdm file name CONTENTdm file path Micro-level practices to adapt to climate change for African small-scale farmers A review of selected literature Below, Till; Artner, Astrid; Siebert, Rosemarie; Sieber, Stefan 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 953 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper This paper discusses micro-level practices for adapting to climate change that are available to small-scale farmers in Africa. The analysis is based on a review of 17 studies about practices that boost small-scale farmers’ resilience or reduce their vulnerability to observed or expected changes in climate; it includes data from more than 16 countries in Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The review shows that African smallholders are already using a wide variety of creative practices to deal with climate risks; these can be further adjusted to the challenge of climate change by planned adaptation programs. We found 104 different practices relevant to climate change adaptation and organized them in five categories: farm management and technology; farm financial management; diversification on and beyond the farm; government interventions in infrastructure, health, and risk reduction; and knowledge management, networks, and governance. We conclude that adaptation policies should complement farmers’ autonomous response to climate change through the development of new drought-resistant varieties and improved weather forecasts, the provision of financial services, improvement of rural transportation infrastructure, investments in public healthcare and public welfare programs, and policies that improve local governance and coordinate donor activities. Non-PR Climate change; adaptation practices; content analysis; Small-scale farmers; climate risks; Farm management; diversification; risk reduction; government interventions; public welfare programs; Agricultural growth; Agricultural technology AFRICA; AMERICAS; ASIA; EUROPE IFPRI1; GRP38 EPTD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General’s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI–wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI’s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. IFPRIDP00953 IFPRIDP00953 20 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/micro-level-practices-adapt-climate-change-african-small-scale-farmers http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1943211758274397918&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/953.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453198 1/6/2017 1/6/2017 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/184 184 185.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/184/index.pdf Short and long-term effects of the 1998 Bangladesh flood on rural wages Mueller, Valerie; Quisumbing, Agnes R. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-2141 Mueller, Valerie; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-1857 Quisumbing, Agnes 0000-0003-1246-2141; 0000-0002-5429-1857 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 956 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Natural disasters have particularly devastating impacts on economic growth in developing countries because they impede the accumulation of capital. The resilience of labor markets is crucial especially for the poor who rely only on labor to diversify their income portfolio and buffer against risk. Such a risk management strategy may become more challenging as global climate change increases the frequency of natural disasters. We use the Bangladesh Flood Impact panel household survey to evaluate how the 1998 “flood of the century” affected wages in Bangladesh. We find long-term declines in wages where nonagricultural labor markets are more severely affected. We also evaluate how soil quality and proximity to auxiliary labor markets cushion labor markets against the disaster. The most compelling evidence shows that workers in areas further from centers of economic activity are more vulnerable to flood-induced wage losses. Our findings suggest that future emergency relief and climate change programs should consider the protection of labor markets by improving infrastructure to facilitate job searches in alternative locations or reduce migration costs. Non-PR Disasters; flood; Wages; economic growth; accumulation of capital; Risk management; labor markets; migration costs; Climate change; Soil quality BANGLADESH; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA Q54 Climate, Natural Disasters, Global Warming; O13 Economic Development: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Energy, Environment, Other Primary Products IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD; PHND Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General’s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI–wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI’s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. IFPRIDP00956 IFPRIDP00956 16 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/short-and-long-term-effects-1998-bangladesh-flood-rural-wages https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/956.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453188 12/17/2020 12/17/2020 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/209 209 210.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/209/index.pdf Institutional capacity for designing and implementing agricultural and rural development policies and strategies in Nigeria Adebayo, Kolawole; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Rhoe, Valerie http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8706-2516 Babu, S. 0000-0002-8706-2516 2010 NSSP Brief 9 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief An agricultural system consists of production, processing, storage, marketing, extension, research, and training. While production is a result of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship, its magnitude and efficiency from the farm to the consumer depend on handling, preservation, and the processes of making the products readily available and conveniently consumable, which are directed by government policies. For this reason, good institutional capacity for designing and implementing agricultural and rural development policies is critical for a successful agricultural system, and ultimately for food security. This brief highlights key issues on the capacity for designing and implementing agricultural and rural development policies, strategies, and programs in Nigeria. Adebayo, Kolawole; Babu, Suresh Chandra; and Rhoe, Valerie. 2010. Institutional capacity for designing and implementing agricultural and rural development policies and strategies in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 9. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/213 Non-PR Capacity; Development strategies; government policies; agricultural system; production; Marketing; Labor; Entrepreneurship; Governance; Rural development; nongovernmental organizations (NGO's); government institutions; Rural development; Communication; agricultural strategies; Monitoring; evaluation NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; GRP37; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Working paper http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/24466 http://www.ifpri.org/publication/quantitative-analysis-determinants-child-and-maternal-malnutrition-nigeria 3 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/institutional-capacity-designing-and-implementing-agricultural-and-rural-development-po-0 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778452747 1/23/2018 1/23/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/213 213 214.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/213/index.pdf Strategic issues on growth in the agricultural sector and reducing poverty in Nigeria Diao, Xinshen; Nwafor, Manson; Alpuerto, Vida http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-1670 Diao, Xinshen 0000-0003-4843-1670 2010 NSSP Brief 10 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief Designing agricultural strategies requires an understanding of the options for dealing with growth in the sector, its impact on targeted beneficiaries, and the investment required to achieve the growth. IFPRI's recent study identified agricultural growth and development options that can support comprehensive rural development in Nigeria, in line with its national agricultural strategy - the National Food Security Program - over the next nine years (2009-2017). This research highlighted five key issues to be considered when developing and updating agriculture strategies that aim to alleviate poverty through accelerated growth in the agriculture sector. Diao, Xinshen; Nwafor, Manson; and Alpuerto, Vida. 2010. Strategic issues on growth in the agricultural sector and reducing poverty in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 10. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/218 Non-PR Poverty; Rural development; Development strategies; agricultural sector; Rural development NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/strategic-issues-growth-agricultural-sector-and-reducing-poverty-nigeria 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778451975 1/22/2018 1/22/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/218 218 219.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/218/index.pdf Who should be interviewed in surveys of household income? Fisher, Monica; Reimer, Jeffrey J.; Carr, Edward R. 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 949 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper This study tests the null hypothesis that it is sufficient to interview only the household head to obtain accurate information on household income. The results show that using a husband's estimate of his wife's income does not produce statistically reliable results for poverty analysis. Estimates of the wife's income separately provided by the husband and wife agree in only 6 percent of the studied households. This indicates that although limiting interviews to one person can reduce the time and expense of household surveys, this appears to be detrimental to accuracy, and may lead to incorrect conclusions on the determinants of poverty. Non-PR Household income; Poverty; household dynamics; Gender; Household surveys; Development strategies; Household resource allocation MALAWI; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. IFPRIDP00949 IFPRIDP00949 14 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/who-should-be-interviewed-surveys-household-income https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/949.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453193 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/243 243 244.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/243/index.pdf Implications of avian flu for economic development in Kenya Thurlow, James http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3414-374X Thurlow, James; 0000-0003-3414-374X; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 951 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, DC English eng Discussion paper Kenya is vulnerable to avian flu given its position along migratory bird routes and proximity to other high-risk countries. This raises concerns about the effect an outbreak could have on economic development. We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of Kenya to simulate potential outbreaks of different severities, durations, and geographic spreads. Results indicate that even a severe outbreak does not greatly reduce economic growth. It does, however, significantly worsen poverty, because poultry is an important income source for poor farmers and a major food item in consumers� baskets. Avian flu therefore does pose a threat to future development in Kenya. Reducing the duration and geographic spread of an outbreak is found to substantially lower economic losses. However, losses are still incurred when poultry demand falls, even without a confirmed outbreak but only the threat of an outbreak. Our findings support monitoring poultry production and trade, responding rapidly to possible infections, and improving both farmers� and consumers� awareness of avian flu. Non-PR avian influenza; developing countries; avian flu; economic growth; poverty; computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; development strategies KENYA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. IFPRIDP00951 IFPRIDP00951 19 pages http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17336935127370928479&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/951.html Discussion paper IFPRI 861347721 11/5/2022 11/5/2022 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/272 272 273.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/272/index.pdf Toward a typology of food security in developing countries Yu, Bingxin; You, Liangzhi; Fan, Shenggen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2658-4863 Fan, Shenggen; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-8814 You, Liangzhi; 0000-0002-2658-4863; 0000-0001-7930-8814; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 945 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper The recent global food and financial crises have reversed the last decade’s progress in reducing hunger and poverty. This paper conducts a factor and sequential typology analysis to identify groups of countries categorized according to five measures of food security—consumption, production, imports, distribution, and agricultural potential—by using indicators from 175 countries. The analysis first identifies five distinct food security groups, characterized by food intake, and then further splits these groups based on the various measures of food production, trade security, and agricultural potential. The results suggest that the general category of “developing countries” is extremely heterogeneous and is not particularly useful if the focus is on issues of food security. The results also indicate that different responses are needed by different types of food-insecure countries to address the food and financial crises. Non-PR food security; Typology; agricultural potential; factor analysis; Poverty; Hunger; financial crisis; Developing countries; Development strategies IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Journal Article: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll5/id/3783 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. IFPRIDP00945 IFPRIDP00945 32 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/toward-typology-food-security-developing-countries http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Toward+a+typology+of+food+security+in+developing+countries&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C9 https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/945.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778451976 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/305 305 306.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/305/index.pdf Agricultural growth, poverty, and nutrition in Tanzania Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5104-173X Pauw, Karl; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3414-374X Thurlow, James; 0000-0002-5104-173X; 0000-0003-3414-374X; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 947 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Rapid economic growth has failed to significantly improve poverty and nutrition outcomes in Tanzania. This raises concerns over a decoupling of growth, poverty, and nutrition. We link recent production trends to household incomes using a regionalized, dynamic computable general equilibrium and microsimulation model. Results indicate that the structure of economic growth-not the level-is currently constraining the rate of poverty reduction in Tanzania. Most importantly, agricultural growth trends have been driven by larger-scale farmers and by crops grown in only a few regions of the country. The slow expansion of food crops and livestock also explains the weak relationship between agricultural growth and nutrition outcomes. Additional model simulations find that accelerating agricultural growth, particularly in maize, greatly strengthens the growth-poverty relationship and enhances households- caloric availability. We conclude that low productivity, market constraints (including downstream agroprocessing), and barriers to import substitution for major food crops are among the more binding constraints to reducing poverty and improving nutrition in Tanzania. Non-PR economic growth; Poverty; Nutrition; household incomes; Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling; Agricultural growth; Microsimulation model; livestock; Food crops; Agricultural development; low productivity; market constraints; Development strategies TANZANIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General�s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. IFPRIDP00947 IFPRIDP00947 31 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-growth-poverty-and-nutrition-tanzania https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/947.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453191 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/346 346 347.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/346/index.pdf Breaking the norm An empirical investigation into the unraveling of good behavior Hill, Ruth Vargas; Maruyama, Eduardo; Viceisza, Angelino http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-8122 Maruyama, Eduardo; 0000-0002-9594-8122; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 948 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper We present results from an artefactual field experiment conducted in rural Peru that considers how observing nonreciprocal behavior influences an individual's decision to reciprocate. Specifically, we consider the behavior of second movers in a trust game, assessing how their decision to reciprocate is influenced by the observed behavior of others and the extent to which their actions can be observed. In documenting how an external shock to the number observed not to reciprocate influences reciprocation, the paper endeavors to provide some insight into how reciprocity can unravel when individuals are learning behavior in a new market institution. Non-PR artefactual field experiment; norms; nonreciprocal behavior; Trust; Markets; Institutions PERU; SOUTH AMERICA; AMERICA IFPRI1; GRP23 MTID Open Access IFPRI-NT\IYERRAMAREDDY IFPRI-NT\IYERRAMAREDDY Journal Article: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll5/id/210 IFPRIDP00948 IFPRIDP00948 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. 31 pages http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/387 http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&as_epq=Breaking+the+norm&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=2010&as_yhi=2010&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C9 https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/948.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453195 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/387 387 388.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/387/index.pdf Labeling genetically modified food in India Economic consequences in four marketing channels Bansal, Sangeeta; Gruère, Guillaume P. 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 946 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper In 2006, India proposed a draft rule requiring the labeling of all genetically modified (GM) foods and products derived thereof. In this paper, we use primary and secondary market data to assess the economic implications of introducing such a mandatory labeling policy for GM food. We focus on four products that would likely be the first affected by such a regulation in India: cottonseed oil, soybean oil, brinjal (eggplant), and rice. We find that GM food labeling would generate a specific market outcome for each of these products. With GM labeling, virtually all cottonseed oil would be labeled as GM, with limited costs for all actors involved, but also limited benefit for consumers. Labeling soybean oil derived from GM crops could affect market shares for edible oils at the benefit of domestic oils, and non-GM soybean oil could appear on the market at a very limited scale. Labeling GM brinjal would be extremely challenging. Assuming it was implemented, some non-GM brinjal would be sold at a premium in high-income retail outlets, while virtually all others would be labeled GM. A similar outcome would occur for rice, with high-quality rice used for both domestic consumption and exports markets certified non-GM and most of the remaining rice labeled as GM. In each of the cases, labeling would generate significant adjustment costs for the industry and large enforcement costs, and consumer benefit would not always be visible and would highly depend on the degree of enforcement. In fact, voluntary labeling could achieve less-distorted results with lower costs and therefore appears to be a superior regulatory solution. Still, provided enforcement is ensured, a well-designed mandatory labeling regulation with limited product coverage, a non-zero labeling threshold, and an informative labeling content would lead to a much better outcome and lower costs in India than the current draft rule, especially if it is accompanied by a large awareness campaign regarding GM food and consumer safety in India. Non-PR Genetically modified food; Labeling; market shares; domestic consumption; soybean oil; export markets; rice; cottonseed oil; enforcement costs; consumer safety; Food marketing; Genetic resources INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA IFPRI1; GRP1 EPTD Open Access Journal Article: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll5/id/3575 IFPRIDP00946 IFPRIDP00946 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. 51 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/labeling-genetically-modified-food-india http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8752976278720098432&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/946.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453190 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/448 448 449.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/448/index.pdf Is SAFTA trade creating or trade diverting? A computable general equilibrium assessment with a focus on Sri Lanka Bouët, Antoine; Mevel, Simon; Thomas, Marcelle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8020-8877 Bouët, Antoine; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6832-0340 Thomas, Marcelle 0000-0002-8020-8877; 0000-0001-6832-0340 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 950 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, DC English eng Discussion paper The Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) entered its second phase of implementation in 2008. The creation of a free trade area is expected to affect its participants—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka—very differently given their diversity in terms of size, income, and structure of trade and protection. Using the 2004 MAcMapHS6-v2 database on measures of applied protection at the HS6 level and MIRAGE, a computable general equilibrium global model, this study examines the effects of SAFTA on trade and net income in the region. The magnitude of the effects will depend on initial levels of protection in the region and whether the agreement is trade diverting or trade creating. An important component of the SAFTA agreement is the exemption of products (sensitive list) from the trade liberalization process. Because such exclusion can restrict significantly the benefits from the regional trade agreement, we simulate the effects of SAFTA with and without sensitive products. Our findings show that among South Asian countries, Sri Lanka gains the most from the agreement because it initially has relatively low tariffs and faces high tariffs in the region. Exempting sensitive products from the agreement limits gains from trade for the lower-middle-income members of SAFTA but may be welfare enhancing for the least developed economies. Non-PR trade liberalization; welfare; trade; applied protection; income; markets; globalization; free trade agreements Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model; South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA); SRI LANKA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models IFPRI1; GRP2 MTID Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General�s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. IFPRIDP00950 IFPRIDP00950 60 pages http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12864593515927522498&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/950.html Discussion paper IFPRI 861347705 8/9/2022 8/9/2022 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/517 517 518.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/517/index.pdf Institutional environment and access to microfinance by self-employed women in the rural areas of Edo state Okojie, Christiana; Monye-Emina, A.; Eghafona, K.; Osaghae, G.; Ehiakhamen, J.O. 2010 NSSP Brief 14 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief In Nigeria, conventional financial institutions serve only about 35 percent of the active population, and the poor, especially women, have limited access to financial services. Private sector-led microfinance institutions (MFIs) are increasingly playing a role to fill this need. This brief provides an overview of the institutional environment of microfinance in Nigeria, as well as insights and recommendations for better reaching this audience, based on focus group discussions and case studies of self-employed women in rural areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Okojie, Christiana; Monye-Emina, A.; Eghafona, K.; Osaghae, G.; Ehiakhamen, J.O. 2010. Institutional environment and access to microfinance by self-employed women in the rural areas of Edo state. NSSP Brief 14. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/521 Non-PR Access to credit; Development strategies; Microfinance; microfinance banks; institutional environment; Informal mechanisms; farming activities; gender; women; finance; agriculture; microfinance institutions; governance Lift Above Poverty Organization (LAPO); National Poverty Eradication Programme (NPEP); inequality NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER http://www.ifpri.org/publication/institutional-environment-and-access-microfinance-self-employed-women-rural-areas-edo-st 3 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/institutional-environment-and-access-microfinance-self-employed-women-rural-areas-edo-s-0 Project paper IFPRI 778453234 1/22/2018 1/22/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/521 521 522.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/521/index.pdf Agricultural investment for growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria Alpuerto, Vida; Diao, Xinshen; Salau, Sheu; Nwafor, Manson http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-1670 Diao, Xinshen 0000-0003-4843-1670 2010 NSSP Brief 13 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) includes a target of 6 percent annual agricultural growth, supported by the allocation of at least 10 percent of the national budget for agriculture. The Nigerian government has set a higher growth target of 10 percent annual agricultural growth in the medium term, since the country has already achieved the 6 percent target. To achieve such rapid agricultural growth in the next eight years (until 2017), improvements in factor productivity beyond land expansion may be needed, as well as increases in public spending to support the process. This brief assesses the amount, growth, and efficiency of public spending required for Nigeria to reach the agricultural growth target it has established in order to achieve the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1) of poverty reduction. Alpuerto, Vida; Diao, Xinshen; Salau, Sheu; and Nwafor, Manson. 2010. Agricultural investment for growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 13. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/526 Non-PR Agricultural growth; Agricultural Investment; CAADP; Development strategies; Poverty reduction; Public investment; Total factor productivity (TFP) NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; GRP3; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-investment-growth-and-poverty-reduction-nigeria http://dvn.iq.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/IFPRI/faces/study/StudyPage.xhtml?globalId=hdl:1902.1/15648&studyListingIndex=1_74b29cc98291106c390626ef38ff 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-investment-growth-and-poverty-reduction-nigeria-0 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778452759 1/22/2018 1/22/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/526 526 527.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/526/index.pdf Decentralization, agricultural services and determinants of input use in Nigeria Akramov, Kamiljon T. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-0508 Akramov, K. 0000-0003-4357-0508 2010 NSSP Brief 16 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief The substantial differences in agricultural productivity between Asia and Africa can be largely explained by differences in use of modern inputs. The evidence suggests that better access to infrastructure (such as roads and irrigation) and agricultural services has given Asian farmers significantly better access to modern inputs, while Sub-Saharan African farmers without such an access are not able to fully exploit the benefits of modern agricultural inputs. This brief discusses the relationship between agricultural service provision and modern input use by farmers in Nigeria, with a focus on the differences among states and local government areas (LGA). Akramov, Kamiljon T. 2010. Decentralization, agricultural services and determinants of input use in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 16. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/531 Non-PR Agriculture; analysis; Capacity building; Development strategies; Nutrition; agricultural policies NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/decentralization-agricultural-services-and-determinants-input-use-nigeria-0 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778452000 4/23/2021 4/23/2021 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/531 531 532.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/531/index.pdf Ensuring food and nutrition security in rural Nigeria An assessment of the challenges, information needs, and analytical capacity Akinyele, Isaac Ọ. 2010 NSSP Brief 18 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief Malnutrition is widespread in Nigeria, especially in rural areas. Nigerians are vulnerable to chronic food shortages, erratic supply, poor quality food, and fluctuating food prices. The huge investment in ensuring food and nutrition security for Nigerians has had limited success, and therefore, there is a need to review and learn from past interventions. This brief provides a glimpse at rural food and nutrition security in Nigeria and highlights gaps in existing knowledge and capacity to analyze Nigeria's food and nutrition security situation. Akinyele, Isaac Ọ. 2010. Ensuring food and nutrition security in rural Nigeria: An assessment of the challenges, information needs, and analytical capacity. NSSP Brief 18. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/536 Non-PR Agriculture; analysis; Capacity building; Development strategies; Nutrition; rural areas; malnutrition NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/ensuring-food-and-nutrition-security-rural-nigeria-0 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778452009 4/23/2021 4/23/2021 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/536 536 537.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/536/index.pdf Improving research-policy linkages in Nigeria Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Schiffer, Eva; Johnson, Michael; Oboh, Victor http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9469-3260 Aberman, Noora-Lisa; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-2791 Johnson, Michael 0000-0002-9469-3260; 0000-0002-8567-2791 2010 NSSP Brief 15 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief When there is disconnect between research and policy, high quality research-based information can be produced without impact on policy dialogue and action. This often results in policy actions lagging far behind scientific and academic knowledge, the presence of avoidable inefficiencies in policy design and implementation, and policies that may not fulfill their purpose. While there is no real consensus on how to successfully improve linkages between research and policy, it is clear that understanding the specific context in which policy decisions take place is critical. To better understand the dynamics between agricultural research and policymaking in Nigeria, we examined the 2006 National Fertilizer Policy for Nigeria and the process that led to its writing and adoption. Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Schiffer, Eva; Johnson, Michael; and Oboh, Victor. 2010. Improving research-policy linkages in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 15. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/541 Non-PR academic knowledge; policy design; National Fertilizer Policy; implementation; Agricultural research; policy making NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/improving-research-policy-linkages-nigeria 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778452002 8/11/2023 8/11/2023 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/541 541 542.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/541/index.pdf Enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural commodity chains in Nigeria Liverpool, Lenis Saweda O.; Ayoola, Gbolagade B.; Oyeleke, Razaq O. 2010 NSSP Brief 12 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief Nigeria's economic performance since 2002 has improved, with growth averaging about 7.3 percent during 2002-07 (Global insight 2008). While the production of cassava, rice, and maize has responded to the associated improved policy incentives in recent years, factors such as poor infrastructure and limited market outlets have served as great disincentives to farmers. Using household data in a "Policy Analysis Matrix" (PAM) framework, the comparative advantage of Nigerian farmers in producing cassava, rice, and maize in high potential states, given current national policies, is examined. Liverpool, Lenis Saweda O.; Ayoola, Gbolagade B.; and Oyeleke, Razaq O. 2010. Enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural commodity chains in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 12. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/546 Non-PR Agriculture; Cassava; commodity chain; Crop production; Development strategies; infrastructure; maize; rice NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER http://www.ifpri.org/publication/enhancing-competitiveness-agricultural-commodity-chains-nigeria 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/enhancing-competitiveness-agricultural-commodity-chains-nigeria-0 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778453216 1/22/2018 1/22/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/546 546 547.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/546/index.pdf Enhancing agricultural productivity and profitability in Nigeria Nkonya, Ephraim; Pender, John L.; Kato, Edward; Omobowale, Oni; Phillip, Dayo; Ehui, Simeon http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8159-1057 Kato, Edward; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-6561 Nkonya, Ephraim 0000-0001-8159-1057; 0000-0001-9348-6561 2010 NSSP Brief 19 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief Much of Nigeria's recent economic growth can be attributed to its non-oil economy-primarily agriculture. But the recent agricultural growth has been driven mainly by expansion in areas planted while productivity has remained flat or declining. This brief provides insight for formulating policies and strategies to enhance profitability and productivity of major crops across Nigeria's agroecological zones. Nkonya, Ephraim; Pender, John L.; Kato, Edward; Omobowale, Oni; Phillip, Dayo; and Ehui, Simeon. 2010. Enhancing agricultural productivity and profitability in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 19. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/551 Non-PR Agriculture; Development strategies; Gender; Land management; productivity NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/enhancing-agricultural-productivity-and-profitability-nigeria 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778452012 1/20/2018 1/20/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/551 551 552.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/551/index.pdf A quantitative analysis of determinants of child and maternal malnutrition in Nigeria Ajieroh, Victor 2010 NSSP Brief 11 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief Malnutrition rates among children 0 to 36 months and women of reproductive age in Nigeria are high and vary significantly across rural urban locations, geopolitical zones, and agro-ecological zones, thereby constituting a significant public health challenge. Using the 2003 National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data, this brief discusses the key determinants of child and maternal nutrition in Nigeria across these different zones. Ajieroh, Victor. 2010. A quantitative analysis of determinants of child and maternal malnutrition in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 11. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/557 Non-PR Agriculture; malnutrition; maternal nutrition; health; agroecological zones; National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS); gender; reproductive age; rural-urban locations; geopolitical zones; child health; children; nutrition policies NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; GRP24; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/quantitative-analysis-determinants-child-and-maternal-malnutrition-nigeria-0 336035 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778452004 1/20/2018 1/20/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/557 557 558.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/557/index.pdf Quantitative analysis of rural poverty in Nigeria Omonona, Bolarin T. 2010 NSSP Brief 17 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Brief In spite of Nigeria's abundant natural and human resource endowment, poverty remains pervasive, multifaceted, and chronic. Given the most recent data available, it is estimated that approximately 69 million (or 54.4 percent) Nigerians lived in poverty in 2004, an increase of more than 24 percent since 1980. This brief deals with poverty in Nigeria and focuses on the determinants of poverty in rural households by identifying the household/community characteristics (such as the status of women) and region-specific risks that affect rural poverty and how they have changed over time. Omonona, Bolarin T. 2010. Quantitative analysis of rural poverty in Nigeria. NSSP Brief 17. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/563 Non-PR Agriculture; Child welfare; Development strategies; Gender; households; Poverty NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Working paper http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/27367 5 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/quantitative-analysis-rural-poverty-nigeria-0 569575 Bytes Project paper IFPRI 778453218 1/23/2018 1/23/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/563 563 564.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/563/index.pdf Internal migration and rural service provision in northern Ghana Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7186-9270 Wouterse, Fleur 0000-0001-7186-9270 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 952 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper This paper uses a two-stage conditional maximum likelihood procedure and new data from Ghana to identify the determinants of rural-urban migration at the individual, household and community levels, with a particular focus on rural services. The econometric evidence supports the theoretical expectation that human-capital and network variables as well as assets are important determinants of migration. Taking the possible endogeneity of rural services into account, the evidence suggests that rural service improvements aimed at reducing economic isolation can enhance labor mobility and free up on-farm labor for migration by lowering transaction costs. Non-PR Rural-urban migration; rural services; Development strategies GHANA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD; KCID; WCAO Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. IFPRIDP00952 IFPRIDP00952 17 pages http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5631977190652997566&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/952.html Discussion paper IFPRI 861347784 12/17/2020 12/17/2020 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/592 592 593.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/592/index.pdf Impacts of the triple global crisis on growth and poverty in Yemen Breisinger, Clemens; Collion, Marie-Helen; Diao, Xinshen; Rondot, Pierre http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-0682 Breisinger, Clemens; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-1670 Diao, Xinshen; 0000-0001-6955-0682; 0000-0003-4843-1670; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 955 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Yemen is an oil-exporting and food-importing country on the Arabian Peninsula with persistently high levels of poverty. The impacts of the food, fuel, and financial global crises are likely to further complicate preexisting conditions of internal conflicts, decreasing oil revenues, and governance failure. The latest official growth numbers date back to precrisis levels; new estimates are subject to much debate; and the current state of poverty in Yemen remains unclear. In this paper, a consistent economic framework is presented to help close this information gap and to better understand growth and poverty dynamics during crises. Results show that economic growth in Yemen accelerated during the food and fuel crises in 2008 because oil-driven growth dominated the negative growth impacts of the food crisis. However, this oil-driven growth has not been pro-poor; in fact, poverty in both rural and urban areas rises sharply in 2008. The financial crisis in 2009 impacts Yemen mainly through the drop in oil prices and a reduction in remittances and thereby sharply slows growth, including agricultural growth. This growth decline hits households hard and compounds the poverty effects of the food crisis. Model results indicate that poverty has increased to 42.8 percent in 2009, an increase of 8 percentage points from 2005-2006, when it was 34.8 percent. Poverty continues to be much higher in rural areas, where almost half of all people lived in poverty in 2009, compared with 29.9 percent in urban areas. These estimates can be considered conservative because we do not account for conflicts and natural disasters that recently hit the country. Non-PR global economic crises; Conflict; Growth; Poverty; Development strategies YEMEN; WESTERN ASIA IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General�s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. IFPRIDP00955 IFPRIDP00955 31 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/impacts-triple-global-crisis-growth-and-poverty-yemen https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/955.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453192 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/633 633 634.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/633/index.pdf Agricultural growth and investment options for poverty reduction in Nigeria Diao, Xinshen; Nwafor, Manson; Alpuerto, Vida; Akramov, Kamiljon T.; Salau, Sheu http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-0508 Akramov, K.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-1670 Diao, Xinshen; 0000-0003-4357-0508; 0000-0003-4843-1670; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 954 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper This study uses an economy-wide, dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model to analyze the ability of growth in various agricultural subsectors to accelerate overall economic growth and reduce poverty in Nigeria over the next years (2009-17). In addition, econometric methods are used to assess growth requirements in agricultural public spending and the relationship between public services and farmers' use of modern technology. The DCGE model results show that if certain agricultural subsectors can reach the growth targets set by the Nigerian government, the country will see 9.5 percent annual growth in agriculture and 8.0 percent growth of GDP over the next years. The national poverty rate will fall to 30.8 percent by 2017, more than halving the 1996 poverty rate of 65.6 percent and thereby accomplishing the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1). This report emphasizes that in designing an agricultural strategy and prioritizing growth, it is important to consider the following four factors at the subsectoral level: (i) the size of a given subsector in the economy; (ii) the growth-multiplier effects occurring through linkages of the subsector with the rest of the economy; (iii) the subsector-led poverty reduction-growth elasticity; and (iv) the market opportunities and price effects for individual agricultural products. In analyzing the public investments that would be required to support a 9.5 percent annual growth in agriculture, this study first estimates the growth elasticity of public investments using historical spending and agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) growth data. The results show that a 1 percent increase in agricultural spending is associated with a 0.24 percent annual increase in agricultural TFP. With such low elasticity, agricultural investments must grow at 23.8 percent annually to support a 9.5 percent increase in agriculture. However, if the spending efficiency can be improved by 70 percent, the required agricultural investment growth becomes 13.6 percent per year. The study also finds that investments outside agriculture benefit growth in the agricultural sector. Thus, assessments of required growth in agricultural spending should include the indirect effects of nonagricultural investments and emphasize the importance of improving the efficiency of agricultural investments. To further show that efficiency in agricultural spending is critically important to agricultural growth, this study utilizes household-level data to empirically show that access to agricultural services has a significantly positive effect on the use of modern agricultural inputs. Non-PR Poverty reduction; Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (DCGE); Agricultural growth; Public investments; Millennium Development Goals (MDG); agricultural services; market opportunities; Total Factor Productivity (TFP); nonagricultural investments; modern agricultural inputs; low elasticity; Agricultural development; agricultural investments; Development strategies NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER http://dvn.iq.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/IFPRI/faces/study/StudyPage.xhtml?globalId=hdl:1902.1/15648&studyListingIndex=1_74b29cc98291106c390626ef38ff Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/category/publication-type/discussion-papers. IFPRIDP00954 IFPRIDP00954 72 pages http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8183042167637988085&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/954.html Discussion paper IFPRI 861347742 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/718 718 719.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/718/index.pdf Paver le chemin du développement? L’impact des infrastructures de transports sur la production agricole et la réduction de la pauvreté en République démocratique du Congo Ulimwengu, John M.; Funes, José; Headey, Derek D.; You, Liangzhi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7722-3224 Funes, Jose; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-5131 Headey, Derek; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8905-0201 Ulimwengu, John; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-8814 You, Liangzhi 0000-0002-7722-3224; 0000-0003-2476-5131; 0000-0002-8905-0201; 0000-0001-7930-8814 2010 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. French fra Brief Le potentiel agricole de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) est immense. Un calcul rapide indique si les rendements des 80 millions d’hectares de terres cultivables de la RDC venaient à s'aligner sur ceux des frontières de production mondiales, ce pays pourrait nourrir près d’un tiers de la population mondiale.1 Mais le potentiel biophysique n’assure pas à lui seul un potentiel économique équivalent. Des décennies de conflits, de corruption et de mauvaise gestion économique ont sérieusement affaibli les bases socioéconomiques de la RDC. Entre 1960 et 2001, l’économie de la RDC a subi le plus important déclin que le monde ait connu (en gros, une chute de 3 % par an), et le vaste secteur agricole, qui emploie plus destrois quarts de la population, a particulièrement souffert. Les exportations agricoles, qui représentaient 40 % du total des exportations en 1960, sont tombées à 10 % en 2000, et le surplus alimentaire par personne a chuté de 30 %, ce qui est énorme, entre 1975 et 2000. Bref, l’économie de la RDC est dans une crise aigue, et la grande majorité de la population survit grace à une économie agricole de subsistance. Non-PR Agricultural production; infrastructure; Poverty reduction; production agricole AFRICA; CENTRAL AFRICA; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IFPRI1; GRP41 DSGD; WCAO Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Discussion paper http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/27169 4 pages http://www.ifpri.org/node/6650 Project paper IFPRI 778453197 7/20/2022 7/20/2022 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/723 723 724.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/723/index.pdf Public agricultural R&D investments and capacities in developing countries Recent evidence for 2000 and beyond Beintema, Nienke M.; Stads, Gert-Jan http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6618-6387 Beintema, Nienke; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-2271 Stads, Gert-Jan; 0000-0001-6618-6387; 0000-0002-7982-2271; 2010 ASTI Background Note International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, DC English eng Working paper Compiling up-to-date, accurate information on global trends in public agricultural R&D investments is extremely challenging because for many countries no such information exists, and for others the available information is outdated, irregular, or incomplete. The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative strives to redress this problem, but—as a public good—ASTI focuses on developing countries (herein defined as low- and middle-income countries). In addition, based on financial and time constraints, ASTI collects data on a regional basis and over considerable intervals of time. Non-PR Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development (GCARD); Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI); developing countries IFPRI1; ASTI KCID Open Access Note prepared for the Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development (GCARD), montpellier, 27�30 March 2010 8 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/public-agricultural-rd-investments-and-capacities-developing-countries Working paper IFPRI 778451970 10/20/2022 10/20/2022 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/732 732 733.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/732/index.pdf Climate change implications for water resources in the Limpopo River Basin Zhu, Tingju; Ringler, Claudia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-3551 Zhu, Tingju; 0000-0002-8266-0488; 0000-0002-6882-3551; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 961 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper This paper analyzes the effects of climate change on hydrology and water resources in the Limpopo River Basin of Southern Africa, using a semidistributed hydrological model and the Water Simulation Module of the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis focuses on the effects of climate change on hydrology and irrigation in parts of the four riparian countries within the basin: Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Results show that water resources of the Limpopo River Basin are already stressed under today's climate conditions. Projected water management and infrastructure changes are expected to improve the situation by 2030 if current climate conditions continue into the future. However, under the four climate change scenarios studied here, water supply situations are expected to worsen considerably by 2030. Assessing hydrological impacts of climate change is crucial given that expansion of irrigated areas has been postulated as a key adaptation strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa. Such expansion will need to take into account future changes in water availability in African river basins. Non-PR Climate change; hydrology; Irrigation; Limpopo River Basin; Water resources AFRICA; BOTSWANA; MOZAMBIQUE; SOUTH AFRICA; ZIMBABWE IFPRI1; GRP22 EPTD Open Access http://www.ifpri.org/publication/green-and-blue-water-accounting-limpopo-and-nile-basins http://www.ifpri.org/publication/vulnerability-and-impact-climate-change-south-africas-limpopo-river-basin http://www.ifpri.org/publication/vulnerability-and-impact-climate-change-south-africas-limpopo-river-basin-0 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI's Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. IFPRIDP00961 IFPRIDP00961 16 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-implications-water-resources-limpopo-river-basin https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/961.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778452748 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/761 761 762.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/761/index.pdf Promises and realities of community-based agricultural extension Feder, Gershon; Anderson, Jock R.; Birner, Regina; Deininger, Klaus http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3530 Feder, Gershon 0000-0001-9229-3530 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 959 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper In view of the market failures and the state failures inherent in providing agricultural extension, community-based approaches, which involve farmers' groups, have gained increasing importance in recent years as a third way to provide this service. The paper discusses the conceptual underpinnings of community-based extension approaches, highlights theoretical and practical challenges inherent in their design, and assesses the evidence available so far on their performance. The paper reviews both quantitative and qualitative studies, focusing on three examples that contain important elements of community-based extension: the National Agricultural Advisory Services program of Uganda, the agricultural technology management agency model of India, and the farmer field school approach. The review finds that in the rather few cases where performance has been relatively carefully studied, elite capture was identified as a major constraint. Other challenges that empirical studies found include a limited availability of competent service providers, deep-seated cultural attitudes that prevent an effective empowerment of farmers, and difficulties in implementing farmers' control of service providers' contracts. The paper concludes that, just as for the state and the market, communities can also fail in extension delivery. Hence, the challenge for innovative approaches in agricultural extension is to identify systems that use the potential of the state, the market, and communities to create checks and balances to overcome the failures inherent in all of them. Non-PR agricultural extension; community-based development; market failures; National Agricultural Advisory Services program; Agricultural technology; empowerment of farmers; innovative approaches; gender; women IFPRI1; GRP37 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI's Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. IFPRIDP00959 IFPRIDP00959 23 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/promises-and-realities-community-based-agricultural-extension https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/959.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778451972 10/7/2017 10/7/2017 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/794 794 795.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/794/index.pdf Rethinking the global food crisis: The role of trade shocks Headey, Derek D. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-5131 Headey, Derek 0000-0003-2476-5131 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 958 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper From 2003 to their peak in mid 2008, the nominal prices of maize and wheat roughly doubled, while those of rice tripled in a matter of months rather than years. Although fundamental factors were clearly responsible for shifting the world to a higher equilibrium price during this time, there is little doubt that when food prices peaked in June 2008, they soared well above the new equilibrium price. Numerous arguments have been proposed to explain overshooting, including financial speculation, depreciation of the United States (U.S.) dollar, low interest rates, and reductions in grain stocks. However, observations that international rice prices surged in response to export restrictions by India and Vietnam suggested that trade-related factors could be an important basis for overshooting, especially given the very tangible link between export volumes and export prices. In this paper, we revisit the trade story by closely examining monthly data from the largest export markets for rice (Thailand), wheat, maize and soybeans (the United States). In each case, we find that large surges in export volumes preceded the price surges. The presence of these demand surges, together with back-of-the-envelope estimates of their price impacts, suggest that trade events played a much larger and more pervasive role than previously thought. This further implies that improving the international grain markets should be a central focus of the international policy agenda going forward. Non-PR world food crisis; export volumes; international grain trade; export markets; export restrictions; panic purchases; export prices; equilibrium price WORLD IFPRI1; GRP2 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Book http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/5724 English brief http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/124953 Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. IFPRIDP00958 IFPRIDP00958 28 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/rethinking-global-food-crisis https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/958.html 675700 Bytes Discussion paper IFPRI 778452754 11/29/2017 11/29/2017 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/831 831 832.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/831/index.pdf Hydro-economic modeling of climate change impacts in Ethiopia You, Gene Jiing-Yun; Ringler, Claudia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia 0000-0002-8266-0488 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 960 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Ethiopia is susceptible to frequent climate extremes such as disastrous droughts and floods. These disastrous climatic events, which have caused significant adverse effects on the country's economy and society, are expected to become more pronounced in the future under climate change. To identify the potential threat of climate change to the Ethiopian economy, this study analyzes three major factors that are changing under global warming: water availability under higher temperatures and changing precipitation patterns, the impact of changing precipitation patterns on flooding, and the potential impact on crop production of the carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect. These issues are analyzed based on an existing multi-market-sector model for the Ethiopian economy, with a focus on agriculture. Our analysis finds that the major impact of climate change on Ethiopia's economy will result from more frequent occurrence of extreme hydrologic events, which cause losses in both the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors. To adapt to these long-term changes, Ethiopia should invest in enhanced water control to expand irrigation and improve flood protection. Non-PR climate change; hydro-economic modeling; drought; floods; Global warming; carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect; hydrologic events ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP22 EPTD Open Access Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI's Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. IFPRIDP00960 IFPRIDP00960 26 pages http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14060389829295386104&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/960.html Discussion paper IFPRI 861347700 8/8/2017 8/8/2017 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/868 868 869.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/868/index.pdf Female participation in African agricultural research and higher education: New insights Synthesis of the ASTI's award benchmarking survey on gender-disaggregated capacity indicators Beintema, Nienke M.; Di Marcantonio, Federica http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6618-6387 Beintema, Nienke 0000-0001-6618-6387 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 957 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); AWARD Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Female farmers play a vital role in African agriculture, accounting for the majority of the agricultural workforce. However, agricultural research and higher education are disproportionately led by men. There is an urgent need for greater representation of women in the field of agricultural science and technology (S&T) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Female scientists, professors, and senior managers offer different insights and perspectives to help research institutes to more fully address the unique and pressing challenges of both female and male farmers in the region. Gender-disaggregated data on S&T capacity are scarce, often lack sufficient detail, and focus more generally on S&T rather than on agriculture specifically. Data are not always comparable due to different methodologies and coverage. The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative and the CGIAR Gender & Diversity (G&D) Program partnered together to address this information gap. This report presents the results of an in-depth benchmarking survey on gender-disaggregated capacity indicators, covering 125 agricultural research and higher education agencies in 15 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is the first study of its kind to present detailed human resources data on female participation in agricultural science, the main findings of which include the following: Total capacity in terms of the professional staff employed at the agricultural research and higher education agencies included in this study increased by 20 percent between 2000/01 and 2007/08, and women constituted almost half of this capacity increase. The female population of professional staff grew by eight percent per year on average, which is four times higher than the comparable rate of increase for the male population, indicating that the gender gap in African agricultural sciences is closing.; The proportion of female professional staff employed at the sample agricultural research and higher education agencies increased from 18 percent in 2000/01 to 24 percent in 2007/08, but fewer women have advanced degrees compared to their male colleagues. In 2007/08, for example, 27 percent of the sample's professional women held PhD degrees compared with 37 percent of the sample's professional men.; Of concern, about two-thirds of the overall (female and male) capacity increase comprised staff holding only BSc degrees, indicating that the overall quality of capacity in agricultural research and higher education is declining in some Sub-Saharan African countries. Notably, the total number of male professional staff trained to the MSc level declined between 2000/01 and 2007/08; however, more in-depth analysis is needed to explain the underlying causes of these shifts and to what degree they represent structural changes.; Levels of female participation in agricultural research and higher education among the sample agencies were particularly low in Ethiopia (6 percent), Togo (9 percent), Niger (10 percent), and Burkina Faso (12 percent). Shares of female professional staff were much higher in South Africa, Mozambique, and Botswana (32, 35, and 41 percent, respectively).; The female share of students enrolled in higher agricultural education was higher than the female shares of professional staff employed at the agricultural research and higher education agencies in most cases, but a significant proportion of the female students concerned were undertaking only BSc-level studies (83 percent). Only 14 percent of the management positions were held by women, which is considerably lower than the share of female professional staff employed at the sample's agricultural research and higher education agencies (24 percent).; The pool of female staff is much younger on average than the pool of male staff.; The prevalence of female professional staff is comparatively higher in fields related to life and social sciences, and comparatively lower in fields involving areas traditionally thought of as "hard science", such as engineering. Non-PR Agricultural research; female participation; S&T capacity; agricultural higher education; female farmers; science and technology (S&T); Gender & Diversity (G&D); Agricultural research; Education; Gender AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP31; ASTI KCID Open Access Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General’s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI–wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI’s website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI’s Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. IFPRIDP00957 IFPRIDP00957 48 pages http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6254349793955364174&as_sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/957.html Discussion paper IFPRI 861347670 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/974 974 975.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/974/index.pdf Senegal Recent developments in public agricultural research Stads, Gert-Jan; Sène, Louis http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-2271 Stads, Gert-Jan 0000-0002-7982-2271 2010 ASTI Country Note International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute Washington, D.C.; Dakar, Senegal English eng Brief Public agricultural research and development (R&D) in Senegal has been negatively affected by contractions in funding and capacity since the mid-1980s. In 2008, the country employed 141 full-time equivalent (FTE) agricultural researchers and spent 6.5 billion CFA francs or 25.9 million PPP dollars on agricultural R&D (both in constant 2005 prices), which is well below the levels recorded in the 1980s and 1990s (Figure 1 and 2; Table 1). Unless otherwise stated, expenditures in this brief are expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) prices. PPPs are synthetic exchange rates used to reflect the purchasing power of currencies; they typically compare prices among a broader range of goods and services than do conventional exchange rates. Non-PR Research and development; expenditures; Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Prices; conventional exchange rates; full-time equivalent (FTE) agricultural researchers SENEGAL; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA IFPRI2; ASTI KCID; EPTD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER French http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/7707 6 pages http://www.ifpri.org/node/7754 Project paper IFPRI 778452033 8/12/2017 8/12/2017 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/981 981 982.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/981/index.pdf Sierra Leone Recent developments in agricultural research Stads, Gert-Jan; Momoh, John http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-2271 Stads, Gert-Jan 0000-0002-7982-2271 2010 ASTI Country Brief International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute Washington, D.C.; Freetown English eng Brief Agricultural research and development (R&D) in Sierra Leone virtually ceased in the 1990s due to the ravages of civil war. Several researchers were killed by rebels, research facilities and equipment were destroyed or severely damaged, and many research stations were abandoned as staff took refuge in Freetown (Asenso-Okyere et al. 2009). When peace was finally declared in 2002, Sierra Leone embarked on what will be a long road toward reconstructing its agricultural research infrastructure and capacity. As a result, agricultural R&D spending rose rapidly. In 2009, the country invested 7.5 billion leones or 6.9 million PPP dollars on agricultural R&D (both in 2005 prices) compared with just 2.2 billion leones or 2.8 million dollars in 2001 (Figure 1; Table 1). Unless otherwise stated, all prices in this note are based on purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates, which reflect the purchasing power of currencies more effectively than do standard exchange rates because they compare the prices of a broader range of local-as opposed to internationally traded-goods and services. Total agricultural R&D capacity has also risen gradually since the cessation of hostilities. In 2009, Sierra Leone employed 72 full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers compared with just 49 in 2001 (Figure 2). Non-PR agricultural research and development; research facilities; Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) exchange rates; full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers SIERRA LEONE; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA IFPRI2; ASTI KCID Open Access 6 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/sierra-leone Project paper IFPRI 778452775 8/12/2017 8/12/2017 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/988 988 989.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/988/index.pdf Argentina Stads, Gert-Jan; Ruiz, Ana María; De Greef, Gustavo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-2271 Stads, Gert-Jan; 0000-0002-7982-2271; 2010 ASTI Country Brief 44 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); National Institute of Agricultural Technology Washington, D.C.; Buenos Aires, Argentina English eng Brief Quantitative data are important in measuring, monitoring, and benchmarking the inputs, outputs, and performance of agricultural science and technology (S&T) systems. They are an indispensable tool when it comes to assessing the contribution of agricultural S&T to agricultural growth and, more generally, economic growth. S&T indicators assist research managers and policymakers in policy formulation and decision-making on strategic planning, priority setting, monitoring, and evaluation. They also provide information to government and other institutions (e.g., policy research institutes, universities, and the private sector) involved in the public debate on the state of agricultural S&T at national, regional, and international levels. This country brief reviews the major investment, capacity, and institutional trends in public agricultural research in Argentina since 1981, using data collected under the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) in 2007-08.1 It provides important updates on trends in Argentina�s public agricultural research collected by the ASTI initiative during the mid-1990s. Non-PR quantitative data; Monitoring; economic growth; agricultural science and technology (S&T) systems; Agricultural growth; Strategic planning; National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) ARGENTINA; SOUTH AMERICA; AMERICA IFPRI2; ASTI EPTD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Spanish http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/16124 10 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/argentina Project paper IFPRI 778452017 11/4/2015 11/4/2015 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/999 999 1000.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/999/index.pdf Sarpanch raj: is the President all powerful? The case of village councils in India Palaniswamy, Nethra 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 972 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, DC English eng Discussion paper The policy of mandated representation (reservation) for disadvantaged social groups in Indian village councils or Gram Panchayats has been the subject of numerous studies. The implicit, and often unstated, assumption that underlies most of these studies is that the president of the council is the only one who wields effective power. However, the Gram Panchayat is comprised of several elected representatives, each of whom represents a village; and, in principle, a voting mechanism governs decision making within the Gram Panchayat. In this context, the focus on the president as the de-facto decision maker is equivalent to assuming a model of “Sarpanch Raj,” or a model of local government where the president (Sarpanch) dominates the council. This model is typically based on the premise that the president of the council possesses –either on account of her informal powers or on account of her formal agenda setting powers- the de-facto power to dominate. However, whether these informal or formal powers of the president translate into such de facto power may well depend on other factors, such as local power structures. Indeed, extensive anecdotal evidence suggest that presidents elected on reserved seats—i.e. members of the disadvantaged Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women —face considerable difficulties when they are situated amid representatives who come from powerful castes or belong to the local elite. Whether a Sarpanch Raj is indeed the de facto model of local governance in India is therefore an unanswered empirical question. This paper examines the question of Sarpanch Raj, using a unique data set from 80 Gram Panchayats and 225 villages in the Indian state of Karnataka. We exploit the design of the policy of mandated representation in order examine whether the Sarpanch Raj model is robust to the inclusion of elected representatives of the village council. The model of Sarpanch Raj is critically examined in the context of two key mandates of the Gram Panchayat: public good provision, and the targeting of household-level benefits under various anti poverty programs. The results suggest that the president is not the sole decision maker of the council, and that the council is in fact a more broad-based body where the voices of other elected village representatives matter. Decision making in the council is, however, not one among equals. In particular, the results suggest that the effectiveness of Scheduled Caste representatives depends on the caste of the president. Non-PR local government; Decentralization; affirmative action; political reservation; Political economy; Scheduled Castes (SCs); Scheduled Tribes (STs); Collective action; Gender gram panchayat INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General's Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI-wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI's website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee but have been reviewed by at least one internal and/or external reviewer. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. IFPRIDP00972 IFPRIDP00972 13 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/sarpanch-raj-president-all-powerful https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/972.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778452028 8/11/2022 8/11/2022 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/1020 1020 1021.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/1020/index.pdf Policy benchmarking and tracking the agricultural policy environment in Nigeria Sanyal, Prabuddha; Babu, Suresh Chandra http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8706-2516 Babu, S. 0000-0002-8706-2516 2010 NSSP Report 5 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Abuja, Nigeria English eng Report Although the Nigerian economy depends significantly on the oil sector, agriculture remains its mainstay. Agriculture contributed 42 percent of Nigeria's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2008 (National Bureau of Statistics). Agriculture is the second largest export earner after crude oil and the largest employer of rural labor; thus, the sector ranks as a key contributor to wealth creation and poverty reduction. However, despite having grown at an annual rate of 6.8 percent from 2002 to 2006�2.8 percentage points higher than the sector�s annual growth between 1997 and 2001�food security remains a major concern due to the subsistence nature of the country�s agriculture (Nwafor 2008). Many of the strategies used to improve agricultural growth in the past have failed because the programs and policies were not sufficiently based on in-depth studies and realistic pilot surveys (Adebayo et al. 2009). This can be broadly attributed to two factors. First, policies lack public participation in design, formulation, implementation, and evaluation, and therefore, the extent that policies reflect public interest is questionable. As a result, policies deemed important by sectoral ministries are often implemented without open dialogue and discussions among the stakeholders. Second, efforts to implement policies suffer from a lack of appropriate capacity within sectoral ministries and a poor understanding of the specifics by policy implementers. Thus, it is critical to assess Nigeria's current policymaking and agenda-setting process in order to devise strategies for improving agriculture and reducing poverty (Adebayo et al. 2009). Sanyal, Prabuddha; and Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2010. Policy benchmarking and tracking the agricultural policy environment in Nigeria. NSSP Report 5. Abuja, Nigeria: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/1054 Non-PR Agriculture; Poverty; strategy; fertilizer policy; food security policy; Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Poverty reduction NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER 33 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/policy-benchmarking-and-tracking-agricultural-policy-environment-nigeria 879020 Bytes Report IFPRI 778453231 1/22/2018 1/22/2018 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/1054 1054 1055.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/1054/index.pdf Foreign inflows and growth challenges for African countries An intertemporal general equilibrium assessment Diao, Xinshen; Breisinger, Clemens http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-0682 Breisinger, Clemens; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-1670 Diao, Xinshen; 0000-0001-6955-0682; 0000-0003-4843-1670; 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 967 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Foreign inflows are important sources of income that many African governments use to finance public investments and to support the development of manufacturing or export-oriented service sectors. Yet the recent growth experience of many African economies shows that domestic-oriented industry (construction, utilities) and services have become the largest sectors. Using Ghana and its newly found oil as an example, we analyze the dynamic relationship between increasing foreign inflows and economic growth and structural change by developing a multisector intertemporal general equilibrium model. We find that the sudden increase in petrodollars used to finance either the government's recurrent spending or public investment generates a substantial short-run growth shock consistent with the Dutch disease theory. Opposed short-run effects on the growth of the tradable and nontraded sectors lead the structure of the economy to become more domestic oriented. The creation of an oil fund helps reduce the negative growth and structural effect, while in the longer term, if oil spending does not enhance productivity, growth declines and the GDP share of the nontraded sector further increases. Smart use of oil revenue thus not only involves the creation of an oil fund but also spending inflows on productivity-enhancing investment. Whether public investments can help overcome Dutch disease effects also depends on the growth magnitude of the inflows. At the same level of investment-to-productivity-growth efficiency, public investments take longer to overcome the negative growth effects the higher the growth rate of inflows. This paper further shows that the structural effect of foreign inflows on economic development is a long-term challenge for Africa. The domestic-oriented economic structure can become a persistent phenomenon for countries that continue to receive foreign inflows in the form of petrodollars or in any other form. Non-PR Growth; structural change; foreign inflows; Dutch disease; intertemporal general equilibrium GHANA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA O55 Economywide Country Studies: Africa; O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models; O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development; F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies; D90 Intertemporal Choice: General; D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models; C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models IFPRI1; GRP32 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General�s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI�s Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. IFPRIDP00967 IFPRIDP00967 26 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/foreign-inflows-and-growth-challenges-african-countries https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/967.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778453233 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/1091 1091 1092.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/1091/index.pdf How to overcome the governance challenges of implementing NREGA Insights from Bihar using process-influence mapping Raabe, Katharina; Birner, Regina; Sekher, Madhushree; Gayathridevi, K. G.; Shilpi, Amrita; Schiffer, Eva 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 963 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Large-scale social safety net programs such as India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) are difficult to implement due to governance challenges related to elite capture, leakages, and corruption. The ability to identify how the governance challenges of program implementation can be met requires detailed insights into the actual process of program implementation, with clear views on the source of leakage and mismanagement, the sensitivity of program implementation to the influence of different actors, local power structures and informal bureaucratic processes. This paper uses a new participatory research method, referred to as Process-Influence Mapping, to shed light on these issues and related governance challenges, using the implementation of NREGA as an example. The Process-Influence Mapping tool helps identify the specific features of the NREGA implementation process that limit the program's effectiveness (for example, elite capture in the definition of work and capacity limitations due to staff shortages and lack of training) and create scope for the misappropriation of funds. The insights gained can be used to identify policy options for reforming the administrative process of NREGA implementation so as to create an effective social safety net. Non-PR National Rural Employment Guarantee Act; Governance; participatory research method; Process-Influence-Map INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA IFPRI1; GRP37 DSGD Open Access IFPRI-NT\RMILLER IFPRI-NT\RMILLER Effective January 2007, the Discussion Paper series within each division and the Director General�s Office of IFPRI were merged into one IFPRI�wide Discussion Paper series. The new series begins with number 00689, reflecting the prior publication of 688 discussion papers within the dispersed series. The earlier series are available on IFPRI�s website at http://www.ifpri.org/publications/results/taxonomy%3A468. IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI�s Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. IFPRIDP00963 IFPRIDP00963 28 pages http://www.ifpri.org/publication/how-overcome-governance-challenges-implementing-nrega https://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/ifprid/963.html Discussion paper IFPRI 778452031 9/7/2016 9/7/2016 http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/1128 1128 1129.cpd /p15738coll2/supp/1128/index.pdf Wage subsidies to combat unemployment and poverty Assessing South Africa's options Burns, Justine; Edwards, Lawrence; Pauw, Karl http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5104-173X Pauw, Karl 0000-0002-5104-173X 2010 IFPRI Discussion Paper 969 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, D.C. English eng Discussion paper Wage or employment subsidies have been used in both developed and developing countries to raise employment levels. Various advisers to the South African government have endorsed wage subsidies as a policy measure to deal with this country's massive unemployment problem. This paper takes stock of the international literature and conducts an economywide macro-micro analysis to obtain insights into wage subsidy design and implementation issues facing developing countries. It also investigates whether this policy measure is appropriate in dealing with South Africa's particular sources of unemployment. We argue that although wage subsidies may be successful at creating jobs in South Africa, they should not be seen as the primary or dominant policy instrument for de