consultative group on international agricultural research technical advisory committee report of the second quinquennial review of the centro international de la papa WV tat secretariat FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORT OF THE SECOND QUINQUENNIAL REVIEW OF THE CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE LA PAPA (CIP) TAC SECRETARIAT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS JANUARY 1984 ii This report Extract Taken", comprises: from "Main Conclusions CGIAR Meeting, October Letter from Reached and Decisions 31 - November 4, 1983 to CGIAR Chairman Review and (4 (b) Transmittal cc> CIP Reaction TAC Chairman to both TAC's Commentary the the Second Quinquennial Second Quinquennial Panel Chairman Cd) TAC Commentary on (e> Transmittal Letter (f) The Report of the Centro International ELeview of CIP to TAC Chairman from Second Quinquennial de la Papa (CIP) Review of the CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 1818 H St., N.W. Washington,D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Te!ephone(Area Code 202) 477-3592 Cable Address - INTBAFRAD From: The Secretariat December 16, 1983 Consultative October Group Meeting 1983 31 - November 4, D.C. Washington, (USA) CIP External Program and Management Reviews - Agenda Item 5L' "The External Program Review Report (EPR) of CIP was presented by Dr.' Robert Hougas, Chairman o f the Program Review Panel and the Management Review Report (EMR) by Dr. Omond Solandt, Chairman of the Management Review Panel. the Executive Secretary-CGIAR, Board Chairman The TAC Chairman, Professor Castillo, and Director General Dr. Sawyer, all commented on the reports. CIP was described as a tightly-run, costExternal Program Review. effective center of scientific excellence, with a dynamic and effective research program and a complex of linkages with developing and developed countries. CIP's innovative regional programs were praised, as were its use of core-funded research contracts with potato scientists in developing and developed countries, and its use of planning conferences to refine and adjust its programs. CIP's decentralized approach was seen to be a major strength, as was its emphasis on utilization of the world potato germplasm collection. CIP was praised for its good management, innovations in research planning, relations with national programs, cost effectiveness, and zero growth policy. The potential of the potato in the lowland tropics was discussed. This area of work is seen as a possible major goal in the center's work with national programs. Some concern was expressed that the EPR panel had not included much information on impact in its report. Dr. Hougas responded that the panel had made judgements on the impact of CIP's research throughout the report, but that detailed economic analyses of impact were not included in the panel's terms of reference. The Group concluded that zero growth should be expressed in terms of senior staff positions at CIP in a continuing decline but not in monetary terms, since that could result in support for research programs." -l/ Extract from "Main Conclusions Reached and Decisions Taken“ Consultative Group Meeting, October 31 - November 4, 1983, Washington, D.C. CONSULTATIVEGROUPON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURkLRESEARCH TECHNICAL The Chairman ADVISORY COMMITTEE August 10, 1983 Dear Mr. Baum: I have the pleasure in transmitting to you the report of the Second Quinquennial Review of CIP which was conducted in February 1983. The Review Panel was chaired by Dr. R.W. Hougas, who presented the report to TAC during its 30th Meeting at FAO in Rome The in the presence of Dr. R.L. Sawyer, Director-General of CIP. Committee noted that the Board of CIP generally agreed with the findings of the Review and that it was its intent that early action be taken on the recommendations. TAC had the privilege of the presence of Dr. Omond Solandt when it studied the first External Management Review within the The procedures estaSystem for which CIP was the "guinea pig". blished by the CGIAR Secretariat and approved by the CGIAR last May are appropriate and result in the Management Review process being complementary to the Quinquennial Review. TAC is pleased to note that CGIAR stressed that both Reviews should take place I am glad to report that there was excellent simultaneously. interaction and exchange among the members of the two Panels. Attached to this report you will find the commentary prepared by TAC summarizing its conclusions and recommendations about The response of the Board of CIP in light of the two Reviews. Trustees to the Quinquennial Review is also attached. In submitting to the Group its observations, TAC is pleased to report that CIP is a dynamic Centre of self-limited size without any major scientific or management problems. TAC particularly commends CIP's achievements, in terms of output and influence on institution building, through its imagiAnother aspect of native interaction with national programmes. the Centre's operation worthy of mention is the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of its use of contracts, funded from core resources to fulfill many of its specialized research requirements. TAC considers that some aspects of CIP's operational strategy might well be adapted to other parts of the System. ! Yours sincerely, Mr. Warren C. Baum Chairman, CGIAR 1818 H. St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. c/o The World Bank, 66, avenue d’ lha, 75116 Paris, France TBI : 723-54-21 - T&lex : 620 628 - Cdble adresse INTBAFRAD PARIS ->. . .F -. .’ vii CIP REACTION TO BOTH THE SECOND CXJINOUENNIAL REVIEW AND TAC'S COMMENTARY CIP Board of Trustees is particularly pleased that the Quinquennial Review Panel and TAC have highlighted the very distinctive features which characterize the Centre. The Board is grateful for relevant recommendations which have been put into effect immediately by an unusually responsive Management and Staff. We of the Board are all proud to be associated with CIP and will continue our work with even greater enthusiasm made possible by the ideal receptiveness of the entire Centre. Gelia Castillo Chairperson CIP Board of Trustees CIP Management and Staff thank the Quinquennial Review Team for the stimulation they gave us to look with them at the programme and consider changes which might make improvements. We are particularly thankful for the leadership of Dr. Robert Hougas and the care he took to see that recommendations were applicable to potatoes since several Panel members had little previous experience with this crop. TAC has correctly noted in the Commentary that a number of recommendations have been implemented before the report goes to the Group. Recommendations implemented have all been within the present programme and priorities and the budget guidelines of TAC. We believe the Group will appreciate the speed with which CIP's Board of Trustees approved the recommendations and CIP Management and Staff have implemented them so as not to lose a year and so that the 1984 budget document would include the changes. CIP is particularly impressed with TAC's insight expressed in the Commentary which addressed several of the recommendations about which CIP had reservations. We agree with TAC's comments on these Quinquennial Review recommendations as well as those on the Management Review implications. Richard L. Sawyer Director-General CIP ix TAC COMMENTARY ON THE SECOND QUINQUENNIAL REVIEW OF CIP 1. In transmitting the report of the Second Quinquennial Reviea of CIP to the CGIAR, TAC wishes to commend and thank Professor R.W, Hougas and his colleagues for their thorough report. The first draft of the report was presented by Professor Hougas to TAC at its meeting in Rome in February 1983, and discussed with both him and the Director-General. Unfortunately, Professor Hougas was unable to participate with TAC and Dr. Sawyer in the discussion of the substantially refined final version at TAC 31, when the Centre's reactions to the conclusions and recommendations were considered. 2. As indicated in the response from the Chairperson of the Board, Dr. Gelia Castillo, CIP agrees in principle with most of the recommendations, and has already begun to implement some of these while reserving judgement on others. In this case TAC has no quarrel wi-th CIP's quick reactions to the report, but it suggests that the Group may need to consider the wider implications of implementation of major recommendations by Centres before the Consultative Group has been able to discuss the reports TAG commissions on its behalf. Outcome of the First Quinquennial Review 3. The first Quinquennial Review recommended that CIP should'give maximum priority to meeting the highest standards of quarantine procediires in order to ensure safe exchange of its materials, CIE took prompt and effective action, immediately curtailing its exchanges until reliable in vitro procedures were developed, and then putting these rigorously -___ into practice. TAG joins the Quinquennial Review Panel in commending These do, CIP for the model phytosanitary standards it is now setting. however, entail a major effort by the Centre and TAC endosses the Panel"s view that the development of less time-consuming methods and of better facilities for these activities merit a high priority. 4, Another area where CPP implemented major recommendations of the first Quinquennial Review is that of the social sciences, The second Quinquennial Review has both extended and qualified the earlier recommendations, Although the Centre still debates some of the new suggestions, it has nevertheless already initiated a restructuring of its research in this area and has added a new Thrust entitled "Potatoes in Developing Country Food Systems", to determine priority problems and client needs in the production, marketi-ng and utilization of potatoes. TAC fully supports this wider framework for the social sciences at CIP. Genetic Resources 6. CIP's efforts to collect and conserve the genetic resources of the potato have been outstanding. TAC supports the Quinquennial Review Panel in urging early completion of the description and documentation phase of this work, while recognizing that CZP has already taken steps to achieve this, 3. The genetrc resources of the potato have already proved of great value in the Centze's work, as indicated at several points in the report, Consequently, CD's efforts to and will undoubtedly continue to be so. ensure the conservation of these resources in vitro as weii as in viva --~ merit continuing strong support from TAC and the donors, particularly in view of 1:h.e hazards in t-he field and the limitations on facilities at Huancayo., After discussion of this matter with Dr.~ Sawyer, TAC is satisfied that CIP's many-stranded approach to the conservation of both wild species and Andean cultivarc is prudent and sound. True Potatb Seed (TPS)' 8. The use of true po~tato seed o ffe--rs many poten tial advantages in cc-rage y transport, relation to immediate iocd :5jlpply , s ‘ crop jhygiene and which could begin to tra.nsform potato production in the next improvement, few years. The Quinquennia? Review Panel considered that CLP's efforts it 'is on TPS could be strengthen-d and coordinated more effectively. TAC's impressi on that CIP fully recognizes the potential of TPS and accords it high priority, but is not conmit::ing e xtensive funding to this woric until agronomic and brerd;,lg 20~:s can be more clearly defined, especialiy ~~e-,izrthe'3sa) TAC adds its encouragement to for smal.1 farm conditions. of ef 1. F---t that of the panel for th;- grg,a:-er cc.c ~ert.ra~-op L.1 Lc tf;j s area. Hot Climate Potsto ProduCticn xi according to the Quinquennial Review Panel. humid tropics, TAC concurs, but agrees with CIF that there is real value in continuing selections and developing practices under the severe conditions of Yurimaguas, because of their potential value at less extreme sites. Paragraph 310 of the Quinquennial Review report indicates that 10. the Panel concurs with the view of the CIP Programme Committee that the Centre's first priority is to help increase potato production in areas While agreeing with this view, TAC is of already proved potential. aware that many developing countries have expressed considerable interest in the possibility of increasing potato production in lowland tropical areas. offer much stronger encouragement to CIP TAC would, therefore, than the Quinquennial Review Panel does for its Thrust in this area. Disease and Pest Surveillance 11. At several places in the Quinquennial Review report, the Panel recormnends that CIP should obtain more systematic information on disease and pest incidence and crop losses in order to determine the balance in its research efforts. However, TAG is of the view that CIP's current strategy of using assessments from three sources - its regional staff in collaboration with national scientists, its planning conferences, and senior consultants - is adequate and appropriate at this stage, but may need strengthening in the future. Regional Activities 12. Although it is difficult to make objective assessments of cooperative activities, especially when done with a low profile like those of CIP, the evidence suggests that the Centre's regional research and training activities have been both effective and welcomed by the national systems. The covering letter from Professor Hougas identifies this as and TAC concurs with this opinion. one of CIP's impressive innovations, The five collaborative regional research associations, which are in various stages of development, will continue to require help from CIP, and a greater input from the Centre's Social Sciences in their early Both TAC and the Panel are impressed by stages might be advantageous. the way in which training programmes are organized within the regional activities. The standard of research within the younger regional associations may need careful monitoring in the early stages. Xii Research Management and Style CIP has been notably successful in its use of planning conferences 13. and contract research both to focus and to complement the work of the Centre. Leading potato scientists throughout the world have, through their participation in CIP's planning conferences, contributed to the orientation and practice of research at the Centre. Indeed, CIP has cast its net so wide that it is difficult to find suitable Quinquennial Review Panel members who have not been involved in these activities. 14. Examples given at many places in the Quinquennial Review report illustrate how effectively CIP has also used contract research, in both developed and developing countries. This has been crucial to progress in several thrusts, accelerating the research and the development of methods and improved materials. CIP's success with contract research must surely reflect its care in defining its objectives. 15. CIP's style of management is unusual among the Centres, and reflects in many ways the strong influence of the Director-General. It has many attractive features in the clear focussing of its research, the openness of its planning, its effective use of outside contracts, the mobility of its structuring, the effectiveness of its training, the low profile taken by the Centre in its regional activities, etc. Its management style and relatively small size have been combined with Many of these are noted in the Management somewhat informal procedures. Review. After discussion of this review with Dr. Solandt, TAC saw no TAC supports the suggestion for changes cause for concern on its part. in the accounting system to provide more timely and better information for the management of the research programmes, and understands from the Director-General that these changes are already being instituted. 16. TAC is aware of the Centre's "zero growth" policy, and agrees with the Management Review that this would be stated more realistically in terms of senior scientific positions. Until TAC has made further the Committee would prefer progress in its discussion of strategic issues, to consider CIP's budget requests on their merits each year through its usual budget review process rather than within fixed long-term policy guidelines. 17. TAC commends the Quinquennial Review report on CIP to the donors for its careful analysis and assessment of the research and technology CIP emerges from the report, and from transfer activities of the Centre. TAC discussions of it, as a trim, clearly focussed, effective and truly yet responsive to external review international Centre of high repute, and criticism. COLLEGE 6F AGRICULTURAL AND LIFE SCIENCES 0fficze sf Bean and Director 140 Agriculture Hall 1450 Linden Drive Madison, Wisconsin 53706 608-262-1251 May 13, 1983 Dr. Guy Camus Chairman Technical Advisory Committee c/o The World Bank 66 Avenue d'lena 75116 Paris, France Dear Dr. Camus: The final draft of the CIP Second Quinquennial Review Report is enclosed. The Panel was privileged to obtain meaningful background for its assignment in several ways. Prior to the review the chairman and three Panel members were observers of the CIP Internal Review held in December, 1982. The Panel members unanimously and enthusiastically agree that observing CIP's Internal Review was invaluable in gaining insight to CIP's current activities and to assess the interactions between Core scientists, Regional scientists, national program leaders, CIP administration and members of the Board of Trustees. Further during the Internal Review, the Panel requested that the Director General provide Panel members a concise summary, which was received prior to the Quinquennial Review, embracing the five-year period since the first Quinquennial Review covering: significant accomplishments and other measures of progress; physical facilities added and additional facility needed for the future; a review of personnel changes among CIP's scientific and administrative staff; a copy of the Board of Trustees Charter and, lastly, changes in policy recommended by the Board and actions taken upon these recommendations, In addition, prior to the Review each member of the Panel traveled to one or more of the Regions visiting with national program and Regional scientists. Two Panel members visited institutions collaborating with the CIP under contract. Early in the Review the Panel toured CIP's field stations in Peru at Huancayo and San Ramon as well as the facilities at CIP Headquarters. Since Panel members were present throughout CIP's Internal Review no formal presentations were made by CIP staff during the Quinquennial Review. Rather round table discussions were held with senior CIP administrators and the international scientists as grouped under CIP's research teams of thrusts, In each of these discussions the Panel Regional Research and other activities. achievements and future plans be identirequested that strengths, lim itations, fied by each group. / .... xiv Dr. Guy Camus May 13, 1983 Concurrent with the Second Quinquennial Panel's review activities at CIP Headquarters a two member Management Review Team appointed by the CG Secretariat conducted an indepth review of CIP's management. Although the Panel and the Management Team conducted most of their meetings with CIP staff independently, special joint sessions and discussions were mutually agreed upon and scheduled to assure communication and exchange of views between Panel and Team members before and during the report writing phase. As a consequence of these procedures there is overall agreement in the two Reports. Members of the two Review groups were in attendance when the Panel and Team chairmen presented their respective oral reports to CIP staff. Since separate Panel and Management Team Reports have been prepared it is essential both be considered in the overall evaluation of CIP. The draft of the CIP Second Quinquennial Review Report submitted consideration in Rome in early March, 1983 was the rough initial draft at Lima in late February, 1983, which had not received any re-working Panel because of the time constraints imposed. for TAC compiled by the The Panel's editorial committee which met in May, 1983 was favored by the observations, comments and suggestions of CIP staff and the CIP Board of Trustees provided to the Panel's chairman and secretary at CIP in late April, 1983. Members of the Panel were impressed novations of CIP as exemplified by: with the progressive practices and in- 1) the extensive but timely usage of planning conferences of top scientists worldwide in guiding CIP's research activities, and rapid update of critical research information and methodologies; the use of contracts with scientists at leading institutions to accelerate procurement of research findings, advanced methodologies and improved materials needed by CIP, and most importantly, the establishment of an effective Regional Research and Training program to assure CIP's transfer of information and material needed by the national programs of developing countries. 2) 3) an impressive array of CIP's The Report documents, in greater detail, scientific achievements and especially its contributions to the national programs of the developing countries through technical information, training, improved technologies and superior adapted potato germplasm for farmer use. In overall summary CIP's progress towards its mandate objectives has been commendable, and with its now well-recognized maturity and momentum, CIP's future is bright. Enclosure AGD/TAC:IAR/83/5 THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Rev. 1 REPORT OF THE SECOND QUINQUENNIAL REVIEW OF THE CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE LA PAPA (CIP) Review Panel: Robert W. Hougas (Chairman) Frederick L. Milthorpe Martin E. Pineiro Ruben L. Villareal Martin S. Wolfe Hubert G. Zandstra Donald L. Plucknett (CGIAR Observer) Patricia Roberts-Pichette (Secretary) TAC SECRETARIAT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS August 1983 xvii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. 2. INTRODUCTION CIP AS AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTION A. B. C. 3. The Potato The Mandate: as a Subject for International for Research Appropriateness Strategies and Interpretation Implementing 7 THE THRUSTS of Tuber10 12 16 18 21 24 and Agronomic of Storage Research Management of 29 and Processing 31 for Developing 34 36 36 36 and Contributions 38 38 39 41 9 9 xxi 1 5 5 6 Present and Future the Mandate SOURCE RESEARCH: Organization Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust I: II: III: IV: V: VI: VII: VIII: IX: CIP'S A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. of Research Collection and Classification Bearing Solanums Maintenance, Utilization and Distribution of Tuber-Bearing Solanums Control Control Control Control Pests of Important Fungal Bacterial Virus Diseases Diseases of Important of Important of Important Diseases Nematode and Insect Physiologic Potatoes Development Technology Seed Production Countries 4. THE SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT A. B. C. D. E. F. Introduction Description Main Strengths Limitations Future Plans Recommendations . . . xv111 PAGE REGIONAL RESEARCH AND NETWORKS A. B. C. D. E. 6. Introduction Description Strengths Limitations Recommendations 5. 42 42 42 45 47 47 49 49 49 TRAINING AND COMMUNICATIONS A. B. C. D. E. F. Introduction Description Strengths Limitations Future Plans Recommendations 50 51 51 51 52 52 Research Planning with Conferences International the CGIAR and other INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION A. B. C. D. Introduction Contract Relationship Centres International 52 53 54 SUPPORT FACILITIES, A. B. C. Facilities Computers Station STATION MANAGEMENTAND MAINTENANCE 55 55 55 56 59 59 59 and Data Processing Management and Maintenance ISSUES AND HIGHLIGHTS MANAGEMENT AND AIXINISTRATION: A. B. C. D. E. F. Introduction Planning Structure Research of the Research Management on Personnel Organization 60 62 62 63 A Few Issues Recommendations xix PAGE 10. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CIP A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Introduction CIP's Long-Term Potato Research Advances Development Germplasm Comparative Advantage and Staff Technology in 64 64 64 Relationships and Superior in Institutional of Advanced 65 66 Contributions to Institutional National Programmes CIP's Profile from CIP Some Lessons Development of 67 68 68 ANNEXES Annex I Annex II Annex III Annex IV Annex V Annex VI Annex VII Annex VIII Annex IX Annex X Annex XI List of Main Issues by the Review Panel Panel List Membership of Documents provided Members in 1982 Projects Solanum Species Species in classified in World Potato to the Review Panel and Questions for Consideration Programme nf Panel Research Staff by Thrusts Source Potato Involvement of Wild Tuber-Bearing Collection Tuber-Bearing Sent True List of Wild Collection List the World Species of Countries Seed of Wild Wild Species utilized in Breeding and in Research Contracts Germplasm Distribution Varieties Germplasm Distribution by CIP: by CIP: Prograrmnes at CIP Clones Clones named as released xx Annex XII Annex XIII Annex XIV Annex XV Annex XVI Annex XVII Annex XVIII Annex XIX Annex XX Annex XXI Annex XXII Annex XXIII Guidelines Potatoes Application Phytosanitary Activities Adoption Current Thrusts on Quarantine for Potato Statement Aspects Introductions of introduced to Peru on TPS - Physiology of Seed Tuber Social involved Science Storage Research Department in Diffuse Projects of Technologies Light in the Development CIP Regional Activities Activities Activities proposed 1978-1982 1982 1983-1987 Funds 1982 - By Country - Summary of Training Summary of Training Number of Courses Distribution of Contract By Department xxi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Panel obtained background for Quinquennial Review of the International ways: its assignment Potato Center for the Second (CIP) in several 1. A range of pertinent printed documentation, such as annual reports, proceedings of CIP-sponsored Planning Conferences, and CIP's long-range planning document, entitled "Profile 1972-2000" were sent to the Panel members. 2. At CIP's invitation four Panel members including observers of the CIP Internal Review held in December the Chairman 1982. were 3. During the Internal Review the Panel requested the Director-General to provide Panel members with a concise sumnary which was received prior to the Quinquennial Review, for the period since the first Quinquennial Review covering: significant accomplishments and other measures of progress; physical facilities added and additional facility needs for the future; a review of personnel changes among CIP's scientific and administrative staff; a copy of the Board of Trustees' Charter; and lastly changes in policy recommended by the Board and actions taken. 4. Each Panel member travelled to one or more of the CIP geographic regions visiting with national programme and regional scientists. Two Panel members visited institutions collaborating with CIP under contract. 5. A series of discussions were scheduled with and the international scientists as grouped under Research and other activities. senior CIP administrators Thrusts, Regional 6. Concurrent with the Second Quinquennial Panel's review activities at CIP Headquarters, a two-member Management Review Team appointed by the CGIAR Secretariat conducted an in-depth review of CIP's management. Although the Panel and Management Review Teams conducted most of their meetings separately, special joint sessions and disucssions were held to ensure communication and exchange of views between the two units, before and during the report-writing phase. Since separate Panel and Management Team reports have been prepared it is essential that both be considered in the overall evaluation of CIP. 7. The Panel has adhered to the TAC guidelines quennial reviews and has responded to the series CIP prepared by TAC. for conduct of questions of quinconcerning 8. The most significant recommendations of the Panel are summarized below. Other Panel observations and suggestions are presented in the concluding section of the report covering individual Thrusts and in the Chapters. The overall general assessment of CIP as viewed by the Panel is presented in Chapter 10. xxii CHAPTER 2. CIP AS AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTION A. THE POTATO AS A SUBJECT FOR INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH From the foregoing considerations, the gains (P ara. 23.) CIP has already made and the potential for even greater gains, the Panel concludes that work on potatoes should continue in the CGIAR. B. THE MANDATE: APPROPRIATENESS AND INTERPRETATION The Panel considers CIP's mandate to be (P ara. 26.) appropriate and agrees with the strong emphasis the Centre has placed The Panel, thereon germplasm collection, preservation and utilization. recommends that there be no changes made to the mandate. fore, The mandate dnd the list of activities, however, (P ara. 27.) do not refer to storage of consumer potatoes, nor to the processing and utilization of potatoes. CIP is involved in post-harvest work, and the Panel suggests it would be appropriate for CIP to include in its mandate statement that appears in the Profile, a reference to some storage and simple processing. CHAPTER 3. CIP'S B. SOURCERESEARCH: THE THRUSTS COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TUBER-BEARING SOLANUMS THRUST I: The Panel endorses in principle the 1979 report (P ara. 48.)' of the Planning Conference entitled "Exploration, Taxonomy and Maintenance of Potato Germplasm III." Further the Panel draws particular attention to: "II. B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TAXONOMIC STUDIES Wild Species Taxonomic research on the wild species SHOULD BE CONDUCTEDwith a view to understanding species relationships and thus facilitate their use in plant breeding. PRIORITY 1. wild species PRIORITY 2. biosystematic 'it is RECOMMENDED that be prepared. It taxonomic monographs of the is RECOMMENDED that emphasis should be given to studies in the following series and species . . . of the wild species It is RECOMMENDED that an Atlas PRIORITY 3. and their breeding potentials be prepared." The Panel recommends that (P ara. 51.) duct an analysis of the adequacy of the facilities and storage of the wild species collection. CIP administration conneeded for maintenance xxiii C. THRUST II: MAINTENANCE, UTILIZATION TUBER-BEARING SOLANUMS AND DISTRIBUTION OF involved species rapidly In view of the well-recognized yearly hazards (P ara. 74.) in the Huancayo field propagation of the primitive Andean cultivated collection the Panel commends CIP for its decision to commit, as all of these accessions to -in-vitro culture. as feasible, adequate, suitable, for the breeding proand successful pollinations The Panel recommends that (P ara. 75.) temperature-controlled greenhouse space be provided gramme at headquarters to assure reliable flowering of parental stocks. D. THRUST III: CONTROL OF IMPORTANT FUNGAL DISEASES The Panel recommends CIP to obtain more systematic (P ara. 94.) information on disease and pest distribution incidence and crop losses to help to determine the best balance within and among Thrusts (see Thrust IV, para. 104, and Thrust VI, para. 166). G. attempts in size Planning THRUST VI: CONTROL OF IMPORTANT NEMATODEAND INSECT PESTS on the a reduction The Panel recommends increased emphasis (P ara. 176.) to improve testing and screening technology to facilitate of the large support team in Nematology. (P ara. Conference 179.) The Panel commends the organization on Control of Insect Pests within the next commends the rapid moth. progress of a full two years. already made towards The Panel (P ara. 180.) control of potato tuber H. THRUST VII: PHYSIOLOGIC AND AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENTOF POTATOES that agronomic work directed to at about the current low level is combined with heat tolerance. (para. 200.) The Panel urges the lowland humid tropics should be m=ined until such time as bacterial wilt resistance I. THRUST VIII: DEVELO?MENT OF STORAGE AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY The Panel urges that in processing research, (P ara. 216.) identified products and processes need be submitted to a critical and realistic analysis for economic feasibility that takes into account the variable nature of supply and prices, sets attractive margins for economic returns and demands high probabilities for success. The Panel commends CIP for the well-integrated (P ara. 217.) research conducted on diffuse light storage of seed potatoes and suggests that modification and rejection of this it continue to monitor further acceptance, technology. xxiv (P ara. the Social Science economic feasibility and of the benefits J. 218.) The Panel commends the continued input of Department in a critical analysis of the place for and of consumer potato storage in the marketing chain of improved on-farm storage for consumption or sale. THRUST IX: SEED PRODUCTION RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES to as The Panel encourages the senior scientist (P ara. 228.) spend more time in developing techniques to eliminate seed-transmitted PSTV and to study stability of materials propagated through in-vitro, rapid multiplication of materials by -in-vitro culture becomesrae. regional facilities, duction position national (P ara. centres in and in of quality 229.) The Panel commends CIP's action in providing Kenya and the Philippines with technical support and regularly monitoring their activities to ensure proseed tubers prior to redistribution. (para. 231.) The Panel commends the preparation of the paper entitled "Potato production from True Seed" at the InterPotato Center. if that TPS efforts could be the work is concentrated in The Panel considers (P ara. 232.) strengthened and coordinated more effectively one Thrust confined solely to TPS. CHAPTER 4. THE SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT The Panel encourages the Department in its (P ara. 263.) effort to achieve a better focused and more comprehensive research progratmne. The Panel endorses the Food Systems approach to achieve this focus. The Panel recommends that a part of the research (P ara. 264.) effort of the Department be directed to the analyses of broad policy issues and the development of analytical information as general guidelines for the orientation of the Centre's overall research effort. Collaboration with IFPRI should be sought where appropriate. The Panel recommends that CIP study the creation (P ara. 267.) of an appropriate administrative position, from a programming point of view, for research projects with strong social science components that do not fall within the present Thrusts. The Panel endorses the development of a research (P ara. 268.) network proposed by the Social Science Department and recommends that initially it include, if necessary, social scientists not related to national potato programmes. CHAPTER 5. REGIONAL RESEARCH AND NETWORKS consumption patterns, labour Product markets, (P ara. 301.) and input costs strongly influence the form which production availability XXV and post-harvest technologies should take. The Panel, therefore, commends and encourages CIP in the search for ways to strengthen science component of the regional teams (see Chapter 4). the social The Panel highly commends CIP for its innovative (P ara. 306.) approach to the development of an effective research transfer capability, its support to national programmes and the recognition it gives to the contributions made by these programmes to potato research. The Panel commends CIP's continued participation (P ara. 308.) in regional networks and, with third party funding, to continue development and support of new networks where appropriate. The Panel strongly commends technical backstopping of network research activities by staff of CIP's Research Thrusts. The Panel concurs (P ara. 310.) Committee of CIP's Board (Dec. 1980 Report) to help increase potato production in areas urges that careful consideration be given to affect other crops in the cropping patterns continue with the view of the Programme that CIP's main priorities are of proved potential. The Panel the way potato production can used by farmers. The Panel recommends that Regional Research (P ara. 311.) to consider resource-poor farmers as its prime target. TRAINING AND COMMUNICATIONS CHAPTER 6. The Panel particularly commends the work of the (P ara. 331.) Training and Communications Department for its skill and efficiency in developing material for training courses and in the dissemination of information to regional scientists and elsewhere. As its functioning is essential to the success of Regional Research and Training and, hence, to the central philosophy of CIP, every effort must be made to maintain its activities at the current level even with present funding uncertainties in the system. of national CHAPTER 7. The Panel strongly (P ara. 332.) programme scientists as instructors. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION endorses CIP's policy of use The Panel recommends that CIP continue the (P ara. 349.) practice of arranging planning conferences as a proven, highly effective means for assuring that CIP's research activities and priorities are periodically updated. collaboration The Panel (P ara. 354.) among Centres on topics suggests that avenues for wider of common interest be explored. xxvi CHAPTER 9. MANAGEMENTAND ADMINISTRATION: (Para. (a) (b) 406.) The Panel suggests procedure ISSUES AND HIGHLIGHTS that: for programme planning be A more formalized developed. Future editions of the Profile include a more in-depth criteria and data that led to definition of principles, the decisions made. The Panel the present suggests research that management organization. analyse ways to possible increase (Para. 407.) ways of adjusting the (Para. support 409.) staff The Panel recommends that CIP study ratio to a more effective level. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Chapter Outline: Background information is presented on the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, the Centro Interuacional de la Papa and its first Quinquennial Review. This is followed by the terms of reference of the second Quinqueuuial Beview and a brief overview of its preparation, activities and report. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), established in 1971, is an international consortium co-sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Agency (UNDP) and the World Bank. Its purpose is to assist developing countries increase food production through support to training of agricultural production agricultural research and to the specialists and scientists. Thirty-five donors and ten non-donor developing nations comprise the 3. CGIAR. Included as donors are 19 governments, 11 international organizations and development banks and 5 foundations. The non-donor nations represent the five major developing regions of the world and are nominated biennially at the FAO Regional Conferences. 2. 4. The CGIAR supports 13 autonomous but complementary International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) each with an international staff supported by locally recruited technicians, and governed by its own international Board of Trustees. Each Centre by its mandate has responsibility at a global or regional level for a specific crop or groups of crops, or animal component, and/or performs a service for international science agriculture. 5. The CGIAR is supported by an independent Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), charged with periodic assessment of accomplishments, suitability and effectiveness of the IARC programmes. Each of the periodic assessments, usually at five-year intervals (quinquennial review), is accomplished through the use of an international panel nominated by TAC after consultation with the IARC's Board of Trustees and its senior management. 6. The Centro International de la Papa (CIP), subject of this Quinquennial Review, had its origins in two contributory programmes, the USAIDfunded North Carolina State University Potato Research Programme in collaboration with the Peruvian National Potato Programme, and the Rockefeller Foundation's International Potato Programme in Mexico. CIP was formally established as an autonomous non-profit-making scientific institution dedicated to research on potatoes and other tubers when an agreement was ratified by the Government of Peru in 1971. Although authorized to work on other tuberous crops, CIP, from its inception, limited its activities to potatoes. In February 1982 CIP celebrated its first ten years by hosting the Decennial Anniversary Symposium "Research for the Potato in the year 2000" attended by some 250 participants from 60 countries. 7. The first Quinquennial Review of CIP was completed in late 1976. The main recommendations from the rev-iew concerned: (a) strengthening of phytosanitary procedures; (b) prevention of genetic loss through better -2management focus for research; storage. CIP since sections. of the CIP research in and, (e> All of these 1976 and will germplasm collection; (c) development socio-economics; (d) clarification of augmentation of investigations into recomendations have been specifically be commented upon in this report under of a clearer the regional post-harvest considered by the relevant For the second Quinquennial Review of CIP, the responsibilities 8. of the Review Panel are defined in the terms of reference for TAX Quinquennial Reviews of the International Agricultural Research Centres as follows: "On behalf of the Consultative Group, to assess the content, quality, impact and value of the overall programme of the Centre and to examine whether the operations being funded are being carried out in line with declared policies and to acceptable standards of excellence. "It is hoped that the review will tional Centres themselves in planning the validity of the research priorities the Centres. is "In pursuance of the main objectives, requested to give particular attention (i) its The mandate of the Centre, pretation thereof with respect (a) (b) (ii) inter alia assist the Interna-their programmes and ensuring recognized by the Boards of defined above, to the following appropriateness to: the Hission aspects: and the interfood sup- the immediate and long-term needs for improved ply and human welfare in developing countries; present and possible future areas of work; present forward allocation scope and objectives of the The relevance, of work and budget of the Centre and of its the next five years in relation to: (a) (b) its mandate and the criteria sources as defined by TAC; for the programme plans for of re- the ongoing activities of other international institutes and of the relev;>nt national instiand organizations, tutes in cooperating countries and In others where the work of the institutes has bearing; the policy, in carrying formulation; strategy out its and procedures adopted by the Centre mandate, and the mechanisms for their (c) (d) the Centre's rationale for its present allocation of reand the and future overall size, sources, its present composition and balance of the programme in the fields of information exchange documentation, research, training, and related cooperative activities. -3(iii) The content the Centre (a) (b) (c) the and quality of the scientific with particular reference to: of past research; and the role of the and related work of results the current and planned research scientific disciplines therein; the information exchange and training programmes, their methodologies, their specialization and decentralization, and the participation of the research staff therein; the ties; adequacy of the research support and other facili- (d) (e) (iv) the management of the scientific of the Centre and the coordination and usefulness of resources and financial of its activities. activities production programmes; and development institutes proin relaof the The impact tion to: (a) (b) (c) (d) the Centre's the present and potential. agricultural relevant countries and regions; its information with with exchange national other and training research cooperation grammes; cooperation nizations. international and orga- (v) Constraints on the Centre's activities which may be hindering the achievement of its objectives and the implementation of its programmes, and possible means of reducing or eliminating such constraints. Any specific cooperating of Trustees, questions which concerned members of the CGIAR, institutions, the Centre's Director or its Doard may request TAG to examine. report to the in the basic obelements, and on will make propoitem (v). (vi) "On Chairman jectives means of sals for the basis of its review, the Mission will of TAC its views on the need for any changes or orientation of the Centre's programme improving the efficiency of operations, and overcoming any constraints identified under "While the Mission should feel free to it must be clearly recommendations it wished, sion cannot commit the sponsoring organization, Note: make any observations or understood that the Misviz. the CGIAR/TAC. should review "When applicable, the quinquennial review mission also assess the impact of the preceding quinquennial on the programmes and activities of the Centre." -4Preparations: 9. During 1981/82, TAC in consultation with CIP's senior management, Board of Trustees and CGIAR members, prepared a list of questions for the Quinquennial Review Panel (Annex I). Following additional consultation with the CIP Board of Trustees and senior management, TAC discussed and confirmed the composition of the Review Panel (Annex II) and the detailed review programme at the 28th TAC meeting in June 1982. Both the TAC Secretariat and CIP provided the Review Panel with briefing documents which are listed in Annex III. The materials included specially prepared papers documenting the changes at CIP over the past Five years, which reflect CIP's responses to the first Quinquennial Revi.ew -ecommendations and the further evolution of the Centre. 10. Activities: The Chairman with three Panel members and the TAC Chairman all attended the CIP Internal Review in December 1982 as observers. They took the opportunity at the time to meet members of the Board of Trustees Programme Committee, leaders of national programmes and the CIP regional scientists. Each of the Panel members visited one or more of the regional centres or collaborating institutions before assembling at the CIP headquarters S/6 February 1983. Early in their visit Panel members had a familiarization tour of the CIP Headquarters and the stations at San Ramon The programme of activities is detailed in Annex IV. and Huancayo. 11. Because of the presence of Panel members at the Internal Review, no formal presentations by CIP staff were made during the Quinquennial Review. Instead, round table discussions and individual meetings took place between Panel members and members of the CIP staff. This Quinquennial Review had a special and somewhat experimental 12. character due to the fact that a Management Review of CIP, commissioned by Although most sessions the CGIAR Secretariat, took place concurrently. with CIP staff were held independently, there were some joint sessions and considerable discussion and exchange of opinion between the two Review groups before and during the report writing stage with the results that the The members of both Review two Review reports are in overall agreement. groups were present when the respective Chairmen made their oral presentations to the CIP staff. Although separate reports were prepared they will receive joint consideration by the CGIAR. The Report: 13. .- This Quinquennial Review. main findings of the Report Conclusions and report follows much the same structure as the first in addition, an Executive Summary highlighting the Panel has been prepared and forms a preface to the Recommendations. -5- CHAPTER2. CIP AS AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTION Information on the world area planted to potatoes, Chapter Outline: 14. for increased production the nutritive value of potatoes, and the potential as the rationale for CCIAR support. In the is presented and discussed, light of this rationale, the CIP mandate is reviewed together tith the strategies for its implementation. No major changes in nrandate or strategy are recommended. A. THE POTATO AS A SUBJECT FOR INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH 15. World production of fresh potatoes was 226 million tons in 1980. Twenty percent of this was produced on 2.3 percent of the crop land in which represents 26 percent of the world area planted developing countries, Average yields were lot/ha in developing countries and 23 to potatoes. These yield differences may be partly due to t/ha in developed countries. poor statistics and partly due to multiple-cropping in some potato-growing areas of developing countries. Annual per capita consumption of potatoes varies from about 4 kg for 16. the five developed to 120 kg for the five lowest-producing countries countries with the highest production. Per capita production for these In Andean countries, per groups was respectively 6.3 and 509 kg per year. capita consumption is typically 70 kg/year and per capita production is 74 kg/year. 17. Potato production in developing countries increased by 107 percent during the last decade, due equally to increases in area planted and (0.5 yield. Production increases in Andean countries were modest but increases in the 60 countries with the lowest potato percent/year), In the latter countries, production averaged about 5 percent annually. potatoes occupied only 1 percent of the total crop area in 1977, indicating considerable potential for future expansion of potato production. 18. The potato is one of the most nutritious human foods containing 2.1 percent protein on a fresh weight basis equivalent to about 10 percent of This protein is highly digestible (73 percent) and has an the dry matter. excellent amino acid balance. 19. most potatoes are In developing countries, few farmers have access to agricultural inputs, markets. farm families Under these conditions, of their production. It is these farmers who from CIP's research activities. grown on smallholdings, and support services, and ready consume a substantial part probably will benefit most 20. Potatoes are costly to produce. Major cash costs are seed tubers, On a dry matter fertilizer and chemicals for pest and disease control. is almost always higher than, and basis, the purchase price of potatoes This may limii demand for often more than double that of major cereals. potatoes in some regions that grow cereals such as the humid and Recent studies of potato consumption patterns at CIP mid-altitude tropics. show, however, that in these areas the role of potato is often as a highly- -6valued side-dish is potential for rather further than a staple food. increase in potato Even in these production. situations there in modern rice and wheat varieties has been 21. The major yield increases obtained by reducing plant height, raising the harvest index and improving the response to higher fertilizer levels. The potato, however, already has a high harvest index (about 70 percent) so that the physiological approach to yield increases in potato will, therefore, be more complex. It is likely that the benefits from genetic resource manipulation will be concentrated in the reduction of yield losses due to diseases and pests. Because of the high nutritive value and despite the difficulties asso22. ciated with potato culture there is a growing demand from many developing countries for acceptable potato varieties and for technologies suitable for highly varied local conditions. The demand cannot at present be satisfied. 23. From the foregoing the potential for even potatoes should continue considerations, greater gains, in the CGIAR. the the gains CIP has already Panel concludles that made and work on B. THE MANDATE: APPROPRIATENESS AND INTERPRETATION 24. The CIP mandate originated with an Agreement between the Government of CIP'S Peru and North Carolina State University signed January 210, 1971. broadly based statutes were developed from this original Agreement, and state that CIP will pursue the following activities: "1. 2. 3. Conduct research programs for the improvement of potato production and other tuberous crops, both nationally and internationally; Collect, tionally maintain and distribute and internationally; germplasm for it to be used na- Provide assistance in the development of related institutions which might be established in Peru or headquartered elsewhere; potato technicians under research Center the leadership results; and organize a specialized library of experienced scien- 4. Train tists; 5. Publish and distribute 6. Establish an information as well as an herbarium; 7. Organize tionally ties; Participate Center." conferences, forums, round tables and seminars' both naconcerning potato improvement activiand internationally, in all its other activities related within to its the goals of the 8. 25. CIP now considers mandate as redefined statutes, to be: "To develop, adapt and expand the research necessary fo:r the technology to solve priority problems that limit potato production in developing countries. This includes adapting the collective knowledge that has contributed to the stepwise increase in potato production in developed -7countries. CIP provides exploitation resourcesIn The World Potato Collection which has been accumulated by ample opportunity for research breakthroughs through the of this large quantity of previously unavailable genetic (Profile 1972-2000, 1982) The Panel considers CIP's mandate to be appropriate and agrees with 26. the strong emphasis the Centre has placed on germplasm collection, preservation and utilization. The Panel, therefore, recommends that there be no changes made to the mandate. 27. The mandate and the list of activities, however, do not refer to stornor to the processing and utilization of potaage of consumer potatoes, toes. CIP is involved in post-harvest work, and the Panel suggests it would be appropriate for CIP to include in its mandate statement that appears in the Profile, a reference to some storage and simple processing. C. PRESENT AND FUTURE STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE MANDATE 28. The strategy "First, tion by which CIP implements its mandate is: for potato producwith the to identify the priority research problems and improvement in developing countries. to define available. the scope of CIP's work on these Second, funding problems Third, to identify the priority fied to conduct as well as that well at other institutions. research that CIP is uniquely which could be accomplished qualiequally Fourth, to involve as many institutions as possible around the world in CIP activities through the utilization of international planning and research contracts for some conferences for each major thrust, priority problems with institutions possessing special expertise and facilities. Fifth, to establish regional the world for the evaluation, logy to surrounding countries. research capabilities in several areas of adaptation and redistribution of techno- Sixth, to develop training programs at CIP headquarters and in association with regional research in order to have capable receivers of CIP technology within country programs. Seventh, to develop a third dimension backstopping national potato improvement a large number of special projects which in management activities. Eighth, to develop cooperative programs of resources for potato improvement." country program strategy for programs without accumulating would require major increases among countries for a pooling 29. Since CIP's mandate is to help produce technologies appropriate for improving potato production in developing countries, CIP's major strategy has been to identify characters in cultivated varieties and wild species -8that contribute to improved yield, environmental adaptation, and pest and disease resistance. These characters are then recombined and the resulting genotypes are tested in the major environmental zones of Peru before the best performers are sent to the regional centres for evaluation and redistribution for possible national programme use. In some cases, tuber families with known characteristics are distributed directly to the regions for testing by national programmes. The World Potato Collection developed and maintained by CIP is a major source of new characters avail.able to scientists at CIP and elsewhere. CIP also plays a major role in distributing cultivars of differing origin to developing countries for testing under local conditions. 30. Due to the problems encountered in the multiplication and distribution of a vegetatively propagated crop, CIP, from the beginning has devoted a considerable portion of its core budget to research and germplasm distribution programmes located in its seven regional centres. These centres are usually located in facilities provided by a national programme of a develafter consideration of such factors as strength of the oping country, national programme, facilities available, and access to international communications and transportation. A core-funded research scientist is The high level and continuous commitment of core stationed in each region. funds by CIP t;, regional programmes is unique among the CGIAlR centres. 31. CIP believes its role in the transfer of technology within a country is one of support and encouragement (or backstopping) and that it should not become directly involved in staffing, funding and programme management of national projects. Whenever possible, an agency already in the country the programme or project manager while CIP plays a supporting role by providing help in the development of proposals, conducting feasibility identifying staff, providing technology and training, and evaluastudies, ting progress. CIP calls this its "Third Dimension" programme. 32. CIP's activities involve 3 components: -research undertaken at the 4 Huancayo San Ramon and Yurimaguas) which CIP locations in Peru (La Molina, Regional Research carried out in developing identifies as Source Research, and Contract Research undertaken by special institutions that countries, support the other two components. CIP has 33. To extend its technology transfer capacity, izing and supporting regional networks such as the Cooperativo de Papa (PRECODEPA) in Central America and Programme for Potato Research and Development (SAPPRAD) assisted in organPrograma Regional the Southeast Asia in Southeast Asia. 34. The Panel commends CIP for its decentralized approach to research, and to training and technology transfer through its Regional Research and and for its use of core funds to provide continuity Training Activities, and stability to regional activities. -9CHAPTER 3. CIP'S SOURCE RESEARCH: THE THRUSTS CIP considers that potato technologies are a major 35. Chapter Outline: This chapter outlines the outcome of its source research programme, research approach and details each of the nine Thrusts. Discussion on each Thrust is structured using the headings: Description; Strengths; Limitations; Impact; Future Plans; Recommendations. A. ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH is to conduct in developing research countries. to help produce technologies for 36. CIP's mandate potato improvement 37. To fulfil this mandate CIP has established three interdependent, Source Research (considered in this chapintegrated research programmes: Regional Research in seven geographic ter) at CIP's Peruvian locations, These last two are regions and Contract Research in selected institutions. considered in Chapter V. scientists and 34 technicians supported by a field 38. Thirty-three* labour force and a small administrative staff, make up the headquarters research staff. These scientists and technicians are assigned, on t:;e basis of scientific discipline and for administrative purposes, to one of six Departments: Taxonomy, Breeding and Genetics, Pathology, Nematology and Entomology, Physiology and Social Science** (Annex V). 39. CIP operates on the basis that problems constraining potato productivity can best be solved by using multidisciplinary teams. Thus, members of different departments cooperate in research projects which are grouped into of common research activity." Each Thrust Thrusts, defined by CIP as "units is headed by a Coordinator responsible for unifying the Thrust activities, but the funds for a particular project come from the Department of the Project Leader who is also responsible for project direction. 40. There Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrust are nine I II III IV V VI Thrusts: Collection Solanums and Classification of Tuber-Bearing and Distribution Fungal Bacterial Virus Diseases Diseases of Tuber- Maintenance, Utilization Bearing Solanums Control Control Control Control of of of of Important Important Important Important Diseases Pests Nematode and Insect * ** Thirty scientists are supported by Core funds. For administrative purposes the Social Science Department is gional Research and Training; all others are under Research. under Re- - 10 Thrust Thrust Thrust VII VIII IX Physiologic Development Tuber and Agronomic of Storage Management of Potatoes Technology and Processing and True Seed Research distributed among the Thrusts as 41. During 1982, there were 56 projects, 3 projects; Thrust II, 11 projects; Thrust III, 4 profollows: Thrust I, jects; Thrust IV, 5 projects; Thrust V, 3 projects; Thrust VI, 6 projects; Thrust VII, 3 projects; Thrust VIII, 3 projects; and Thrust IX, 8 projects and the Social Science Department 6 projects. Fifty-four percent of the 39 percent in two projects and 6 perstaff were involved in one project, cent in three projects (Annex V). In addition there were 68 additional research projects executed in the regions and 35 undertaken by contract. The Panel members spent considerable time in discussing 42. research and direction with senior management and scientific remainder of this Chapter details their findings. B. THRUST I: COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION the staff. Thrust The OF TUBER-BEARING SOLANLJMS Description The primary objective is to assemble as complete a collection as 43. In establishing exploration and possible of wild tuber-bearing potatoes. collection priorities, genetic erosion, plant breeders' needs, taxonomic interest, and existence of living material, are assessed. Wild tuber-bearing accessions are classified to species and arranged according to Groups and Subgroups. It should be noted that the preservation responsibility of the primitive cultivated tuber-bearing Solanums was transferred to Thrust II in 1979. Strengths The major strength of this 44. and knowledge of the Coordinator enormous job of assembling over bearing Solarium. Limitations The major limitation of this Thrust appears to be the slow progress in 45. seed from the wild species for producing sufficient quantities of true storage, in completing taxonomic classification of the collection and in preparing a comprehensive publication on the biosystematics of wild Solanum species as recommended by the CIP's Board of Trustees in 1980 and 1981. Part of the limitation in producing sufficient quantities of seed for storage lies in the lack of suitable space for propagation. Thrust lies in the dedication, experience who has, almost single handedly, done an 1200 accessions of wild species of tuber- - 11 Impact 46. The main achievements (a) are enumerated below: The collection of wild species of tuber-bearing Solanums increased from 42 accessions (December 1976) to 1247 at the beginning of 1983 (Annex VI). To date about 650 accessions have been classified and found to belong to 90 species (Annex VII). So far, obtained sufficient quantities from 596 accessions of true seed for storage have been thus minimizing their loss. request to USSR, USA (b) (cl True seeds of many accessions have been sent upon CIP's researchers, and to scientists from Peru, Brazil, and Japan (Annex VIII). (d) An inventory book of the 1247 accessions showing entry number, species name, chromosome number, data on tuber seed, true seed and other useful information has been compiled. Future 47. Plans Three items have been selected for intensified activity: (a) Obtain true seeds of all accessions and share them with estaThe Panel was blished centrcs for maintenance of germplasm. informed in February 1983 of CIP's decision to place all the Andean cultivar collection, into -in-vitro culture. Completion Continuation of,the of taxonomic the classification studies of accessions. of the collection.* (b) (c) biosystematic Recommendations The Panel endorses in principle the 1979 report of the Planning Con48. Taxonomy and Maintenance of Potato Germplasm ference entitled "Exploration, III." Further the Panel draws particular attention to: "II. B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TAXONOMIC STUDIES Wild Species SHOULD BE CONDUCTEDwith a view and thus facilitate their use Taxonomic research on the wild species to understanding species relationships in plant breeding. * The Programme Committee of the Board of Trustees has recommended that the Thrust I Coordinator prepare a publication on the biosystematics of wild Solanum species. The Coordinator has many years of experience and exceptional knowledge through numerous explorations and through taxonomic studies of the wild Solanum species, and consequently seems highly qualified for this assignment. Moreover, the Coordinator will be retiring in the next few years. - 12 PRIORITY 1. It is RECOMMENDEDthat species be prepared. PRIORITY 2. It tematic studies taxonomic monographs of the wild is RECOMMENDED that emphasis should be given in the following series and species... of the wild to biosys- PRIORITY 3. It is RECOMMENDEDthat an Atlas their breeding potentials be prepared." species and 49. Because of the magnitude of the task and the limited time available the Panel urges that CIP administration take such steps 'as necessary to allow the Coordinator to devote full time to preparation of the taxonomic monographs and the manuscript on biosystematics. 50. If this suggestion is accepted, 1) it will be necessary that the responsibility for maintenance of the wild potato collection be transferred to another qualified scientist; and 2) the Coordinator will require increased secretarial service. 51. The Panel recommends that the adequacy of the facilities wild species collection. C. THRUST II: CIP administration conduct an analysis needed for maintenance and storage of of the MAINTENANCE, UTILIZATION TUBER-BEARING SOLANUMS AND DISTRIBUTION OF Descrintion The activities of this Thrust, ie. maintenance, distribution and 52. utilization of the tuber-bearing Solanums, are carried out by breeders and geneticists with the close cooperation of scientists from several other The primary goal is the exploitation of the huge reservoir of disciplines. genetic variability residing in the tuber-bearing Solanums to improve the cultivated potato through breeding. In December 1976, at the time of the first Quinquennial 53. Maintenance: number of accessions in CIP's Andean cultivar collection Review, the total was in excess of 12,000. Through use of morphological and electrophoretic comparisons dupilcates were eliminated and consequently the number of accessions was reduced to 5536. 54. This cultivar collection is maintained by annual field propagation at This practice exposes the collection to the risk of loss from Huancayo. In January 1983, for example, almost disease, pests or the environment. the entire collection was devastated by hail and, consequently, at the time reserve tubers from storage were being planted the Panel visited Huancayo, As a partial safeguard, openin pots to insure against permanent losses. pollinated seed has been collected in the past years and placed in longSeed Storage at term storage at CIP headquarters and at the U.S. National This was done .in accordance with a recommendation Fort Collins, Colorado. of the Second Planning Conference on Exploration and Maintenance of Germplasm Resources. Relatively little seed has been collected from controlled pollinations. - 13 The Panel was informed by the Thrust Coordinator that a decision had 55. recently been made to place all of the Andean cultivar collection in inThe process will require two to three years and will detn=d vitro culture. additional suitable laboratory and storage space. Fortunately, funds from a recent Japanese grant have been provided to add a wing to CIP's main and a portion of this addition will be assigned for these -inbuilding, vitro needs. Breeding Strategy: In order to efficiently utilize this genetic reser56. an appropriate breeding strategy must be employed. Overall the CIP voir, strategy is one of population breeding based on recurrent phenotypic selecThe goals of this breeding approach are to (a) maintain wide genetic tion. diversity to assure high yield and stable performance; and (b) increase the frequency of genes which determine desirable characteristics in individual genotypes and in populations. There is a large array of desirable traits to be incorporated in the 57. cultivated potato including such characteristics as resistance to late bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum), blight (Phytophthora infestans), root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita cyst nematode (Globodera spp.), viruses such as potato virus X and Y (PVX, PVY), and potato leaf acrita), virus (PLRV), heat or cold tolerance and early maturity. 58. Evaluation of the Andean Cultivar Collection: The Andean collection for desirable characteristics, especially has been partially evaluated resistance to diseases and nematodes. Five hundred and forty-two accessions, were found to possess some resistance to one or more diseases or pests. An inventory of these accessions was printed in February, 1978, and made available to interested researchers. 59. True Potato Seed (TPS): Potatoes are traditionally propagated by planting seed tubers. Because of the high cost and difficulty of obtaining healthy seed tubers in many areas of the developing countries, the alternative of propagating potatoes from true potato seed (TPS) is being explored by CIP. breeders are seeking to develop TPS progenies Under Thrust II, with desirable agronomic characteristics, uniformity and resistance to major diseases and pests. Yield comparisons have shown that Fl hybrid TPS progenies by more than 50 percent. outyield open-pollinated progenies hybrids. Breeders are seeking the most effective methods to exploit Fl Research on the physiological and agronomical aspects of TPS are reported under Thrusts VII and IX. 60. Computerized documentation of the Andean cultivar Documentation: collection includes data on 44 descriptors as defined in "List of Descriptors for the Cultivated Potato," CIP, 1977. This "List" has been endorsed and also published by the InternatFonal Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, and provides the basis for the descriptors list in the Report of the Germplasm Information Project (GRIP) prepared by the GRIP Potato Advisory Committee of the United States. Strengths 61. The prime asset cultivated tuber-bearing of this Thrust is the Solanum germplasm. ready access to the wild and - 14 A further major asset is the core of highly capable scientists, which 62. at present includes five breeders, two geneticists and one cytogeneticist. The scientists conduct their respective investigations within separate well-defined projects. Scientists from several other disciplines cooperate with and provide services as needed. 63. The developing superior countries germplasm developed by CIP breeders in the potato-producing areas of all is distributed seven Regions. to The research of Thrust II has been substantially strengthened and 64. expedited through contracts with research specialists at selected instituCIP's policy of arranging periodic planning conferences has been tions. highly effective in enabling Thrust II scientists to obtain current information and engage in knowledgeable interchange with other top scientists on The contacts established in these conferences often a worldwide basis. have a continuing long-term-benefit through the active exchange of information and research materials. Limitations There is a critical need for adequate temperature-controlled green65. house space for the breeding research at headquarters. An elaborate facility is not required but rather a modest and reliable .means of keeping greenhouse temperatures below those limiting flower initiation and seed set. 66. Although needed. Impact As a consequence of basic studies conducted by Basic Genetic Studies: 67. innovative and highly effecCIP scientists and others under CIP contracts, tive breeding methods have been found for transfer of germplasm within the S. tuberosum (2n = 48) and S. andigena (2n cultivated tetraploid potatoes, and the numerous cult&ted and wild = 48), and between these tetraplxds relatives (Papers covering these studies were presented at CIP's Decennial These studies embrace a wide Congress held in Lima in February, 1982). array of genetic manipulation, some quite sophisticated, including interspecific hybridization, chromosome doubling, bridging matings, haploidy and Results from these studies are already having a prounreduced gametes. found impact on the production of breeding materials. Through the research of CIP scientists Utilization of Wild Species: 68. the vast germplasm reservoir in and those conducted under CIP contracts, the wild species is being methodically evaluated for desirable traits, especially resistance to diseases, nematodes, insects, and frost, and these through hybridization to the traits are being transferred, where possible, Twenty-one wild species with one o'r more desirable cultivated potato. breeding programmes (Annex traits are currently being utilized in CIP's IX). 69. Development of Improved Germplasm for the Developing Countries: CIP has started to evaluate the farm-level performance of germplasm derived This evaluation will provide a feedback to CIP about its from CIP crosses. five technical assistants are currently availabl,:, more are - 15 breeding materials. It is being conducted by CIP plant breeders, social scientists and agronomists, in close collaboration, so that in addition to physical and biological factors, the effects of social and economic factors on the performance, distribution and acceptance of varieties may be better understood. These studies require cooperation and substantial contributions from national programme scientists. 70. Through use of promising selections resulting from the CIP breeding programme along with superior selections or varieties made available from other countries and through contracts with selected laboratories, eight national potato programmes have named to date a total of 17 varieties (Annex X), while another 22 clones with varietal potential have been released to eight additional national programmes (Annex XI). 71. Further, 131 clones with resistance to one or more diseases are in variety trials in Peru (22), Colombia (lo), Brazil (5), Kenya (5), Malawi (l), Ethiopia (22), Rwanda (14), Burundi (4), Tanzania (l), Seychelles (2), Bangladesh (15), Nepal (8), Bhutan (lo), Sri Lanka (7) and Turkey (2), Korea (3). Another 316 advanced clonal selections are under field trials in countries of Regions I, II, III, IV, VI and VII. Future Plans 72. The future for Thrust II appears bright. Improved germplasm distributed by CIP to the national 'programmes of the Regions has resulted in proven, adapted selections superior in one or more traits and in the naming of seventeen varieties. Because CIP's breeding programme is now reaching maturity through incorporation of multiple desirable traits from diverse sources, into populations and individuals, one can predict with confidence an acceleration in the output of superior clones with resistance to diseases and pests and with adaptation to the various needs and environments in the developing countries. Recommendations 73. CIP breeders have been guided by the recommendations of several CIP the most recent being held in November, sponsored Planning Conferences, 1980 entitled "Utilization of the Genetic Resources of the Potato III." The Panel endorses in principle the thoughtful, well-conceived recommendations of this Planning Conference and feels acceptance of the recommendations will expedite CIP's utilization of available genetic resources. 74. In view of the well-recognized yearly hazards involved in the Huancayo field propagation of the primitive Andean cultivated species collection the Panel commends CIP for its decision to commit, as rapidly as feasible, all of these accessions to -in-vitro culture. 75. The Panel recommends that adequate, suitable, temperature-controlled greenhouse space be provided for the breeding programme at headquarters assure reliable flowering and successful pollinations of parental stocks. to - 16 D. THRUST III - CONTROL OF IMPORTANT FUNGAL DISEASES Description There is a wide range of fungal pathogens of potato, of which the most 76. important worldwide, is late blight (Phytophthora infestans). More than half the effort of the Thrust is devoted to collaborating in a large breeding and screening programme for late blight resistance, and to its delivery to national programmes. Other diseases, including some affecting tubers, have also been investigated, particularly those that have caused serious problems at the Huancayo field station. Strengths 77. Collaboration with Thrust II has helped to identify late blight resistant clones in the breeding programme based on introductions of resistance from many diverse sources. Considerable progress has been made in combining late blight resistance with resistance to bacterial wilt and to nematodes. Clones resistant to wart (Synchytrium endobioticum), have been devel78. oped particularly for areas such as Nepal. The contract research recommended by the first Quinquennial Review for breeding clones resistant to early blight (Alternaria solani), has been successful. Limitations 79. Although a wide range of fungal pathogens, which can be damaging to potato, has been identified, there is little systematic information available on their distribution, incidence and associated crop losses. This comment also applies to Thrusts IV and VI. There is little systematic information available on the relative importance and interactions of the pests and diseases considered by CIP to be of major importance. The information is needed to determine whether or not the appropriate balance is being maintained both within and between Thrusts. 80. Clearly, it is difficult to set up sophisticated surveys of diseases and pests in developing countries, but the basis for priority decisions could be much improved by developing relatively simple teclhniques. These techniques could be developed in collaboration with national programmes. For example, a team of one pathologist and one entomologist could mark and assess a large number of random plants for diseases, pests and final yield, The accumulated information would provide data for a in a defined area* multiple regression analysis so as to determine the princ:ipal components affecting yield. Such a method could be used in the Regional Programmes and the data returned to CIP headquarters for analysis. is to eliminate 81. In the late blight programme, one of CIP's objectives all qualitative resistance genes (R-genes) and select only for quantitative There are resistance even though both forms of resistance may be useful. breeding schemes that allow a high probability of selecting progeny that possess both qualitative and quantitative resistance, without progeny testApart from the usefulness of their ing, and which could be used in potato. disease control, such progeny might be more acceptable in some national programmes because of the high level of resistance expressed. - 17 The environment at the late blight testing sites in Colombia and 82. Mexico is highly suitable for the development of infection, and, particuthe pathogen is highly variable for host pathogenicity. larly in Mexico, Tests of breeding material at these sites expose susceptible progeny. However, the durability of resistant progeny cannot be predicted since the pathogen populations are unlikely to have been exposed previously to these newly selected resistant hosts. 83. Multilocational testing of a standard set of varieties may be uninformative with regard to pathogen adaptation because of the confounding effects of genotype-environment interaction, and the fact that the pathogen populations at each site are unlikely to have been selected by exposure to the resistance of any of the test varieties. 84. Seedling infections caused by Rhizoctonia and other pathogens are Progress has been clearly of importance in relation to TPS development. made in identifying conditions that restrict development of these pathogens, but progress could be accelerated if a Rhizoctonia-infested test area were established in the field. 85. The Panel agrees that a consultant with broad experience in crop protection chemistry should be engaged for short contracts at regular intervals at CIP; it is unnecessary to have a permanent crop protection chemist on the staff. Impact 86. The programme is at too early a stage of development to gauge its full for example, in Peru, Costa Rica impact, although on a restricted scale, of useful late blight control. Several and Rwanda, there are indications clones containing resistance to more than one disease have also been released (Annexes X and XI). In the long term, the prospects for increased potato production through disease resistance are exciting. Future Plans 87. Late blight is likely to be important in potato production for a long require a considerable amount of maintenance retime to come, and will search. Control of the disease presents many challenges, for example, in in maintaining effectiveness while combining resistance with earliness, raising the level of resistance expressed, and in combining resistance with other important characters. 88. Strategies are needed against the highly variable late blight pathogen One strato provide adequate disease control and a reserve of resistance. tegy already well in hand is to provide a much wider genetic base of resisWith the aid of tests with appropriate tance in the breeding programme. pathogen isolates, it should be possible to identify a wider range of resistant clones than has previously been possible. 89. it should become possible to recognize As observations accumulate, varieties that have inherent durable resistance; the variety "Atzimba" may be one such example. Varieties with this characteristic could be further exploited in the breeding programme. - 18 heterogeneous for late blight resistance but acceptable for Potatoes, 90. tuber conformity, should be developed and assessed as populations for late blight control. This approach may be particularly useful in TPS developPopulations that are based on lines that differ only in qualitative ment. resistance are unlikely to be of much value, because of the relatively common occurrence of pathogen races with various combinations of matching It is preferable to use lines with differing and more pathogenicity genes. complex resistance. Attainment of 91. cultural practices of disease and pest unnecessary to have these objectives can be helped by developing appropriate and chemical control, and combining these into systems management (see Thrust VI, para. 174). However, it iS a crop protection chemist permanently on the staff. to play in developing TPS in Social Science Department. 92. This Thrust also has an important role collaboration with other Thrusts and with the Recommendations The Panel commends the advances 93. resistance to late blight. made in broadening the genetic base of The Panel recommends CIP to obtain more systematic information on 94. disease and pest distribution incidence and crop losses to help to determine the best balance within and among Thrusts (see Thrust IV, para. 104, and Thrust VI, para. 166). The Panel recommends that testing of variation and potential adapta95. tion in the late blight pathogen should be concentrated on isolates obtained from relevant resistant clones grown in the field, rather than from older susceptible clones. The Panel recommends that, in collaboration with Thrust II, and also 96. Thrust VII, there should be further studies of the potential value of crops of heterogeneous potato populations for disease control and yield reliability. E. THRUST IV - CONTROL OF IMPORTANT BACTERIAL DISEASES Description 97. The major objective of this Thrust is control, by host resistance, of Successful achievement bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. of this objective is already being demonstrated in some tropical highland Proareas but the problem is proving more difficult at lower elevations. lines that combine tuberisation gress is being made, however, with breeding with resistance to bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode, and that contain germplasm from several wild species. 98. The second principal objective is improved understanding and screening of tuber resistance to soft rot caused by several species, particularly contributions to this objective has also been made Major Erwinia sp. through contract research, and it would be of interest to investigate the tubers with high dry matter content and potential resistance of using treating them with calcium nitrate solution. - 19 Strengths 99. Since the first Quinquennial Review there have been two major developments. The first was the implementation of the recommendations of the first Quinquennial Review and of the second Planning Conference (June, 1979), that updated the recommendations of the first Conference (1972). The second was the introduction of varieties with bacterial wilt resistance into tropical highland production. 100. Varieties with bacterial wilt resistance derived from S. phureja are being successfully released in several South American countries for highland production, and efforts are being made to select for combined resistance to bacterial wilt and late blight. Another exciting programme is the development of lines incorporating resistance from S. sparsipilum (together with resistance to root-knot nematode and potato tuber moth), S. chacoense and S. microdontum. Potential durability of the resistance isbeing monitored, at least for the and this should be continued: the prospects, tropical highlands, are good. 101. The successful development and introduction of bacterial wilt resistant varieties represents an excellent model of the CIP approach to disease problems, and of the value of its comparative advantage. Close and fruitful collaboration between Thrust IV and Thrust II has exploited some of the excellent contract work. It is hoped that this will continue and so provide germplasm which tuberises and maintains its resistance at increasingly higher temperatures. The prospects are encouraging, despite the complex genetic nature of the breeding material that is now being screened. Because of the complexity, further exploitation of S. phureja, which is relatively easy to handle, could be continued in thzuniversity of Wisconsin contract; t-&s might also allow selection of resistant genotypes with greater temperature stability. 102. Efforts have been made, and should be continued, through the regional and national programmes, to encourage good farm hygiene, appropriate rotations, (such as potatoes following paddy rice), weed control, and the use of clean seed tubers that have not been cut. Such practices can obviously enhance the effectiveness and durability of host resistance, and are thus likely to be of critical importance at lower elevations in the tropics. 103. Progress has been made with Erwinia soft rots and black leg in clarifying the differentiation of species, the distribution and importance of the diseases, and the development of screening methods. Limitations 104. Systematic information on the distribution and importance of bacterial It is required, however, wilt is not available and is difficult to obtain. in order to determine the appropriate balance within and among Thrusts= Similar information for soft rot will be more difficult to gather, because the incidence of this disease may be closely dependent on potato usage (see Thrust III, paras. 79, 80, 94). 105. At the moment, there is only one senior bacteriologist and one technician. This may be adequate, but only just, because of the large inputs from contract research and Thrust II plus the efficiency of the established screening procedures. - 20 106. The wide distribution of severe bacterial wilt in mid- and lowland tropics, its likely increase with expanded potato production and use, and the inability of resistance selected so far from S. phureja to remain effective at high temperatures, present serious Yons,traints on the development of potatoes for lower altitudes in the tropics. It is right, therefore, that there should be increased emphasis on this aspect. 107. Use is made in screening and selection of a world collection of isolates of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Potato populations are tested with isolates from regions for which they are destined, but it 1s unlikely that these isolates will be fully representative of the potential for pathogen variation in those regions. It will be necessary, therefore, to screen breeding material in the areas where selections are likely to be grown, and then to maintain close monitoring of the performance of resistant varieties as they are distributed; this will depend on the cooperation between regional and national programmes. Impact 108. The bacterial wilt programme has had a major impact on the development of resistant varieties useful for agriculture through interdepartmental collaboration in CIP and application and development of contract research results. 109. The value of resistant varieties, such as "Molinera", is already being felt in some South American countries. Resistant selections are also proving their worth in trials in many other parts of the developing world where the disease represents a severe constraint on production (Annexes X and XI). Future Plans 110. The future programme envisages a reduced input into the search for sources of resistance of bacterial wilt for the tropical highlands, followed at a later stage by a similar reduced effort for the tropical lowland zones. 111. This dependent Particular! prove to cultivation timetable may be optimistic, because the resistances selected are on their durability and effectiveness across environments. pathogen and environmental variation may y at lower elevations, is an increased scale of be difficult to deal with when there of potatoes. 112. Furthermore, the currently used sources of resistance may not be This may also necessitate compatible with other required plant characters. the identification and use of a wider range of resistance sources. 113. Although the first two Planning Conferences have been most useful, it is not envisaged that a third conference will be required for a considerabe taken to ensure continued interacble time. Steps should, therefore, tion between CIP and other institutions. 114. Biological control, integrated resistance, may reach the stage of years. with field good farm evaluation practice within and varietal the next few 21 Recommendations 115. The Panel commends highly the rapid success achieved in developing Not only bacterial wilt resistant lines for the tropical highland areas. but their production represents are the lines of great value in themselves, an excellent justification of the approach to the problem made by CIP, research and inter-disciplinary involving rapid exploitation of contract The Panel the benefit of highland farmers. collaboration by CIP for commends the early publication of this work in a leading scientific journal. 116. The Panel agrees with the increased emphasis on the longer range programme to utilize the wilt resistance of several wild species of Solanum particularly the root-knot combined with resistance to other organisms, This approach should help to remove a major constraint on potato nematode. production at mid-elevations in the tropics. 117. The Panel urges further exploitation of bacterial wilt resistant is relatively easy to material derived from Solanum phureja because it It would provide a backup to the resistance already introduced, handle. and it might provide some lines better able to maintain resistance at higher temperatures. for control of Erwinia soft rot, test? zhou1d 118. The Panel suggests that, be made of the combined value of using tubers with high dry matter contrnt, treated with calcium nitrate solution. F. THRUST V: CONTROL OF IMPORTANT VIRUS DISEASES Description 119. There are at least 23 viruses, two mycoplasmas and the potato Currently tuber viroid (PSTV) which are known to infect potatoes. concentrating its research efforts on identifying and working with ances to potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), potato virus X (PVX), and virus Y (PVY). spindle CIP is resistpotato 120. The activities of this Thrust include: (1) development of rapid, accurate methods of detecting viruses, mycoplasmas and viroids; efficient, breeders seedlings and (2) identification of new viruses; (3) screening clones for resistance; and (4) production of antisera. 121. Visiting scientists have worked at CIP for to this Thrust. Strengths 122. Plant Quarantine and Phytosanitary Policy: In the Conclusions Recommendations of the section on Quarantine and Clean Propagation in first Quinquennial Review Report, the following appears: "The Panel considers ial of the highest priority." that production and testing of attainable health standards propagating must have and the from several Universidad National Agraria years, have made significant La Molina who contributions matermaximum - 22 123. CIP took prompt action on this recommendation by drastically curtailing import and export of plant materials until reliable methodologies could be implemented for detection of infected materials, especially by viruses. Sound and effective procedures were developed in due time and are now in place. These procedures are detailed in Annex XII and Annex XIII. A copy of CIP's Phytosanitary Statement is provided as Annex XIV; this is the only IARC Statement recognized by FAO Plant Production and Protection Division. Strengths 124. Since the first Quinquennial Review two Planning Conferences on viruses have been held: Developments in the Control of Potato Viruses - 1977, and Strategy for Virus Management in Potatoes II - 1980. A post-Congress Workshop on Viruses, Viroids and Mycoplasmas was held in 1982. The reports of the conferences and workshop, especially the recommendations, have been useful and valuable for the various activities of this Thrust. 125. In addition, a session entitled A Review of the Policies, Procedures, Associated with the Import and Export of Plant Cermplasm at the International Potato Center was held in 1981. This report, and an overall document relating to IARC cooperation with national programmes, are of particular pertinence and use to this Thrust because of CIP's very substantial involvement and leadership in quarantine matters resulting from germplasm movement. 126. Contracts with the Swiss Universidad National Agraria, ed serological techniques. Limitations 127. There include: (a) are currently limitations on research productivity. in These Federal Agricultural Research1 Station and the La Molina, Peru, provide antisera and improv- fluctuating and excessively high temperatures causing unreliability in certain virus-detection a vacant research position; plant is devoted the greenhouse, techniques; (b) cc> Cd) (e) capacity for testing and screening almost at the upper limit; almost half of the Thrust effort als for breeding and export. inadequate space for visiting breedj:ng materials materi- is to screening scientists. the virus event of services. work. a cen- 128. CIP currently As a consequence, trifuge breakdown, Impact 129. sent The research to developing provides one high speed centrifuge for In the this unit is very heavfly used. up to six months are required for repair and service of this Thrust assures that countries and elsewhere is free of virus'es. all germplasm - 23 130. Further, the Thrust scientists cooperate with the plant breeders in screening for virus resistance among the wild cultivated species, potentially resistant parental selections and populations segregating for resistance to PLRV, PVX and PVY. 131. Success has been realized more efficiently and reliably never-ending search. in improving the detecting virus, various infection methodologies but this for is a 132. Antisera for PVX, PVY, PVS, Andean potato latent virus Andean potato mottle virus (APMV) were produced and distributed an average of 17 countries annually for 1978-82. In addition, Swiss contract, PLRV and PVM antisera and monoclonal antibodies produced for use at CIP headquarters and for distribution. 133. since virus (APLV) and by CIP to through a are being Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used routinely 1978 to detect PVX, PVY, PVS, APLV, APMV, PLRV and tobacco mosaic (TMV). 134. CIP scientists have been active in identifying novel viruses and virus strains during the past five years. New viruses and strains identified for the first time are Solanum apical leaf curling virus and wild potato mosaic virus. Recently strains of tobacco streak virus (TSV), PVY, and PVX have been identified for which there are no known sources of germplasm immunity. 135. An important and continuing component of the use of thermotherapy and other techniques status of -in-vitro cultures and material derived CIP's virology research is to ensure the virus-free therefrom for export. 136. In cooperation wit,h the breeding programme, immunity to PVX and PVY viruses, singly or combined, have been incorporated in a number of advanced clones. Extreme resistance to PLRV virus has been found in Solanum etuberosum - S. pinnatesectum hybrids developed for CIP under a contract in The Netherlands. Future Plans 137. In view of the large proportion of time spent in screening for the presence of virus in CIP breeding materials, the Thrust V scientists should aggressively search at CIP and through contracts with leading laboratories elsewhere, for new or improved methodologies that are rapid, reliable and less time-consuming. Examples are the recently developed mono-clonal antibody and cDNA techniques which provide highly sensitive and rapid means for the detection of virus and the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV). As and when such methodologies are identified, CIP should give high priority to providing the new or additional facilities and equipment that may be required. Recommendations 138. The Panel commends CIP for establishing rigorous quarantine standards which reduce to the minimum the chance of disease transport to and from the International Potato Centre. - 24 139. The Panel endorses the recommendations of the 1982 Post-Congress shop on Strategies for the Control of Potato Viruses. Work- 140. biL"n respect to techniques of virus detection, the Panel recommends that adequate, suitable temperature-controlled greenhouse space be provided as soon as possible at CIP headquarters. This temperature-controlled space is essential to increase the reliability of virus detection tests. 141. The Panel considers the acquisition virology research a sound and necessary of an additional investment. centrifuge for 142. The Panel urges that the vacant position as feasible to assure that virology research, with the breeding programme, is not impeded. G. 1. THRUST VI: in virology be filled as soon as well as cooperative work CONTROL OF IMPORTANT NEMATODEAND INSECT PESTS NEMATODEPESTS Description 143. The principal concern is breeding and screening for resistance to potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp.), particularly for the highland tropics, and to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), mainly for the lowland tropics. Resistance to cyst nematode has to be combined with late blight resistance, while resistance to root-knot nematode,, as a priority, must be combined with bacterial wilt resistance. A second major concern is the development and evaluation of biological control of root-knot nematode using a parasitic fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus. Strengths 144. Following the first Planning Conference in 1974, recommendations for the programme were updated by the first Quinquennial Review (1977) and the second Planning Conference (1978). The programme largely follows the guidelines of the latter Conference, though some appropriate adjustments have been made. Research developments and breeding materials are fed into Breeding the programme from one Dutch and three North American contracts. material !.s also developed and evaluated in collaboration with Thrust II, Efficiency and field evaluaticn 5s &elped by two South American contracts. of collaboration between this Thrust and Thrust II has been improved by the transfer of Dr. M. Scurran to the Breeding and Genetics Department. 145. Collaboration with Thrust II also involves selecti.ng for combined resistance to cyst nematode and late blight for the tropical highlands, and for the combination of resistance to root-knot nematode, bacterial wilt lowland potatoes. Good progress (q .v. ) and potato tuber moth, for tropical is being made despite the practical problems involved and the range of In response to a pathotype variability in both of the nematode genera. recommendation of the s econd Planning Conference, the genetic base for cyst A recommendation to work on nematode resistance is being rapidly widened. On the intermediate resistance to nematodes was, rightly, not followed. other hand, some investigations on root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) have been started. - 25 an encouraging advance has been 146. Since the second Planning Conference, made in the development of biological control of the root-knot nematode, using the fungal parasite, Paecilomyces. lilacinus. Meloidogyne incognita, A simple technique for rapid multiplication of fungal inoculum has been and evaluation of the system is in progress on farm fields. developed, There is also some prospect for biological control of cyst nematode using a different fungal parasite. 147. dips Development and sprays, is in progress with in contract research. simple chemical controls, using tuber Limitations 148. Although there is general information on the distribution of the major there are no systematic data available on incidence nematode pest species, There is contradictory evidence about the damage caused and crop losses. Relatively simple techniques by cyst nematode in South American countries. could be used to obtain better information (see Thrust III, para. 801, which would assist the setting of research priorities. 149. The problem of nematode control is made more difficult by the wide This can only be dealt with empirically, range of pathotype variability. since the major part of selection in the breeding program has to be restricted to the use of only one or two pathotypes. However, a much wider range of pathotypes can be used for selection of parents, and of progeny for release, i.e., at stages of the breeding programme when relatively little material needs to be tested. 150. Screening methods are laborious and relatively slow, so that many hands are needed to maintain a throughput of breeding material which can match that for other diseases. Nevertheless, the nematology support group is large and covers a diversity of projects. The size of the group should assessments of priorities among oests, diseases be determined by objective and other needs. 151. Some of the trial results with biological control are encouraging, but variable. Experience and technique development may help to remove some of the variation. However, there is only a single parasite involved at present, so that the effectiveness of the system might be rapidly eroded if selection led to the emergence of parasite-resistant nematodes. 152. Although cyst nematode occurs characteristically in the highlands, and root-knot nematode in the lowlands, there is a zone of overlap for which clones with combined resistance might be needed. Impact 153. Cyst nematode resistant clones already appear to have potato production in Ecuador. As these and other resistant more widely available, they will also provide useful tools of the importance of nematode pests. some value for clones become for assessment 154. The development and release of resistant clones since the first Quinquennial Review based on a wide range of wild and cultivated species, again illustrates the value of CIP's approach to contract and collaborative research and development. - 26 Future 155. Continuation of efforts to improve the technology of testing for nemaparticularly in order to reduce the labour input, is most tode resistance, This objective may be helped by a proposal from the Overseas important. Development Administration (UK) to fund a project on testing methods at Rothamsted Experimental Station. 156. The Profile (CIP, 1982) envisages that work on cyst and root-knot nematodes should gradually reduce to a maintenance level over the next five allowing more attention to be focused on disease compleses to ten years, and integrated pest management. This time-scale may be optimistic, which further underlines the need for better and less laborious screening methAs resistant varieties become established in national programmes, ods. there will be a need for collaborative monitoring of the effectiveness of Biological control of root-knot nematode may have an the resistances used. important role to play within the next few years. 157. Through the help of contract to introduce nematode toierance; bination with resistance. it research, this strategy may be pos#sible eventually, should onl,y be used in cominteraction to determine with the and of their 158. The importance of Pratylenchus spp., will need to be evaluated objectively bacterial wilt, scale of input into control measures that may be required. 2. INSECT PESTS Description 159. A major effort in this Thrust has been directed towards biological and chemical control methods for potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella), the Andean weevil complex Premnotrypes suturicallus, andleaf miner flies (Liriomyza huidobrensis). 160. Integration nomic practices, of these with is also under other methods, evaluation. including cropping and agro- 161. The first Quinquennial Review recommended that there should be one entomologist working with the virologists on insects as virus vectors, and This recommendation was not a second working on control of insect pests. one entomologist was appointed to work on management of strictly followed; and another scientist was appointed to work on pest major insect pests, management in diverse ecologies of potato cultivation. Strengths to tuber damage by potato 162. For the long-term, breeding for resistance tuber moth has been started by incorporating potential resistance sources From the contract refrom the wild and cultivated germplasm sources. resistance to foliar pests provided by glandular trichomes is being search, evaluated. a wide range of control 163. For the short-term, ined to help reduce dependence on pesticides. pheromone traps, Bacillus thuringiensis, stores, techniques is being examFor example in potato and plants with insect - 27 repellant properties, field, simple sticky flies. 164. Particularly for number of common crop increase of important 165. Much is being are being traps are used to control being developed potato tuber for control moth. of leaf In the miner the small farmer in mid- to low elevation assockations have been selected that limit pests. rapidly with a small team. tropics, a population achieved Limitations 166. Although CIP has in potato production, distribution, incidence demonstrated the there is little and crop losses importance of certain detailed information (see Thrust III, para. insect pests available on 79, 80, 94). 167. Pheromones could probably be pests other than potato tuber moth, sive use of a particular attractant in the pest population. Consideration of a range of alternative pheromones sized by other institutions. used effectively for important insect although there is a danger that intenmay lead to selection for insensitivity should be given to the further use that can be easily and cheaply synthe- 168. Studies of crop associations for pest control are balanced towards Given that there systems of potential use for the lowland humid tropics. is doubt about the progress that may be made with potatoes for those regions, there may be a greater potential pay-off in systems of inter-cropstrip-cropping, etc., that provide pest and disease control, and pfng, reliable yields greater than the mean of the components grown as sole crops. There may alsa be a considerable role for heterogeneity within potato crops that could have similar advantages (see also Thrust III, para. 90). The development and introduction of novel systems would be dependent on close collaboration with the social scientists. 169. Although glandular trichomes can provide control of a wide range of foliar pests, there is relatively little input by CIP into the exploitation of this host character. Material is now available from the Cornell contract that combines hairy foliage with high yields; this could provide a further useful tool for evaluation of pest control, at least in some environments. Dense glandular hair cover of the foliage may be found to have other effects, in modifying pathogen development, and leaf for example, temperature and water loss from the plant; such important side-effects need to be identified and monitored. 170. CIP places relatively little emphasis on control of insects as virus Virus diseases are considered to be ubiquitous and important, and vectors. since it is known for other crops that a relatively small degree of resistance to the vector can have a disproportionately large effect on virus then the value of vector control should perhaps be considered more spread, seriously. 171. Simple sticky traps for control of leaf miner fly have proved to be effective in field trials. These traps are one-dimensional and their efficiency may be dependent on their orientation in relation to wind direction and insect flight paths. This possible limitation could be avoided by using wooden boxes or tin cylinders covered with the sticky material. - 28 Impact and Future 172. The programme has only been in operation since 1979 so that its impact on national programmes is not yet apparent. However, there is a wealth of potentially important methods of pest control already in advanced trials, particularly in relation to potato tuber moth control in stores, that is now ready for transfer through collaboration with Thrust VIII and the Social Science Department. 173. A full Planning Conference management is being organized for on methods of insect control late 1983 or early 1984. and pest 174. The development of varieties with various combinations of resistance to fungi, bacteria, viruses and insect pests, together with the availability of biological control, sensu stricto, and other methods for controlling provide an exciting long-term nematodes, insects, and possibly bacteria, challenge for collaborative efforts among most of CIP's Thrusts and the Social Science Department. Recommendations 175. The Panel commends the progress potato cyst nematode for the highland 176. The Panel recommends increased testing and screening technology to large support team in Nematology. 177. The Panel urges that introduction of biological bility in results obtained ganism. 178. The Panel nematode which years. made in tropics. emphasis facilitate developing lines resistant to on the attempts a reduction in to improve size of the the nematologists proceed cautiously with field control of root-knot nematode because of variaand the narrow genetic base of the control orin biological role to play of a full two years. already control within Planning of the root-knot next few on of commends the interest may have an important 179. The Panel commends the organization Control of Insect Pests within the next 180. The Panel comucends t!le potato tuber moth. rapid Conference control progress made towards 181. The Panel recommends that more consideration be given to the performance of high yielding clones with dense glandular trichomes in relation to that might be controlledi, reductions in the wide range of insect pests and other physiological and virus infection that might be gained thereby, pathological interactions that may occur with hairy foliage, particularly in high temperature zones. 182. The Panel recommends the development of closer interaction projects on pest management and the Social Science Department. between the - 29 H. THRUST VII - PHYSIOLOGIC AND AGRONOMICMANAGEMENTOF POTATOES Description 183. Research relating to field management practices to modify temperature extremes by relay cropping, intercropping, mulches, reflectants and other for tolerance to enviromentmeans, coupled with the use of clones selected Associated with this is is one major project in this Thrust. al stress, the modification of soil to alleviate highly acidic and aluminium toxicity conditions found in some tropical locations. A second major project is the exploration of agronomic and socio-economic factors related to the true seed production programme (see also Thrust IX). Strengths 184. The main strength of this Thrust, as with most others, lies in the By routine testing in the field, wide range of genetic material available. suitable clones can be readily selected. Sources of frost resistance in many wild species are well identified. In recent years most attention has been given to selecting for heat and high aluminium tolerance, mainly on the basis of early tuberization, fast bulking rate and yield. Under contract research at Cornell University, a screening technique based on the tuberization of cuttings at temperatures ranging from 30° to 40° under 18hour days has shown promising results. A number of heat-tolerant lines has now been identified. 185. Vital components of the programme are the development of the basic agronomy required under adverse conditions and the interchange of information with the breeders. Information is being acquired on the management of methods which provide a much lower and more constant diurnal seed tubers, soil temperature than bare soil, interplanting with maize and other crops, and the effects of acid soils with high aluminium concentrations. 186. A second major component of this Thrust is the agronomic manipulations associated with growing potatoes from true potato seed (TPS). Complementary work on TPS, including the more physiological aspects, is also included in Thrust IX and under Regional Research (see also Annex XV). In Thrust VII, the requirements of seed-bed preparation have been established, suitable substrates and fertility levels identified, the value of shading demonstrated, and aspects of transplanting under stress investigated. Genera sound basic understanding of the general agronomy and economics of ally, TPS has been acquired and this is being adapted in regions where local conditions and traditions require minor modifications. Limitations 187. The major limitation of the original heat-tolerant clones, based on s. tuberosum x (S. phureja x S. tuberosum), is their susceptibility to The current efforts bacterial wilt at-high temperatures (see Thrust IV). to incorporate resistance to bacterial wilt, plus a degree of resistance to appears to be essential if potatoes ar+ to be grown in the late blight, lowland humid tropics (dry season). The current level of agronomic effort therefore needs to be carefully appraised until such varieties become available. - 30 188. Effort could be restricted to routine testing, based on early tuberization, rapid bulking rates and yield, at San Ramon and Yurimaguas. Extensive screening in greenhouse pot tests, apart from that continuing under contract at Cornell University, and rapid screening methods, such as those based on chlorophyll fluorescence, appear unlikely to give fruitful returns. The dry matter content of tubers is inversely related to the temperature during growth; the reasons for this, and possible ways of overcoming it, should, therefore, be explored. Generally, there is little understanding of the bases of heat tolerance and the physiological attributes of potato growth under high temperatures. 189. In respect of aluminium toxicity, major limitations general background information for any crop and the whole plant interactions. Possibly, the most satisfactory way of vant knowledge is by encouraging post-graduate studies at ties situated in regions with these problems and which have tise in soil chemistry and plant physiology. are the lack of complex of soilobtaining relethose universiadequate exper- 190. CIP should consider whether more attention should be given to ways and means of increasing the productivity of the highland areas, including the feasibility and usefulness of undertaking a maximum yield potential trial in which as many constraints as possible are removed, irrespective of costs. 191. The potato makes heavy demands on supplies of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. There is a strong case for CIP to identify methods which increase the efficiency of use of these nutrients. For example, an effort may be made, in collaboration with the Breeding and Genetics Department, to identify genotypes with lower phosphorus requirements or the ability to exploit available soil supplies more effectively. In this respect, studies elsewhere on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza suggest that this approach is still a long way from successful agronomic exploitation. Nitrogen supplies through rotational cropping is worth further attention, especially in the cropping systems investigations being made in the Regions. 192. The major limitation to true seed (TPS) agronomy is the lack of backThe TPS requiring de novo development of all aspects. ground information, -approach is most promising and could revolutionize potato production in but the Panel believes that there is a need to obtain developing countries, much more background information. Fundamental physiology and biochemistry of the interrelationships between tuber and seed production and their interactive effects on photosynthesis, respiration, flower initiation and berry retention, need to be better understood before the agronomy for obtraining a suitable balance between high yields of tubers and sufficient seed of adequate quality can be determined. 193. Further, particular attention should be continued to be given to the comparison of different seed-bed substrates, techniques to minimize transof diseases in the planting shock - already well advanced - and the control Work on the relative merits of open-pollinated and hybrid lines seed-bed. could be extended and of the use of seedling tubers and direct seeding in There the production of consumption potatoes could be further explored. needs to be better documentation of characteristics associated with high vigour and survival, and selection of lines which give adequate yields of tubers of suitable size and quality. - 31 - 194. The quarters However, piration Impact Panel believes that this information is best obtained at CIP headwhere there is already expertise and suitable genetic material. greenhouse space and equipment to measure photosynthesis and reswill be needed. 195. There is no doubt that significant advances have selection of frost-, heat- and aluminium-tolerant lines. Future Plans been made in the 196. If bacterial wilt resistance could be incorporated into the heat-tolerant lines, then it may be possible to expand production in the lowland humid tropics. 197. Future plans envisage continued attention to agronomic studies at the higher elevations and a small increase in effort in the medium altitude tropics. There will be continued pressure to hand over much agronomic work to national programmes and to place more emphasis on the agronomy of TPS production. 198. The Profile (CIP, 1982) envisages a decrease in physiological studies to zero in the year 2000; we believe this to be misguided because, as the more general aspects of production are extended to the more difficult regions, there will be a need for physiological understanding. 199. The physiological and agronomic TPS are still in an early stage of quired. Recommendations 200. The Panel urges that tropics should be maintained as bacterial wilt resistance agronomic work directed to the lowland humid at about the current low level until such time is combined with heat tolerance. aspects of commercial production from development, and further work is re- 201. The Panel suggests that, in view of the increasing emphasis given by CIP to the true potato seed (TPS) programme, agronomic and physiologic investigations in this area may need to be expanded (see also Thrust IX). I. THRUST VIII: DEVELOPMENTOF STORAGE AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY Description 202. Post-harvest research for developing countries at CIP is based on principles established in temperate climates. A network of locations for Research has post-harvest research and development is being established. focused on low-cost storage for seed tubers and, to a lesser extent, for consumer potatoes and on village-scale processing for production of dehydrated potatoes and starch. 203. Social scientists participate farmers' responses, demand analysis in this Thrust through measurement of for products, identification of design - 32 parameters for seed stores and processing evaluation. Similarly, the development tional evaluation requires the cooperative ering expertise. Strengths 204. The main achievement is the utilization of diffuse light in sprout inhibition and the development of effective, low cost seed tuber storage structures. Use of diffuse light storage results in an fncreased yield of seed tubers in comparison with the traditional dark storage in on-farm trials. This storage method has found wide acceptance by research institutions and farmers in many countries. By 1982, 850 farmer adopters had been identified in 11 countries (Annex XVI). 205. The studies on the effects of diffused light and subsequent tubergreening on the severity of aphids and tuber moth infestations and on infection by virus and Erwinia spp, have contributed to pest management in this type of storage. 206. Considerable success was achieved with CIP-designed washing, cooking, A pilot plant was estabdrying and milling equipment. peeling, cutting, lished and operated until the end of 1980. It has since been used for training purposes* 207. The close collaboration of technical and social scientists in the Thrust activities has contributed substantially to the development and publication of a systems oriented research methodology - the Farmer-Back-ToFarmer approach (see Chapter IV). Limitations 208. Simple potato-processing sing technology in Peru showed the high dried potato product, sing methods, and the lack of tion. Future Plans A 1982 study of the transfer of CIP procesthat the limited demand for "papa seca," a cost of mechanizing the traditional procestechnical backstopping, limited wider adopequipment, feasibility of processed products input of nutritional and impact and nutriand engine- of a food-processing specialist to the staff, has 209. The recent adAil:ioa led to a reformulation of the project's objectives on the basis of previous results to: (a> (b) extend the flexibility a multipurpose low-cost of the "papa seca" processing unit; plant at Huancayo into develop primary food ingredients plant for sale to food processors ondary products; in a village-level, or for incorporation changes in low-cost into secequipment and cc> establish consumer requirements and the product to meet these requirements. - 33 210. The objective of this project is to arrive at a methodology for the design of low-cost potato-processing facilities for low income consumers. The overall analytical, process design and evaluation methods are to be used for training other interested parties from Peru and other regions. 211. This project will require considerable market and consumer data on food habits and market channels to different clientele. The effects of price fluctuations on demand for potatoes and other food crops used for processing will need to be understood, as will limits on labour utilization, plant capitalization, potato through-flow and product storage. In addition, information needs to be compiled and tested on basic processing principles and their application to traditional and improved potato processing technologies. Similarly, secondary processing methods must be compiled and tested for converting a range of different primary products in the preparation of other food products. 212. This project will require considerable time and expertise from the Physiology and Social Science Departments. Given the high risk nature of this project, its complexity, and the substantial demands it will place on the Social Science Department, and given CIP's primary mandate in potato the Panel recommends that the level of emphasis on potatoproduction, processing needs to be carefully considered. 213. The success of the diffuse light seed storage technology developed by CIP will allow the scientists to gradually shift their attention to other The development of monitoring techniques and the interpretation projects. of results can be developed in collaboration with the Social Science Department. 214. The Thrust has initiated research on storage of consumer potatoes in cool and warm temperature conditions. CIP's Profile indicates that the Thrust expects to expand this activity to nearly 40 percent of its research effort by 1985. It is understood that CIP will concentrate its research on small-scale storage and this will iuvolve collaboration with the Social Science Department. 215. The Panel suggests CIP analyse the present level of expected future directions of potato-processing and utilization terms of CIP's overall priorities. Recommendations 216. The Panel urges that in processing research, identified products and processes need be submitted to a critical and realistic analysis for economic feasibility that takes into account the variable nature of supply and prices, sets attractive margins for economic returns and demands high probabilities for success* 217. The Panel commends CIP for the well-integrated diffuse light storage of seed potatoes and suggests monitor further acceptance, modification and rejection 218. The Panel commends the ment in a critical analysis consumer potato storage in improved on-farm storage for research that it of this conducted continue technology. on to resources and research in continued input of the Social Science Departof the place for and economic feasibility of the marketing chain and of the benefits of consumption or sale. - 34 - 3. THRUST IX - SEED PRODUCTION RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Description 219. A range of research projects relating to physiological studies of seed development, flowering, germination and seedling vigour, as well as rapid methods of propagation by stem, leaf and nodal cuttings and the economics of seed certification programmes are coordinated i.n Thrust IX. The activities in this Thrust may be grouped under five headings: tissue culclonal multiplication and distribution, physiological quality of seed ture, tubers, the physiology of TPS, and socioeconomic aspects of both seed tuber and TPS production and use. The investigations on tissue culture and clonal multiplication are well advanced and being conducted at a high international standard. Most of the wide range of techniques available have been adapted and developed to suit CIP's requirements and are extensively used to ensure that all clones and advanced material sent abroad are free of pathogens. They are also used in the conservation of the world collection and for the rapid propagation of clones. Closely related research in a range of -in-vitro culture techniques are included. Control and improvement of the physiological quality of potato seed tubers, the maintenance and multiplication of both pathogen-free seed tubers for export and the production of virus-free seed tubers for CIP internal use, are included in component projects in this Thrust. 220. In studying the physiological quality of seed tubers, Peru has the advantage of a range of distinct ecological production sites; these are With respect to the physiology of TPS, the Centre has the being exploited. advantages of the ready availability of a wide range of genetic material, allowing the production of improved TPS families, and the breeding and other expertise to exploit this material. A promising method for producing healthy seed tubers from TPS in field beds is well advanced. Limitations 221. An extension of the existing tissue-culture laboratory is being constructed under a grant from Japan which will alleviate the present spatial and equipment restrictions and thereby accommodate the -. in-vitro culture of the World Potato Collection and the screening programme222. The inadequate lighting in the quarantine plant-houses during winter Replacement of the soltid bench tops by is restricting tuber production. heavy wire mesh would be most desirable from a quarantine point of view. tubers under controlled conditions for 223. The facilities for storing studying the physiological quality of seed tubers are limited and delaying There are also rather limited facilities for the progress of this project. the production and extraction of TPS for distribution. Imnact 224. The standardization of a procedure. for elimination of pathogens, exthermotherapy and meristem culture is a major advance cept PSTV, combining PSTV can be elimiallowing the dissemination of pathogen-free material. nated by a very time-consuming procedure and is used for the most valuable The combination of a specific medium and storage at low temperaclones. as in maintaining the world collection, to be tures allows in-vitro plants, The use of -in-vitro 2 years thereby saving much effort. stored for l.T-- - 35 tuberlets for the international distribution of clonal material has many advantages over in-vitro plantlets. These, and other rapid multiplication techniques, haveyl! a tremendous increase in the amount of material that can be produced, thereby greatly assisting the screening of tuber A part of the families for resistance to several pests and diseases. responsibility of CIP headquarters to send appreciable quantities of materials to other countries has been replaced by the Kenya Redistribution Centre for Region III and most of Region V and the Philfppine Centre is coming on line with the help of the Australian contract to serve Region VII. 225. These rapid multiplication techniques have been the ber of training courses which many regional scientists their seed programmes and in multiplying small amounts replicated trials. Future Plans subject of a numare now using in of germplasm for 226. It is envisaged that studies on the use of -in-vitro produced tuberlets, including storage and international distribution aspects, will continue. The transfer of the World Collection into -in-vitro culture for long-term storage will be accelerated. Further attention will be given to techniques of transferring in-vitro plants to the soil and in developing -and using rapid multiplication procedures in screening for resistance to pests and diseases and as research tools. The use of these techniques in the regional distribution network will be expanded. 227. A reorganization of research activities on TPS in Thrusts VII and IX will be commenced during 1983, with particular attention being given to reproductive physiology and true seed production methods (Annex XV). Regional work is to begin in 1983 in collaboration with selected national programmes. It would be more expeditious if all TPS studies were coordinated under a single thrust restricted to this work; additional basic studies would be useful (see Thrust VII). Recommendations 228. The Panel encourages the senior scientist to spend more time oping techniques to eliminate seed-transmitted PSTV and to study of materials propagated through in-vitro, as rapid multiplication ials by -in-vitro culture becomes routine. in develstability of mater- 229. The Panel commends CIP's action in providing regional centres in Kenya and the Philippines with technical support and facilities, and in regularly monitoring their activities to ensure production of quality seed tubers prior to redistribution. 230. The Panel for use in the urges study CIP to review of physiological the requirements for storage quality of seed tubers. facilities 231. The Panel commends the preparation "Potato production from True Seed" at the 232. The Panel considers nated more effectively solely to TPS. if of the position paper entitled International Potato Center. that TPS efforts could be strengthened and coordithe work is concentrated in one Thrust confined - 36 CHAPTER 4. THE SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT 233. Chapter Outline: This Chapter details the history of the sciences at CIP, their present status and the outlook for their involvement in CIP programes. A. INTRODUCTION social future 234. After a slow start Social Science work has steadily grown in size and in recognition within the Centre. At its inception as a "unit" in 1973, its main objective was to support regional and national programmes. Recognition by CIP of the Unit's increased research role resulted in the creation of a Social Science Department in 1978. 235. The Social Science Planning 1. Science Department is described Conference (1981), as having three in the second key roles: Social with CIP design to the "As members of interdisciplinary teams, we work directly biological scientists in research problem identification, and transfer of improved potato technology appropriate needs of developing country producers and consumers. "As social science researchers, we play ting an applied social science of the agriculture in developing countries. 2. a leading role in formulapotato, relevant to potato natheir 3. "As members of CIP's regional research program, we stimulate tional programs to include social science perspectives in work." B. DESCRIPTION 236. The early research of the Social Sciences Unit was directed to the assembly of published information on socio-economic aspects of potatoes in developing countries, and contracting local institutions to write countrylevel studies on potato production and use. These activities led to the publication of bibliographies, statistical compilations, a series of country reports and also provided information needed by the Unit to select three technical topics for in-depth farm-level research: (a) agronomic production constraints, (b) post-harvest technology, and (c) seed systems. 237. From 1978 the Department concentrated on interdisciplinary farm-level research on these three topics in the Mantaro Valley of highland Peru. While social scientists played a leading role in this research, biological In 1979 the Department began a scientists became increasingly involved. transition from in-depth research in the Mantaro Valley to a regionalization of activities. This has taken two avenues: (a) application of farmlevel research methods in regional and national programmes, and (b) comparand consumption in marketing, ative studies of potato farming systems, At present the Department is executing eight main developing countries. research projects (see Annex XVII). Four of these fall in Thrusts VII, VIII and IX. The remaining four are exclusive to the Department, and fall outside existing Thrusts. - 37 - 238. Currently in the Department there are three Senior Scientists (two and one anthropologist), two post-doctorals and agricultural economists These resources adequate short-term and support staff funded from core. However, the seem to be appropriate, given the present size of the Centre. Panel notes the immediate loss of one post-doctoral position and the possible loss of another next year. The Panel considers that these post-doctoral positions must be kept or replaced by core staff positions at the equivalent level in order to ensure the most effective work of the available senior staff. 239. Responses to the First Quinquennial Review made three major recommendations Unit. The Panel commends the major efforts low these recommendations. 240. The first recommendation called and that a few specific and in-depth Review: The first Quinquennial related to the Social Science made by the Department to folstrategy for a more focused research studies be developed. 241. It is the Panel's perception that the recommendation was in general However the selection of in-depth studies was made in the abfollowed. sence of 1 general framework which could allow the integration of case In the Panel's view the lack of a general framework has study results. restricted the development of an overall and more comprehensive perspective of world potato problems. 242. The second recommendation stressed that the research effort should emphasize the development of closer working collaboration with the biological Three projects were especially in Thrusts VII, VIII and IX. scientists, initiated in response to this recommendation and are mentioned below (b), (c) and (d). 243. The third (a) recommendation of country defined reports four for main research policy priorities: Analysis implications. Political sensitivities, the fact that the reports were jointly issued by CIP and the respective national programmes, and the concentration of the Department on farm-level research, resulted in little policy analysis of country reports. (b) Initiation of one or two in-depth micro-level studies. The Department organized as its major work an intensive and indepth study of the Mantaro Valley. The study has been completed and is of excellent quality. (c) Initiation of one micro-level on seed multiplication. The Department Thrust IX. (d) has participated interdisciplinary in a project testing of research this project nature in of of Strengthen participation in the design, new storage and processing technologies. The Department has participated this nature in Thrust VIII. and evaluation in a project significantly - 38 C. 244. work MAIN STRENGTHS AND CONTRIBUTIONS The Department and has matured. (a) has strengthened its Major contributions capacity for interdisciplinary of the Department include: Expansion of knowledge on the potato in terms of production, marketing and consumption, initial mapping of world potato production zones and their socio-economic correlates and dissemination of this information, particularly in the developing world. Development of the interdisciplinary Farmer-Back-To-Farmer* methodology for generation and transfer of technolo'gy. Use of this model has been documented in the design, transfer, and evaluation of post-harvest technology. The model is now being employed in TPS research and development. Development of methods for on-farm evaluation of potato technology which are appropriate to conditions and limitations of national programmes* These methods include procedures for formal and informal surveys procedures, farm budgeting and on-farm experiments. Institutionalization of a Social Science Department with an interdisciplinary perspective going beyond agricultural economics. (b) (c) (d) D. LIMITATIONS 245. Although the Social Science Department can play a number of roles in the general work of the Centre, the Panel feels that its main responsibiliThe Department must see itself and must be seen by ty is for research. CIP's scientific community and management as a research team contributing The Panel feels that from an organizato the overall research programme. benefit by belonging to tional point of view, the Department would probably Research (instead of Regional Research and Training), together with the However, special considerations may sugrest of the research departments. gest that a change at this time would be undesirable. 246. Current research priorities are correctly focused on areas suggested by the first Quinquennial Review. However, specific projects seem to have been defined in response to research opportunities that were perceived as institutionally acceptable and useful rather than as a tightly defined and The Panel perceives that this situation comprehensive research programme. at least in part, a consequence of the position the Department has is, which is reflected by the absence of a specific within the institution, Thrust that could accommodate projects with a strong socj:al science component. * model represents a philosophy jointly develThe "Farmer-Back-To-Farmer" oped by CIP social and biological scientists on the total research protesting and evaluation of potato cess including identification, design, FarmerThis is outlined in Rhoades, R. and R. Booth. technologies. Back-To-Farmer. A Model for generating acceptable agricultural technolAgricultural Administration 11 (1982) 127-137. ogy- - 39 247. The Department has done little work in the identification of major policy issues related to allocation of research resources between production zones, farm types and types of technologies. These studies could provide basic inputs for management decisions regarding the overall orientaAs indicated by the recommendation of the tion of the research effort. policy analysis merits greater second Social Science Planning Conference, The interaction with IFPKI in food policy matters could be attention. highly productive. 248. The Department has progressively developed the capacity to interact However, the in collaborative projects. with the biological scientists Panel observed that this collaboration is mainly related to two Thrusts It is important to stress the potential contribution of the (VIII and IX). Social Science Department in the evaluation of the economic importance of different production and consumption constraints as an input for the selecThe Panel encourages the tion of research priorities in Thrusts II to VI. development of mechanisms for achieving this wider collaboration. E. FUTURE PLANS 249. Research priorities for the next five years have been defined within the general guidelines of the CIP Profile and take into account the recomThree major mendations of the second Social Science Planning Conference. which are endorsed in general by the Panel, have been selected: activities, 250. The first of these activities plinary teamwork with biological the Farmer-Back-To-Farmer model. underlines scientists in the continuing interdisciselected Thrusts, guided by the interdisciplinary teamwork of the In the immediate future, quarters staff will continue to focus on seed systems (production use of true and tuber seed) and post-harvest technology. headand 251. The Panel endorses interdisciplinary on-farm research and its proposed and encourages the Department in relative emphasis within the Department, maintaining an appropriate balance and focus. 252. The Panel notes that although on-farm research represents an integrated approach with a number of simultaneous objectives, its actual design can emphasize one or more of the following objectives: (a) (b) To describe ing systems and characterize approach. farmer circumstances within a farm- To test and adjust specific technologies to farmers' production conditions. This implies a permanent monitoring of feedback from farmers. To evaluate the welfare To demonstrate the impact of different and diffuse of new technologies groups. new technologies on production to farmers. and on (c) (d) - 40 253. The Panel feels that the proper use of on-farm research in an international centre must reflect the decreasing priority of the objectives numberated above while encouraging national programmes to develop the required complementary activities. In this the Panel concurs with a similar recommendation made by the second Social Science Planning Conference. 254. In relation to this point the Panel endorses the Farmer-Back-To-Farmer methodology and its present internal balance and the high priority given to the areas of seed systems and post harvest technology. 255. A number of international grammes using farming systems could prove highly profitable. 256. The second thesis of social framework. centres approach. have active Interaction on-farm with research prothose centres of these activities science research emphasizes the findings to date, consolidation and synwithin a Food Systems* The Department recognizes that its research to date has lacked a For this reason, strong central theme or organizing framework. it is proposing the use of a Food Systems framework to serve as a guide for the selection of research projects and the integration of their results in general propositions concerning present patterns of potato production, marketing and consumption, technology The Panel effects of technological change. needs, and potential considers that this framework and the research conducted within it should provide a useful central theme for fruitful interdisciplinary dialogue, both within the Department and between social and for the identificatio'n of major and biological scientists policy issues. 257. The third of these activities of social scientists in developing toes. involves countries the organization of conducting research a network on pota- 258. One outstanding characteristic of CIP's research organization in comparison with other Centres has been the extensive use of contract research 'The Social Science Department has not and of regional research networks. yet used either of these instruments extensively and the Panel notes with their inclusion as a top priority in future plans. satisfacticn to note regard it is important 259. In this the institutional grammes, which have provided usually do not have social sciences staff. that base national for CIP's potato pronetworking, 260. For these reasons the Panel encourages the Social to include in its networking social scientists located grammes and willing to work on potato problems. Science Department outside potato pro- * The proposed "Food Systems" framework is more encompassing than "cropresearch which focus narrowly on ping systems" or "farming systems" Food systems analysis begins with the earliest inputs in production. the production cycle and carries through to distribution and final consumption. - 41 261. To Science one for one for dies. F. implement this programme of activities, each member of the Social Department is expected to have two major research responsibilities: interdisciplinary team research based in one of the Thrusts, and providing leadership in a key area within the food systems stu- RECOMMENDATIONS made by the Social the first Quinquennial Science DeReview. 262. The Panel commends the major efforts partment to follow the recommendations of 263. The Panel encourages the Department in its effort to achieve a better The Panel endorses the focused and more comprehensive research programme. Food Systems approach to achieve this focus. 264. The Panel recommends that a part of the research effort of the Department be directed to the analyses of broad policy issues and the development of analytical information as general guidelines for the orientation of the overall research effort. Collaboration with IFPRI should be Centre's sought where appropriate. 265. The Panel endorses the priority given by the Social Science Department to interdisciplinary on-farm research using the Farmer-Back-To-Farmer methWhen appropriate, odology in the development of well-adapted technologies. this work should be developed in close association with other international centres. 266. The Panel recommends that CIP promote mechanisms to enhance the inteThis integragration of social science research into other disciplines. tion is particularly needed to define production and consumption constraints to help guide biological research (see recommendations in Chapter III of the Report). 267. The Panel recommends that CIP study the creation of an appropriate from a programming point of view, for research administrative position, projects with strong social science components that do not fall within the present Thrusts. 268. The Panel endorses the development of a research network proposed the Social Science Department and recommends that initially it include, social scientists not related to national potato programmes. necessary, by if 269. The Panel urges CIP to maintain the present level of Core funded staff allocated to the Department and to provide adequate operating resources for a social science network. - 42 CHAPTER 5. REGIONAL RESEARCH AND NETWORKS - 270. Chapter Outline: CIP spends about 40% of its total budget on regional activities comprising research, trainfng and institutional development. This Chapter detaPls the organization and operations of the research and institutional development activities while training in the regions is included in Chapter VI. A special aspect considered here is the recent development of the regional research networks encouraged and backstopped by CIP. A. INTRODUCTION 271. From the start CIP developed a regional network of stations for adaptive research and the distribution of technology to surrounding countries. These seven regional programmes also act as training bases. At these locations CIP has few physical facilities and associates closely with a national institute or a sister Centre which provides office space and logistical support at direct cost. 272. CIP staffs each of these regional locations with one senior scientist and two or three local support technicians. When a research problem justian associate expert or a post-doctoral fellow may be added to the fies it, Seven of CIP's thirty senior core-funded scientists and four of team. CIP's forty-eight scientific staff were posted in the regions in 1982. This is the most CIP has ever had and will increase only slightly as techIt is nologies such as true seed and adapted varieties are distributed. the intention of CIP that headquarters staff will follow the technology to the regions at key locations during the initial transfer periods and then return to headquarters to work on new priorities. 273. CIP considers that short-term consultants cannot substitute for "permThe main reason the reanent" staff in its seven regional headquarters. of the detailed knowgional network has been so effective is the result individual client counledge of the problems and difficulties of their built up by the regional scientists in the field. tries, 274. Requests by regional staff for short-term consultancies can generally be filled by headquarters scientists in their normal routine travel. Although use is sometimes made of consultants from Europe, North America and This is particuAustralia, wherever possible, a local consultant is used. larly the case in Region VI (India) and South-East Asia in general. B. DESCRIPTION Research 275. Approximately two years ago a Coordinator for Research Transfer was named to work full time in Regional Research and help coordinate the technology and information ready for transfer. 276. The research covers the newer technologies according to a list of priand the regional scientist. A orities developed between the Coordinator workplan is submitted yearly before the annual internal IReview, discussed come to headquarters and followed in detail when CIP's regional scientists - 43 fairly lines closely during the subsequent year. Reporting and results are compiled as Progress Reports. follows the same 277. Thrust results are integrated into packages (technologies) to be evaluated under the local environmental conditions in the regions (Annex XVIII). CIP's Regional Research personnel consider that in transfer and evaluation of such packages the priorities and capabilities of national programmes and the size and workload of the regional teams should be taken into account. Technology groups of headquarters scientists are established at the time of the internal Review. A technology group can involve scientists from several Departments and Thrusts, who conduct research on any of the five technologies listed below. Each regional scientist has an individual session with each technology group to help plan the work programme and integrate regional research with the scientific support needed from headquarters. The important technology packages which have emerged to date are: a) Regional Germplasm Evaluation. Genetic material is evaluated under environmental stress and for resistance to major pathogens, insects and nematodes. Selected superior cultivars are multiplied for distribution to other countries for further evaluation under local conditions. Adaptation of the Potato to Tropical Conditions. Selected agronomic technology for tropical conditions, intercropclones, ping and pest and disease control are evaluated as a package in hot humid tropical areas. Potato Production from True Seed (TPS). Agronomic technology, selected hybrid and open-pollinated TPS progenies and integrated pest and disease control are evaluated as a technological package. Low-cost Storage and Village-level Processing. Use of indirect light in simple stores for tuber seed using inexpensive local materials. Use of potato processing by adapting the pilot plant developed at CIP. Production Research. Seed production technology, optimizing potato productivity, potato production socio-economic studies, technology are included in this area of work. The nature of this research location specific and is conducted by national scientists tith a catalytic involvement of CIP regional scientists. Institutional Development research and training efforts of the regional that have been identified in each region. The consideration to determine priority countries programme, for human resources, re- b) Cl d) 278. CIP concentrates the teams in priority countries major elements taken into are: Capabilities of search facilities Importance of the the national potato and transportation. potato and potential improvement. - 44 potato production research from nationprojects re- Commitment al funds. of the government expertise research to improve Existence of national lated to CIP priority Location Existence 279. as: of CIP regional of CIP's for cooperative area. staff. and third research projects countries special dimension projects. Based on these Priority centrate personal elements, in each region have been identified conand Country "A": Countries where CIP's its main research and training efforts work. regional team will in terms of travel Priority Country "B": Countries that have well-developed research capabilities in certain areas and are able to receive, refine and adapt CIP technology. CIP's regional team will play a catalytic role in the transfer of CIP technology. Priority Country "C": Countries wher CIP's regional team will conduct only certain priority activities due to the restricted national research capabilities available and will play mainly a catalytic role in the transfer of CIP technology. Through exterior funding it is possible to associate them together in regional networks for research and such as PRECODEPAand SAPPRAD. technology transfer, Networks 280. CIP has developed a carefully thought-out strategy for the creation of regional research networks of interdependent national programmes such as These networks are established as folPRECODEPAand SAPPRAD (AnnexXIX ). lows: a> Countries were contacted to explore the support .Eor the concept and an initial meeting identified available human resources in each country and attempted to link these with research priorities, buth for the individual countries and within the Region. From this meeting several be accommodated by existing research national priorities expertise. emerged which could b) c> In order to expand the projects to a regional dimension, financial support is provided for additional facilities, regional training and consultancies to the national scientists of member countries. This budget is then presented by the Committee to a bilateral donor. - 45 d) To get the project running smoothly, CIP provides the services of a Coordinator during the initial years. Subsequently, the Coordinator is appointed on a annual basis from among the participating countries. 281. CIP's role is both technical and financial. CIP provides technical expertise where it is not available locally or fortifies some specific areas within a research project. As a member of the Committee, CIP participates in annual meetings where programmes are reviewed and annual budgets are decided. CIP also provides an expert as a member of the periodic evaluation committees which review progress of individual research projects. 282. CIP provides facilities for financial control since the networks have no legal status and thus are not in a position to sign contracts with a donor agency. Audit of expenses is included and is paid for by the project's funds and executed by an international firm. Response to the First Quinquennial Review 283. The first review recommended that the size of the Regional Research and Training program be stabilized. Since then, this program has increased from about 35% to 40% of the Centre's total budget. However, this increase includes costs of research conducted by CIP's regional staff on subjects that are in effect Thrust research. CIP has substantially increased the number of permanent staff positions in its Regional program. This follows the suggestion of the first Quinquennial Review. CIP has shown considerable responsiveness to national program needs and has ensured their access to improved materials in spite of stringent quarantine policies. c. STRENGTHS 284. Regional Research activities of CIP have proven highly effective in the development of close collaboration with national research programmes. CIP has achieved a capability of access to most of the important and potentially important potato-growing countries in the developing world for delivery of genetic material from its Source Programme, for diagnostic studies of potato production systems and for evaluation of the performance of CIP materials or derived clones in those systems. This unique accomplishment, realized with modest staff inputs, was to a great measure possible because of the excellent support CIP obtains from national research institutions. of CIP's worldwide activities demanded an active 285. The development participation in institution building programmes. CIP has very wisely used its rare expertise in collaboration with third party regional or international funding agencies for this task. It placed major emphasis on strengthening or developing in national programmes, a nucleus of potato researchers and a seed-tuber production capability. 286. The next phase of CIP's regional strategy is the potato research and development networks. These are composed of four to six neighbouring countries and are designed to encourage a sharing of research activities and a transfer of the ensuing results and specialized capabilities between partiCIP has very successfully provided the motivation and identified cipants. the financial support for networks in Central America, South-East Asia and and laid a solid base for networks of the Andean countries, Central Asia, Central Africa, and the South Cone of Latin America. - 46 287. The specific achievements in regional research since the quennial Review are listed below for research and institutional each of CIP's seven regions. first Quinbuilding in 288. Regional Germplasm Evaluation. Fifty-eight developing countries received improved germplasm. Twenty-nine of them have released or named All present material currently in the advanced selection improved clones. stage and in varietal trials managed by Regional staff is derived from CIP's breeding programme. These materials are evaluated in close collaboration with the CIP headquarters for disease and pest resistance and environmental adaptation. 289. True Potato Seed (TPS). The technology initially developed at CIP is now being evaluated and adapted in more than 20 developing countries. This evaluation has advanced to farm level trials in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Korea. The greatest opportunity for rapid impact of this technology appears to be in the Asian region where there is a concentration of small and large vegetable growers who could readily adopt the management techniques required. 290. TPS research includes the evaluation of improved gen.etic progenies and agronomic practices for nursery and field management. Thle participation of national programmes, only five years after the work was initiated by CIP, enables national scientists to be intimately involved in the development of TPS technology. Social scientists are already involved in defining the role of this technology in cropping systems of the region. 291. Storage and Processing. More than 20 countries are evaluating the diffuse light technique for the storage of seed tubers. This has already been adopted by farmers.in twelve countries (Annex XVI ). 292. More than eighty requests to help develop low-cost potato-processing methods have been received by CIP. Regional scientists are presently developing preliminary projects on potato-processing in India, Bhutan, and Korea. Bangladesh, Peru, Bolivia This is a major area of Regional 293. Seed Tuber Production Technology. production Research as any varietal development depends on seed tuber CIP has proschemes for diffusion of varieties to the farming community. vided input to seed tuber multiplication schemes at diifferent levels of complexity in more than 20 developing countries. CIP's approach to on-farm research is being imple294. On-Farm Research. Colombia, Rwanda, mented in the following countries; Peru, Ecuador, Burundi, Turkey, Tunisia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Philippines and Korea. These programmes are conducted by national scientists with backstopping by CIP Regional staff. Contract research in the CIP Regions is 295. Regional Contract Research. Only where scientific capacity exists is essentially of an applied type. These contracts are developed with the it of a more fundamental nature. corresponding Thrusts in CIP and funding is supplied for additional operaIn 1982 there were approximately 20 ting costs of the national scientists. The others were contracts of which 11 were funded by Regional Research. funded directly from CIP's Departments. - 47 - CIP has made a major contribution in the 296. Institutional Building. complex task of supporting the development of national seed tuber producNot only has this support Annex XIX. tion and multiplication programmes. established a recipient capability for CIP's improved genetic materials but it also represents a considerable saving of national funds from reduced seed imports and removes a major constraint to increased potato production. 297. The Panel recognizes the relative'isolation endured by CIP's Regional staff and commends them for the ways in which they have developed their It is clear to the Panel that activities in often difficult environments. CIP has shown considerable flexibility and understanding in the technical and personal support it provides to its Regional staff. D. LIMITATIONS research in national programmes 298. CIP considers that limited potato continues to constrain the impact of new technologies on potato production in the developing world. Part of this limitation stems from food policy which result in insufficient reso.lrcdecisions made at the national level, The Panel es to retain well-trained staff and provide operational funds. encourages CIP to make available convincing data about the comparative advantages of potatoes over other food sources. 299. The Panel notes with concern that there is a fragmentation of potato and resources in CIP's client countries. research development activities The Panel suggests that donors supporting agricultural development consider a wider use of CIP's proven expertise in project design and training of expatriate and local staff. E. RECOMMENDATIONS 300. The Panel commends CIP for the flexible and responsive way in which it has deployed its regional staff. Given the increasing number of potato clones and families as well as the innovative TPS production and seed storage technologies, regional CIP staff will increasingly need to develop with national programme scientists effective ways to synthesize these components and evaluate the resulting new production methods. The Panel commends CIP in its training and institution building activities. 301. Product markets, consumption patterns, labour availability and input costs strongly influence the form which production and post-harvest technologies should take. The Panel, therefore, commends and encourages CIP in the search for ways to strengthen the social science component of the regional teams (see Chapter 4 ). 302. The Panel considers that continued funding for the regional potato research and development networks will be necessary for their effective functioning for the foreseeable future. CIP should, however, recognize the and possible danger of distorting national food and research policies should continue to encourage national programmes to increase their financial participation. - 48 303. The Panel encourages CIP to develop an efficient means for the reporting of research results from the networks to ensure wide distribution of information to CIP headquarters staff and scientists in other regions. 304. The Panel notes with satisfaction the number of on-farm research projects in the Regional Research programmes and suggests that increased attention be given to the crop marketing and consumption constraints within which new potato production technology must function. The Panel supports the strengthening of the Regional Research "teams" with a social scientist, possibly through the associate expert mechanism. 305. The Panel commends CIP for the major contribution to the complex task of supporting the development of seed production and multiplication programmes. Not only has this established a recipient capability for handling CIP's improved genetic materials, it also represents a considerable saving of national funds from reduced seed imports and removes a major constraint to increased potato production. 306. The Panel highly commends CIP development of an effective research national programmes and the recognition by these programmes to potato research. for its innovative transfer capability, it gives to the approach to the its support to contributions made way among 307. The Panel supports CIP's regional network approach as an effective to achieve horizontal transfer of technology and research capability participating national programme researchers. 308. The Panel commends CIP's continued participation in regional networks and, with third party funding, to continue development and support of new networks where appropriate. The Panel strongly commends technical backstopping of network research activities by staff of CIP's Research Thrusts. 309. While the Panel supports staff outside its host country priate to particular research possibility of reducing source critical mass. CIP's initiative in placing source research in agroecological environments more approthrusts, CIP should also be alert to the staff to the extent that Thrusts lose their 310. The Panel ccncura with the view of the Programme Committee of CIP's Board (Dee 1980 Spait) that CIP's main priorities are to help increase The Panel urges that carepotato production L areas of proved potential. ful consideration be given to the way potato production can affect other crops in the cropping patterns used by farmers. 311. The Panel recommends resource-poor farmers as its that Regional prime target. Research continue to consider 312. The Panel commends CIP for the close link it has maintained between its Regional Research activities and the research Thrusts at headquarters. It suggests that the Regional Research staff continue to encourage collaborators in national programmes to evaluate new potato technologies through on-farm production systems research. - 49 CHAPTER 6. TRAINING AND COMMUNICATIONS 313. Chapter Outline: CIP considers training of national scientists a key element in carrying out successfully the regional evaluation aud transfer of CIP technology. All training is coordinated around the priority needs of the developing countries as identified by the countries themselves. Furthermore, CIP espouses the philosophy that training is best carried out in the home country or in the region, not at headquarters. To this end all production courses are given by nationals in the regions with CIP baclcstopif necessary. An increasing uumber of the specialized courses are Ping, also being given in developing countries. A. INTRODUCTION 314. The Training and Communications Department was established in late 1979 as an administrative unit combining training, communications and library functions. It is now a large and most effective unit. The activities are guided by three committees named as Training, Publications/Audiovisual and Library; these play an important part in maintaining a balance between research training and communications activities. The Panel views the training courses as playing an invaluable role in the upgrading of knowledge and expertise in national programmes. A list of those held during the past quinquennium is given in Annex= and a detailed list of the courses held in one year (1982) are presented in Annex XXI. B. DESCRIPTION Training 315. The objectives of the training programme are to enable research scientists, extension workers and educators to identify existing technologies relevant to their countries' needs; identify research needs and priorities for improving potato production; evaluate and communicate the results of research conducted in their countries; participate in the transfer of appropriate technology within their countries and to surrounding countries; and to train others to identify existing technology and research needs, conduct research, evaluate results, and participate in the transfer process. 316. The programme meets these objectives by organizing: (a) productionoriented courses, directed toward farm-level probmainly in the regions, lems; (b) specialized courses on areas of research for which CIP is the principal source of information and experience; (c) arranging mid-career training for visiting scientists from national programmes, giving them the opportunity to conduct research with scientists at CIP headquarters on problems of importance to the particular national programme; and, (d) providing scholarships to enable scientists from developing countries to obtain higher degrees. Facilities are also provided to allow a limited number of students to undertake thesis research. Communications 317. The research. preparing communications activities support administration, training They include the development and processing of information leaflets, booklets, visuals, etc.; in association with and the - 50 research staff for use in training courses and research findings to national programme offices. also provided. Library 318. As with all libraries, this provides a central repository of published materials in the form of books, journals and reprints. It is a specialized library primarily designed to service CIP staff, but also provides services for adjacent research institutions. C. STRENGTHS in the dissemination Technical assistance of is Training 319. The main strength of the programme lies in obtaining the full cooperation of headquarters scientists and the expertise of regional scientists, and combining these with the skills of the Communications staff, who organize and catalyze the infrastructure. Information from leaders of national agricultural organizations in developing countries indicates that these training activities are most highly valued and considered to be one of CIP's most important contributions. 320. Training booklets produced at CIP are tested at least twice before being released to national programmes. In preparing courses, national programme instructors are free to choose individual components from among those prepared at CIP. Not only is there strong demand for the original English or Spanish versions but many developing countries are translating them into other languages. All training materials are periodically updated. 321. The training activities are currently evaluated on the basis of organHowever, evaluaization and content, including reaction of participants. tion processes are being extended (see Future Plans). Communications 322. Communications form an integral part of training and remarks made leaflets, etc, are there apply equally. In addition, various booklets, developed and produced at an objective and factual level and add greatly to published monthly the dissemination of information. The "CIP Circular" until 1982 and bi-monthly from 1983, includes brief items on latest rereports on search from headquarters, regions and national programmes, Several times a year a activities and a listing of CIP publications. It plays an important role in research topic will be treated in depth. transferring technology and in maintaining contact between CIP and national potato workers. 323. The Panel CIP publications. Library 324. The Library appears to be adequate in relation to the size of the Centre. and 384 other periodiIt includes almost 5,000 books, 74 journals cals; these cover the basic disciplines represented at the Centre as well there are about 600 annual In addition, as a full coverage on the potato. reports and a reprint collection which now numbers almost 4,000. is impressed with the high quality of the presentation of - 51 D. LIMITATIONS the Department is well served, 325. With respect to physical facilities, having an adequate printing-press, word processors, and other facilities, although equipment for producing slide sets is limited and there is reIt has a skilled stricted space for the press and visuals production. staff and, although more could no doubt be used to advantage, the Panel believes that the balance between the Department's activities and other activities is about right. 326. The Department depends for about 30 percent of its project funding. In view of the uncertainty of special ensure the support to the Department is maintained. 327. The Panel notes that an aspect which the Centre E. FUTURE PLANS fewer than 5 percent may wish to explore budget funds, on special CIP should were women, of the trainees in depth. 328. It is anticipated that all activities will continue at about the same level as present, although there will be a gradual decrease in productionoriented courses as these are undertaken by national programme scientists and some increases in mid-career training. In farming production courses, the specific needs of each region are considered. Plans for an extensive array of activities over the next five years are well advanced (see Annex XXII) 0 329. It seems that no further scholarships will funds.. Attempts should be made to obtain special be available from core funding for this purpose. 330. An attempt will be made in the future to evaluate each course by a follow-up procedure in collaboration with national programmes. It aims to determine what effect past training has had on production and research activities. In addition to giving some measure of the impact of a course, this procedure should be useful in modifying subsequent training activities, aiding communication with national programmes, and identifying further training needs. F. RECOMMENDATIONS 331. The Panel particularly commends the work of the Training and Communications Department for its skill and efficiency in developing material for training courses and in the dissemination of information to regional scientists and elsewhere. As its functioning is essential to the success of Regional Research and Training and, hence, to the central philosophy of CIP, every effort must be made to maintain its activities at the current level even with present funding uncertainties in the system. 332. The Panel strongly scientists as instructors. endorses CIP's policy of use of national programme and 333. The Panel believes that specialized training courses, the balance as outlined between production-oriented in the Profile, is correct. 334. The Panel endorses the development of procedures impact of training courses organized by CIP, both at regions. In this respect the opinions of ex-participants ers should be sought. for evaluating the headquarters and in and their employ- - 52 CHAPTER 7. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION uukiine: 33s. b.;q3dxThis Chapter covers contract research, planning conferences and relations with interuational centres. The relationships with natioraal institutions have been dealt with in Chapter V. CIP's use of contract research and planning conferences is almost unique within the CGIAR system and has resulted in considerable benefit to the Centre in t@mS of knowledge advancement, scientist-to-scientist interaction and hfgbly cost effective use of funds. A. INTRODUCTION 336. The international linkages that CIP employs in the execution of its mandate include: (1) an effective contract research mechanism that allows CIP to obtain relevant information, methodoiogies and materials, and help stay abreast of scientific advances relevant to the potato,, (2) a mechanism for transfer of CIP's research products and for feedback, (3) a mechanism to obtain first class technical input for the definition of research priorities and methodologies, and (4) interactions to compare with the CGIAR sister institutions and other international centres approaches and share experiences and methodologies. B. CONTRACT RESEARCH Description 337. In addition to Source and regionally-based research, CIP also contracts research with institutions where expertise in potato research and Contractual agreements are drawn up for one to three facilities exist. years duration with the possibility of renewal. 335. During the past six years CIP has supported an average of 30 research These contracts contracts per year at an annual cost of about $440,000. Regional Research and in some are funded through the Research Departments, circumszances by participating country. The number of contracts is more or less evenly split between developed and developing country institutions. In i982, 57 percent of the total of 35 contracts were in developing countries absorbing about one-quarter of the contract funding (Annex XXIII). 339* Somec.E the appropriate, Strengths in contributions of contract Chapter III and elsewhere. research are referred to, where research is one of CIP's outstanding features; it is an in340. Contract The most that has paid handsome dividends in many directions. vestment contribution has been the development of breeding methods, outstanding developed material, and together with the work at CIP, has provided which, for the exploitation of CIP's germplasm greatly increased the potential collections. from their direct value, there are many side-effects of the 341. Apart both to CIP and to the participacontracts that are clearly advantageous, - 53 ting organizations. (a) (b) For example: personal relationships with leading scientists, up-to-date with scientific developments. CIP staff develop and are kept fully particularly in the developed countries, draw in many contracts, large amounts of local funding which multiply considerably the total value of the contracts and maintains interest in appropriate potato research. the system provides high quality, relevant training for staff and personnel from developing countries, while students in the developed countries towards an interest culture of developing countries. CIP junior motivating in agri- (c) Limitations 342. The advantages of the contract system depend to a considerable extent on maintaining the best possible relations between the people involved, and efficient methods for transferring information and material between CIP and its collaborators. This is important in the contract organization, both for morale and for practical research, for example, in the development of breeding material. 343. Concern was expressed by some contract personnel that data on the fate of material supplied to CIP was not fed back sufficiently quickly to allow efficient selection and utilization in the ongoing research. Impact and Future programme is clear, and so However, it is essential at those institutions most 344. The impact of the best contracts on CIP's the practice commends itself to continuation. that CIP maintains a policy of placing contracts likely to achieve required objectives. Recommendations 345. The Panel applied by CIP. commends highly the principle of contract research the as best 346. The Panel recommends a tightening possible communications between contract of procedures collaborators to ensure and CIP. c. INTERNATIONAL PLANNING CONFERENCES Description 347. CIP has sponsored 12 Planning Conferences since the first Quinquennial The general format Review involving many experts from different countries. for a conference involves an agenda for the presentation of papers and structured discussion leading to the formulation of recommendations. A report of each Planning Conference is prepared representing an up-to-date overview of information in a particular research area of importance to CIP. Funding of Planning Conferences is through individual departments. The recommendations stated in the front of a report, are a synthesis of the views of the invited participants and CIP staff. - 54 Strengths 348. The recommendations arising from these Conferences have provided valuable guidance to CIP by ensuring that research methodologies are kept curin orienting and re-orienting research activities and in identifying rent, new areas of research opportunity appropriate to CIP's interests. The scientist-to-scientist contact established in these Conferences often has a long-term benefit through the active exchange of information continuing, and research materials. Recommendations 349. The Panel recommends that CIP continue the practice ning conferences as a proven, highly effective means CIP's research activities and priorities are periodically D. of arranging for askuring updated. planthat RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CGIAR AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL CENTRES among international centres of their mandate. The could be taken to facilitate are limited at least Panel would like to these interactions. 350. Research interactions in part by the specificity suggest some actions that 351. CIP has a mandate that allows it to work on root crops in general, but it has elected to restrict its work to potatoes and the Panel endorses this decision. On the other hand, there are other Centres, which also work on It is likely that there are some scientific principles common root crops. to this work. This situation provides for an opportunity for scientific interaction with great potential. 352. A number of Centres work in on-farm research using a farming systems TAC commissioned some years ago a "stripe" review on farming approach. systems research that provided a comparative analysis and general guidelines for this work and recommended wider collaboration among Centres. 353. There are three avenues of potentially useful interaction. First, the centres that are working on farming systems could discuss and unify their their training procedures and materials, and their methodological approach, language so that researchers in national programmes, who are learning the can avoid confusions. systems include methodology, Second, where farming crops belonging to the mandates of different Centres, those Centres could collaborate in the analysis of the systems. Third, where appropriate, CIP and the other centres working in farming systems could collaborate with ISNAR in responding to requests from national programmes for assistance to organize on-farm research units. Recommendation 354. The Panel suggests that on topics of common interest avenues for be explored. wider collaboration among Centres - 55 CHAPTER 8. SUPPORT FACILITIES, STATION MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE 355. Chapter Outline: The Peruvian' facilities including processing are described in this Chapter together with management of these facilities. computers and data the maintenance and A. FACILITIES 356. CIP's headquarters at La Molina consists of two main buildings and numerous subsidiary buildings including greenhouses, screenhouses, field offices, a growth chamber building, storage facilities, and shops, The 15 hectare experimental farm is adjacent to the headquarters. 357. The main building, which was completed laboratories, library, dormitory, cafeteria room. The building is modern and provides staff. in 1977, houses administration, and dining room, and conference pleasant surroundings for the 358. A second building that had been damaged by an earthquake was given by the Ministry of Agriculture and was reconstructed in 1977 to house the departments of Training and Communications, Social Science and Accounting. 359. In general, CIP's facilities are modest but adequate to carry out its research activities. The Panel observed a shortage of space at La Molina for some programmes* CIP's headquarters site is small and allows little space for the construction of new facilities. A need exists for an auditorium because the present conference rooms do not provide sufficient space for large meetings and conferences. A new auditorium is under construction. Japan has granted funds to enlarge the tissue culture laboratory and in-vitro germplasm storage facilities. This two-storey addition to the -main building will provide about 190 square meters of space for tissue culture and TPS research. 360. CIP needs more screenhouse and greenhouse facilities to handle its breeding work with the World Potato Collection and the necessary accompanying pathology, entomology, and physiology research. screenAlso, existing houses and glasshouses need additional artificial lights and controlled temperature capacity. The Panel considers additional or improved greenhouse and screenhouse capacity to be a matter of very high priority (see Thrusts II and V, paras. 65 and 127). 361. The headquarters site metre well which provides farm. has two wells, one for domestic use and a new 60 irrigation water for the 15 hectare experimental 362. A twin-engined aircraft purchased since the last Quinquennial Review provides rapid transportation for CIP personnel and others from Lima to the field stations in Peru. The Management Review Report includes an evaluation of its cost-effectiveness. B. COMPUTERSAND DATA PROCESSING 363. CIP has decentralized its computer facilities and data processing. The Computer Committee, comprising the Executive Officer (Chairman), Director of Research, Head of Social Science Department, Controller and two - 56 scientists, is responsible for advice purchase, job description (biostatistician), responsibilities, protection of diskettes security (copyright programs). on coordination definition and equipment, of microcomputer of consultant's user training, and 364. CIP has five small computers, each with a are four Apple II computers (assigned to the Social Science and Research Departments) and a Star is used for the germplasm collection data acquired software appropriate to its needs. 64K memory capacity. There Accounting, Administration, North Star II. The North bank. Each department has 365. Computer facilities for research are the responsibility of the Director of Research. There is a position for a biostatistician to provide support for design and operation of the available statistical programs. This position is now filled with a technician. A consultant from the Universidad Agraria works on part-time basis to help solve and counsel on the application of computers to statistical analysis. CII? needs a professional biometrician. 366. Decentralization of computer facilities is new and has not been in operation long enough to allow evaluation. However, in discussion with the the Panel found that there may be research areas where additional staff, computer capability is required. In the meantime the micro-computers being used are relatively inexpensive, accessible, flexible and probably costeffective. 367. The Panel concurs with the recommendation that an indepth study of computing facilities, future requirements, be made. C. STATION MANAGEMENTAND MAINTENANCE of the Management Review especially in relation to 368. CIP has four field research sites in Peru. Three of these sites are under full control. The sites were chosen to represent four ecological zones, coastal desert at Ia Molina (280m), highland at Ia Victoria and Santa Ana near Huancayo (3280 m), middle elevation humid tropics at San tropics at Yurimaguas (180 m). In 1980 Ramon (800 m), and humid lowland the Ministry of Food granted 15 hectares adjacent to CIP headquarters for The site was partially fenced in 1980 to use as an experimental farm. provide se,curitv. 369. At Huancayo, CIP conducts its high elevation research from its Santa Improvements Ana Station headquarters, where it has some nine hectares. made there since 1977 include: quarantine facilities, greenhouses, offices, a guest house and cafeteria, seed storage, a pilot processing laboratories, shops, irrigation facilities, and an plant, a house for the Superintendent, emergency power system. 370. The other site near Huancayo, the 52 ha La Victoria farm, was granted Since its acquisition, the reto CIP in 1977 by the Ministry of Food. search storage buildings and a low cost,greenhouse have been erected. 371. The new San Ramon site, granted to CIP by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1982, has had the following facilities added: office and storage, rustic a potable water supply and recreation facilities. stores, - 57 - 372. The Yurimaguas site has been borrowed from the Ministry of Agriculture and the land is not under the control of CIP, but space is made available A small guest-house was built at Yurimaguas in 1982. upon request. 373 The research facilities in Peru are administered by the Director of Research who is also Head of the Support Department. He is assisted by a Screenhouse/Compound Committee and a Field Committee. A Field and Greenhouse Supervisor provides daily supervision of field staff at headquarters, while a Superintendent administers the Santa Ana Station and La Victoria at San Ramon. There is also a Field and farm at Huancayo, and the station Greenhouse Supervisor at Santa Ana, and there are Field Supervisors at San Ramon and at Yurimaguas. The Superintendent at Santa Ana reports to the Director of Research at La Molina while the Field Supervisor at Yurimaguas reports to the La Molina Field and Greenhouse Supervisor. 374. Allocation of field space at all locations is controlled through the Head of the Support Department with the advice of the Field Committee. A special form, Request for Field Space, is used for individual project requirements. Allocation of screenhouse/greenhouse space in Santa Ana and La Molina is made by the Head of the Support Department with the assistance of the Screenhouse/Compound Committee. Another form, Request for Bench Space, is used to formalize these requests. Standard procedures for conducting both field and greenhouse experiments have been prepared and made available to the staff. 375. Support Department labourers are involved in land preparation, irrigation management, cultivation, planting, and harvesting. Field labourers assigned to Research Departments also assist in planting and harvesting but under the supervison of the Support Department. Routine applications of and pesticides fertilizers are made by the Support Department unless specialized applications are required. Routine surveys of insects are made by the Nematology and Entomology Department which recommends needed treatments to the field supervisors. 376. Maintenance of lawns and gardens is directed by the field supervisors. Greenhouse and screenhouse operations are under the direction of field supervisors at La Molina and Santa Ana, but since many operations are specialized, most work is carried out by Research Department personnel. The Support Department controls greenhouse and field supplies and the signing-out of hand tools. 377. The screenhouse/greenhouse areas appear tidy and well-managed but crowded. The shortage of space appears to be holding up research progress in some important areas. 378. Because of the season, little field research was going on at La Molina at the time of the Panel visit. Much of the area was planted to maize as a short-duration rotation crop (60 days). It was stated that the purpose of the maize crop was to provide additional organic matter to build up the According to a statement in the booklet on standard procedures for soil. greenhouse and field work, there is no reduction in pathogens even when a four month maize crop is used in the rotation. Also, CIP must still use soil fumigants to reduce soil pathogens. These obervations caused the Panel to ask whether the 60 days maize crop is really needed, especially since the rotation system is involved in the already-severe competition for field space at La Molina. CIP may wish to study this area of field management so that maximal use is made of the available experimental field - 58 The Panel noted, however, that CIP places emphasis on good experispace. mental design which has the added benefit of increasing the efficient use of field space. 379. The new irrigation system at La Molina seems to be working well; howthe solid set system has required some changes in tillage and land ever, Machinery suitable for the new system preparation methods. is being studied. 380. The Panel suggests that CIP consider the following improvements at La brick or concrete lining of ditches, which would also help to Molina: construction of a perimeter road, and perhaps reduce the rat population; some land-levelling. The Panel also observed that irrigation and soil management practices at San Ramon require attention because the soil loss appears to be high. 381. The Panel noted that more attention and general policing of ditches, borders could be paid to field and field margins. sanitation - 59 CHAPTER 9. MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION: ISSUES AND HIGHLIGHTS 382. Chapter Outline: Management and administrative issues whkh the Panel For a more indepth wishes to highlight are discussed in this (;hapter. study of management practices see the Management Review Report prepared concurrently tith this Quinquennial Report. A. INTRODUCTION CGIAR Management Review was 383. As already stated in Chapter 1, the first This report undertaken concurrently with the CIP Quinquennial Review. then, does not cover management aspects extensively or completely so it However, must be read in conjunction with the Management Review report. there are a number of management issues that have a direct relationship to technical and scientific considerations which the Panel selected in collaThe in this report. boration with the Management Review team, to discuss principles communicated and recommendations made are consistent with those included in the Management Review document. B. PLANNING I 384. CIP has dedicated, since its early years, considerable attention to Furthermore, CIP was the first of the the definition of a long-range plan. international centres to publish, in 1979, its Profile, (which is updated and the strategies selected biennially), where major institutional goals, are described in summary form until the year 2000. to achieve these goals, The first version was written by the Director General but the most recent entirely by the,responsible staff. (19821, 385. The Panel would like to congratulate CIP for the early attention given to research planning and particularly to the use of Planning Conferences as background to the Profile. management has effectively used 386. In addition to Planning Conferences, the collective knowledge of its senior staff through a loose and flexible management style which includes a large number of committees with different responsibilities. 387. The driving force behind the planning exercise has been the Director General who has used his considerable ability and experience to formulate objectives, priorities, and strategies as they first appeared in the Profile (1979). While the Panel concurs with the general direction described in the Profile it wishes to make a few comments and recommendations on the planning procedures used until now. 388. The informal non-structured procedures have served CIP well during its early years. This period was characterized by ample funds and a clear Both elements made the careful consideration of objective of rapid growth. research priorities and resource allocation among competing activities a less urgent issue. 389. The Panel feels that under the scenario characterized by a mature Centre with a zero growth policy and potential changes in top management in the foreseeable future, planning procedures become an important element - 60 in the overall management structure, ity and balance in future research. 390. AS a con.;ti,dtince following three issues: (i) of this with a considerable the Panel effect wishes to on continuraise the perception, Planning procedure could be improved by a more explicit definition of the production problems which provide the basis for management decisions regarding the future allocation of resources to different production zones, different farming systems and different types of potential solutions. The Panel considers that Thrusts defined mainly on the basis of a single discipline may not be an appropriate instrument to define clearly CIP's overall research strategy nor to evaluate objectively the correct allocation of resources4 (ii) Most Planning Conferences have been organized on the basis of disciplines and have congregated researchers largely with similar As a consequence, Plandisciplinary backgrounds and interests. ning Conferences have concentrated their attention in discussions of a disciplinary nature emphasizing disciplinary and methodological problems. The Panel, while endorsing the general strategy described in the Profile, considers that the document may benefit by including the analytical information that justifies the decisions implied in the plan. If this information were provided, the plan could be and conevaluated on common grounds by all those interested cerned. (iii) C. STRHCTURE OF THE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION 391. CIP's organization of scientific personnel in disciplinary Departments and Thrusts has served its purpose well and provided a framework for the of UP's activities during its first ten years* systematic organization Now that the Centre has matured it may be possible to make some adjustments to its organizational structure to provide an even more precise focus to research. 392. feels initial The Panel has analyzed the matrix organization presently used that a number of weaknesses have developed through time obscuring advantages: (a) Most Thrusts correspond to departments. projects included in each of these Thrusts of one department (Annex V). The great majority are the responsibility and its of (b) is that research objectives A consequence of the previous point to a considerable degree,, guided by diswithin each Thrust are, cipline interests and per:eived problems as discussed and recommended in Planning Conferences. This discipline orientation makes difficult the clear definition of the relationshin . I between the developmental problems which research is trying to solve and the specific research activities. (c) - 61 within could be (d) Although specific considerable interdisciplinary work takes place projects, the Thrusts do not help to promote it. the research organization 393. As a consequence of this reasoning, guided by the following principles: (a) A greater effort could be made in the definition of a few agroecological zones, the identification of major production problems within each zone, and an evaluation of their relative importance from a production and human welfare point of view. This work will require the expertise of agroclimatological and soil scientists. Thrusts II to VII could be converted to the basis of these agroecological zones. new Thrusts, defined on (b) These Thrusts could be the focal point of research efforts directed to the utilization and improvement of germplasm adapted to the environmental and production characteristics of each zone, and of complementary research related to the agronomic principles needed for specific germplasm in each zone (e.g. nitrogen utilization, integrated pest management, etc.). (c) Thrusts sponse cutting and IX, and others that could be created in reI, VIII to specific needs, would remain thematically oriented, across agroecologfcal zones. feels that this approach would have the following advanta- 394. The Panel ges : (a) It would allow a more precise and effective planning and programming procedure, because research priorities could be closely geared and adjusted to the relative importance of major production constraints identified in each of the selected zones. These relative priorities could provide the basis for the allocation of research resources* The Thrusts by their very nature would promote interdisciplinary work required for the solution of the identified production-consumption problems. All the existing departments would have clear role in each of the new thrusts. It would facilitate the early convergence of breeding efforts directed to the control of different diseases, pests and stress conditions of economic importance in each of the selected agroecological zones. It would facilitate the "packaging' of improved germplasm adapted to specific conditions together with the technologies required for the production conditions in each of the selected zones. In this way it would also facilitate the diffusion of these technologies to the national programmes= that an organization of this be taken into account: nature has sever- (b) a (c) (d) 395. The Panel also suggests al consequences which should -. 62 (a) Thrust coordinators would play an important role in the planning and programming stage. the inputs on the basis of which management decisions regarding budget allocation within Thrust coordinators would play a larger role coordinating the different research activities research towards common goals. (probably dominant) They would provide would make the major and among Thrusts. than at present in includ ng regional (b) 1). RESEARCH MANAGEMENT 396. The style of research management at CIP has several characteristics that differentiates it from other research institutions. One is the relatively informal and highly participative way in which management problems are analyzed, and, after a considerable degree of consensus has been reached, in most cases, referred to the Director General for final decision. 397. The management style has been effective and at the same time has contributed to the excellent personal relationships and sense of "belonging" of senior staff. This subject is treated in greater detail in the Management Review report under Section IV. 398. However, since the Centre has an adequate number of top management positions, the Panel is concerned about the relatively large amount of researchers' time that goes into deliberation of management issues. In view of this, the Panel concurs with the Management Review team that further decentralization of management decisions to appropriate staff is needed. 399. In this respect the Panel programme in management aspects congratulates CIP for organizing a training for its top administrative personnel. 400. TAC has requested that the Panel analyze CIP's research organization to determine the ways it may have affected the innovative nature of the research effort. The Panel considers that the research organization and management style in CIP has encouraged and stimulated scientists in exercising innovative approaches to their research. Furthermore, as indicated previously, the deliberative and relatively loose management structure that characterizes CIP, has ensured the sense of freedom and independence of individual scientists to a higher degree than in other co'mparable research institutions. E. A FEW ISSUES ON PERSONNEL 401. CIP, as some other IARCs and many agricultural research institutions, does not enjoy the scientific environment of a major university campus. This implies the need for special efforts to allow staff the opportunity to participate in scientific developments elsewhere. 402. CIP has made special efforts to satisfy its pation of staff in scientific meetings, Planning Conferences, sabbatical leaves, headquarters and the regions, etc. this need by allowing emphasis on contract extensive interchange particiresearch, between 403. It is not unusual that under budgetary restrictions research manageThe ment concentrates cuts on budgetary items which serve these purposes. Panel has no evidence that this is happening at CIP. - 63 404. The Panel has observed that the ratio of support staff to senior staff is considerably lower at CIP in comparison with similar research institutions. This observation refers to support staff at the M.Sc. and ingeniero agronomo level. The Panel considers that the present ratio is not cost effective, given the relative costs associated with each category of personnel. The Panel also considers that the productivity of senior staff, CIP’ s most costly resource, could be improved if more support staff were allocated to them. 405. TAC has requested that the Panel analyze whether the present budgetary restrictions in the system have affected the morale and productivity of the staff. The Panel has found no evidence of this, and congratulates CIP’ s management for its ability to maintain an effective research institution in th!e face of relatively difficult times. F. RECOMMENDATIONS -Planning 406. The Panel (a) (b) suggests that : procedure of the criteria for programme planning be developed. A more formalized Future editions of principles, Organization Profile include and data that a more in-depth definition led to the decisions made. Research - 407. The Panel suggests that management the present research organization. -Personnel analyse possible ways of adjusting 408. The Panel recommends that the present special efforts be continued and further developed in order that CIP scientists maintain themselves at their respective sefentific frontiers. 409. ratio The Panel recommendc. that CIP study to a more effectivelevel. ways to increase the support staff - 64 CHAPTER 10. GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CIP 410. Chiipter Outline: The primary purpose of this chapter is to summarize and highlight CIP's significant progress and noteworthy accomplishments since the first Quinquennial Review, and to present pertinent observations of the Panel. These cover the period 1977-1982 and are presented under these headings: A) Introduction; B) CIP's Long-Term Comparative Mvantage in Potato Research; C) Advances and Improvements in Programme Operations; D) Development of Advanced Technology and Superior Germplasm; E) Contributions to Development of National Programmes; P) CIP's Profile; and G) Some Lessons from CIP. A. INTRODUCTION 411. CIP is a well-established research institution with modest central facilities and outstanding linkages to both developed and developing counIts organizational structure and strategy are unique and were tries. established so as to further effective relationships with research institutions in both industrialized and developing countries. 412. CIP adopted from the start a policy of using a low profile approach to its work and this is reflected by the modest size of the headquarters at La Molina and the decision that CIP should not continue to grow. 413. CIP's three-part research organization is innovative with strong and effective headquarters source research, the contract research, and the regional research programmes, making it possible for CIP to work as partners with colleagues from many backgrounds. The contract research profrom core funds, allows CIP to add materially gramme, which is supported and intellectually to its programme through collaborative research with senior potato scientists working on priority problems. The Regional Research networks provide a mechanism for close collaboration with national programmes and a ready mechanism for technology transfer. 414. CIP operates on a network basis, and its philosophy of operation is to This approach has won friends and work with institutions as full partners. respect for the Centre. Especially useful in this regard are the Planning Conferences that involve specialists and colleagues from around the world. 415. CIP's major asset is the World Potato zation and exploitation of this collection area of activity for the future. Collection, constitutes and the characterithe major single 416. CIP's main products or services are improved germplasm, training, advice and consultation, The Centre is just over ten and information. and its impact on production is already starting to be felt; years old, the Panel considers that its future impact will be great. B. CIP's LONG-TERM COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IN POTATO RESEARCH 417. The exploitation of the World Potato Collection is a major task, one since to do so requires which CIP is uniquely qualified to carry out, strong programmes in genetics and plant breeding, plant pathology, entomolThe Panel considers that one aspect of CIP's comparaogy, and physiology. tive advantage is its ability to provide evaluated germplasm to regional and national programmes so that known sources of resistance to insects or - 65 diseases or other desirable traits can be used in local programmes. Some of the work involved requires fundamental research on particular problems. To ensure that this function can be carried on effectively, CIP must mainta:Ln a well-equipped and adequately staffed source research programme. 41'8. The other area of comparative advantage CIP is leadership and support The Regional Research and Training to worldwide or regional networks. activities already fulfill most of the support functions required, and provide a framework for future efforts. 419. There is incomplete understanding about the relative impact of climatological, biotic (pest and disease incidence) and socio-economic factors CIP is in an advantageous position to analyze and on potato production. compare the effects of these factors in the world's major potato production zones. These analyses will better define future research and development priorities for increased potato production. advantage 420. CIP has a unique in the development of methodological approaches to the solution of farm-level potato production constraints. This activity will combine experiences obtained from collaborative research activities with national programmes. C. ADVANCES IN INSTITUTIONAL AND STAFF RELATIONSHIPS country by the continue to be very favourable signing of an extension of the 421. CIP's relations with the host and have been recently strengthened initial agreement to the year 2000. in its operations since the 422. CIP has made a number of improvements first Quinquennial RevJ!?w. The following are presented as major examples of noteworthy advances during that period. 423. CIP has attracted a cadre of highly capable, well-trained scientists and overall their research has earned the respect of scientists throughout An atmosphere favourable to creative research has been estabthLe world. lished and the morale among the scientists is high. 424. Acting upon recommendations of the first Quinquennial Review, social scientists have developed closer relationships with biological and national scientists. The social science unit has now been advanced to departmental status. 4;!5. CIP established a practice of providing professional management training for senior scientists in management positions. Several schools which offer concentrated courses of 5-8 weeks have been utilized; CIP budgets funds for training of two scientists annually. 4;!6. A healthy relationship and the Board of Trustees of views related to CIP's exists between CIP management and scientists which encourages a candid, objective interchange present and future activities. 427. Planning Conferences have been utilized by CIP as a highly effective mechanism for obtaining counsel and guidance from leading world scientists assuring a rapid update of critical research information and improved methinterchanging of valuable research materials, and gaining knowodologies, - 66 potato production in developing coun- ledge tries. of problems and potentials of 428. CIP has developed many fruitful relationships with potato researchers in both developing and developed countries, stemming from wide participation of those researchers in Planning Conferences, the Internal Review, contract research, Regional Research and Training, study leaves and other collaborative relationships. 429. Through research contracts involving specialists in selected institutions of various countries, CIP has greatly accelerated development of improved research materials and methodologies pertinent to the advance of its Source and Regional Research in a flexible and cost-effective way. Research contracts are also being used to expedite and enhance CIP's research objectives within national programmes in the Regions. D. DEVELOPMENTOF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND SUPERIOR GERMPLASM and utilization are the scope and direc- 430. Germplasm collection, conservation, evaluation major activities of CIP. The Panel was impressed with tion of CIP's germplasm work. 431. A Solanum as true 90 wild valuable collection of over 1,200 accessions of wild species of has been assembled and more than 500 of these are being preserved extinction. seed, saving some from possible From this collection, species have been classified. in the exploitation evaluation of accesto major diseases genetic and breeding 432. Excellent progress has been made by CIP scientists of germplasm from the World Potato Collection through sions for desirable agronomic traits and resistance followed by use of the superior selections in CIP's programmes. 433. In accordance with a major recommendation of the first Quinquennial Review, CIP initiated a tighter, more efficient quarantine procedures on potato material shipped to or from CIP, which reduce to a minimum the risk of transfer of diseases and pests. CIP's quarantine policies and procedures are highly respected worldwide. 434. Basic genetic studies of the potato have revealed innovative and effective breeding methods to transfer genes between cultivated and wild species to obtain more rapid progress in potato improvement. These techniques allow greatly accelerated use of wild or primitive cultivars in potato breeding. Twenty-one species of Solanum have or are being used in breeding programmes. 435. CIP pathologists and breeders are now rapidly increasing the diversity the most important fungus of available genetic resistance to late blight, In a similar way, the bacteriologists and nematolodisease of potatoes. gists are rapidly introducing and combining resistance to bacterial wilt, and with the Together, and the cyst and root-knot nematode complexes. the pest specialists are also developing combinations of resistbreeders, ance appropriate to particular ecological zones. CIP is developing a number of 436. To control nematode and insects pests, biological and other methods which are now being welded iinto comprehensive - 67 approaches to pest and disease management. Even though the pest control projects are relatively new, a range of techniques for the control of potat:o tuber moth and leaf miner flies has already been disseminated for testing and use in developing countries. The tissue culture procedure, standardized for elimination of most pathogens and combining thermotherapy and meristem culture, is a major advance allowing massive dissemination of pathogen-free materials. Using tissue cultures maintained at low temperatures, storage of clonal selections such as the Andean cultivar collection in-vitro is possible. In-vitro cultures can be stored for 1.5 to 2 years instead of six months, -thereby saving much effort and drastically reducing loss of selections due to adverse environments. 438. A new line of research is being aggressively pursued utilizing true potato seed (TPS) as a means to reduce the cost, threat of disease, and large volume seed tubers required for planting in developing countries. TPS research affects and involves all research Thrusts at CIP. 439. The diffuse light storage concept has been developed further and widely adopted as a low-cost approach to prevent unwanted sprouting in seed potato. Local adaptations of this storage system are emerging on farms in many places around the world. 437. 440. The "Farmer-Back-To-Farmer" studies improving CIP's to farmers' conditions. on-farm adapted E. research methodology was developed for capacity for the generation of technologies DEVELOPMENTOF NATIONAL PROGRAMMES working closely with national programmes possible without becoming directly inPanel was impressed with the ability of with national programmes personnel. CONTRIBUTIONS TO INSTITUTIONAL 441. CIP has adopted a strategy of in order to help them as much as vlolved in daily operations. The CIP scientists to work effectively 442. Regional Research and Training programmes have provided in-depth advice on programme design and training of technical staff, contributing to tine capability of many countries to take advantage of CIP's genetic materials and technologies. 443. In several countries CIP has contributed through short courses and support for post-graduate training (at times through bilateral projects), in the strengthening of national potato programmes. CIP has developed or training materials for regional and national training helped to develop, courses. 444. Increased responsibility for in-country from national programmes has been encouraged production training by staff very effectively by CIP. 445. The Regional Research programme, which is essential in meeting CIP objectives, was in the early stages of development at the time of the first Quinquennial Review. Supported mostly from core funds, it is now fully established and functions well. This programme includes active cooperation with networks of national potato programmes, which CIP encouraged and catasuch as PRECODEPA in Central America and SAPPRAD in Southeast Asia. lyzed, 0t:hers are being organized. - 68 446. A regional seed distribution centre has been established in Kenya to provide disease-free seed of CIP materials to national programmes. Other centres are planned as part of a seed redistribution network designed to deal with quarantine and shipping and handling problems that are common to vegetatively propagated crops. F. CIP'S PROFILE 447. CIP's "Profile, 1972-2000" was the first long-range plan prepared by an IUX. This publication which is updated biennially, documents plans for meeting current and future objectives along with projected changes in emphasis and effort. It also lays the basis for CIP's strategy in working with national programmes and anticipates the changes required as national programmes become stronger and provides a rationale for meeting new situaFinally it indicates those areas of work that are most likely to be tions. important during the next decade and those likely to be terminated or reduced in scale. 448. The Profile describes CIP policy (i) a strong research capacity at headquarters that focuses on the World Potato Collection; a global (ii> research network to work with national programmes and to utilize existing wherever found; (iii) a strong training programme linked to the capability, needs of the networks; and (iv) as soon as possible, transfer to national programmes of activities which they can carry out best. These concepts are and the Panel endorses the genersound in principle and seem to work well, al approach. G. SOME LESSONS FROM CIP 449. The Panel considers that CIP's experience provides a number of inTo that end, the sights and lessons that may be of system-wide interest. Panel makes the following tentative comments with the objective of promoting a wider discussion of these subjects. 450. From its early years CIP has espoused a philosophy of modesty, low and strong collaboration with national programmes. This philosoprofile, sometimes in an intangible way, its actions and the w.ly phy has permeated, This philosophy has resulted ..n CIP has related to national programmes. and has enhanced the image of better and less conflicting relationships, CIP. The Panel feels that the nature of the relationships between CIP and increasingly prove an invaluable asset for the national programmer will diffusion of technologies. 451. One notable example of the CIP philosophy is represented by the modesty of its physical facilities in Lima. This modesty has undoubtedly helped in the relationship with Peru's national programme and the scientific It has implied some shortage of field and greenhouse community in general. capacity but it has allowed a much lower expenditure on maintenance which gives additional flexibility under the present conditions of budgetary restraints. One possible undesirable consequence of this "philosophy of modesty" is that researchers and management may incorrectly extend this frugality to their attitudes towards acquisition of research equipment and The contract research space, thereby jeopardizing research quality. approach permits CIP to move into sophisticated facilities to solve specific problems. - 69 4'52. Two outstanding features of CIP's organization are the early development of a relatively large research network with national programmesand the extensive use of contract research. Both strategies have been successful and have given CIP its special institutional personality. This organization contrasts with that of most other Centres which developed on the basis of an in-house research capacity that is closely knit and sharply focused. 453. This contrast brings to mind a number of interesting issues. First, what is the appropriate balance among the three components and in which way may it change in time? It seems that one fundamental element of the appropriate balance is to insure that source research maintains an appropriate strength and its relative position as the principle element of the CIP research structure. 4!i4. Second, as contract and regional research grow, what effects do they then have on the central structure? Some of the obvious benefits have been discussed, but might there also be disadvantages; for example, in causing some polarization in centre staff between those who are research-oriented and those who are oriented to regional operations. Could the maintenance of rapidly growing outer elements become a constraint on development at the centre? It should be noted that CIP's transfer of staff between core research and regional programmes has so far prevented such polarization. 455. Third, did the development of the regional network and contract research partially determine the present characteristics of the headquarters' programmes? To what extent is the relative looseness of CIP central organization explained by the centrifugal forces generated by these outgrowths of the Centre? 4156. The Panel is tempted to hypothesize that such relationships exist, and further, that the development of a focused research programme would require in CIP's type of organization a higher degree of planning than in the alternative type of structure that is characterized by the strong Centre model followed by most other IARCs. 457. Fourth, if an important regional component is developed, what is the and dimension for the outposting of personappropriate sequence, timing nel? It is clear that given the limited size of the Centre a premature and/or excessive expansion of regional research could have damaging effects on a Centre's scientific productivity which is related to the existence of a critical mass at headquarters. 4.58. CIP, along with IRRI and CIMMYT, belongs to a group of Centres with narrowly defined mandates giving them world responsibility for one or a This model can be contrasted with centres with small number of crops. mandates that include a large number of crops and/or heavy regional responsibilities. 459. CIP's experience tends to confirm the effectiveness focused model for the generation of technologies of wide the potential impact of their work. of the narrowly adaptability and to: of minimum (c) the germ- 4160. It seems to the Panel that this effectiveness is closely related (a) the greater simplicity of these Centres from a management point dew; (b) the concentration of effort and thus the achievement of a critical mass working on a relatively small number of problems; and possibility of concentrating efforts in the utilization of improved p.Lasm as the principal technology. - 70 461. On the other hand this type of organization requires the integration of potato technology into multiple-cropping farming systems in which potaCIP seems to be effectively dealing with this toes are widely produced. problem through its close collaboration with national programmes and utilizing their site specific knowledge in the selection of research procedures and priorities. 462. After an initial period of rapid growth, CIP in 1980, adopted a zero The CIP Management Review pointed out that if this policy growth policy. is applied in relation to total constant dollars, it implies in practice a progressive reduction in research capacity. It also suggested that no research institution could maintain an effective programme under conditions of slow but permanent attrition. 463. The Panel notes that CIP has indicated that the adopted policy refers to the number of senior staff. This policy implies a small but continuing Given that the CGIAR has imposed on the mature growth in operating budget. the Panel considers this a fundamental Centres a policy of zero growth, issue within the System. - 71 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Panel wishes to record its gratitude to Dr. R. L. Sawyer, Director General of CIP, and his scientific and support staff, for their willing and generous assistance in accomplishing its task. Special thanks are due to Norma Pomar and Edith Tello who typed the early drafts of the manuscript with great speed and accuracy and shepherded them through the production processes with dispatch. Their pofessional skills and advice were much appreciated. The word processing operators, Rossana Cortijo, Rosa Elena Infante and Maria de1 Carmen Requejo came through with flying colours when it seemed that they would drown in the sheer volume of paper. The Panel commends CIP on the quality of work and knowledge of all the production staff involved. To all the Government officials, representatives of regional and nationalassociations, leaders ofnational potato programmes and the contract leaders visited by Panel Members in Asia, Europe and Latin America, the Panel extends its thanks and deep appreciation for their assistance and hospitality and for the open, forthright and general supportive manner with which they presented their views to the Panel. ANNEX I LIST OF MAIN ISSUES AND QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE REVIEW PANEL ISSUES 1. Germplasm conservation and utilization. co:llections and future demands regarding their programmes and national programmes. 2. Basic research Headquarters activities, Present utilization status of in CIP roles of research. for requirements of CIP. Respective contract research and collaborative 3. Potato true seeds. Assessment of potential and implications CIP's research programmes in the future (breeding, disease control, agronomy, etc), as compared with conventional research activities for potato production with tuber seeds. 4. CIP's Post-harvest programmes. technology. Focus and relative importance in future 5. Farming systems consideratins in CIP's agronomy and socio-economic research and related IARCs and natinal programmes. programmes. cooperation Scope of with other 6. Geographical distribution of off-campus activities as related to future demands and potentials of potato production in developing countries as a staple food and as a vegetable, in particular in the lowland humid tropics. Mode of interaction with national progammes. Scope and priorities. QUESTIONS A.. Assessment of the Past of Quinquennium the recommendations of the first 10 What was the impact Quinquennial Review? 2. What was the output of CIP's prgrammes since the first Quinquennial review, their achievements and deficiencies in terms of a) development of new technologies, their adoption and impact, b) the creation and dissemination of new scientific knowledge, c) contribution to the development of natinal potato programmes and potato production in developing countries? 3. What is the Panel's assessment of the results of the CIP programme as regards the adaptatin of potato to hot humid tropical lowlands a-nd the evaluatin fo the potential of true potato seeds? 4. Which results have been achieved through CIP contract quarantine work? in 5. What progress has been made in meeting the movement of CIP germplasm? requirements Annex I 6. promoted What is the Panel's assessment by CIP (PRECODEPA, SAPPRAD)? of the model of - page 2 coperation of to reginal 7. What has been the effectiveness of the off-campus activities CIP and its relative success and impact in different regions as related the quality and size of the personnel involved? Has the reduction in funding for the 8. morale of CIP staff or the quality and qantity and transferred? CGIAR system affected the of research being produced Within the framework of the CGIAR system, has CIP been permitted 9. a sufficient flexibility for innovative programmes to emerge? If so, have those been in spite of the system or because of the system? B. Future Policies and Plans Is 10. Is there an adequate involvement of members of the Board of Trustees in the determination of policy and direction of the programme? the composition of the Board adequate for responding to policy matters concerning CIP's mandate? 11. Are the conclusions and recommendations of CIP's Planning Conferences and Long-Term Plan sound, relevant and useful in the determination of strategies and priorities, for both technology productin and transfer, and what reactions have there been from developing countries? What are their overall implications in terms of future staff and other requirements? What are the views of the management regarding these implications? 12. the staff, institutins Is the process which determines CIP's programme adequate? the Programme Committee, developing countries, contracting and management sufficiently involved? Are 13. What is the future scale of the diverse programmes of CIP not only in relative but also in absolute quantitative terms as regards the allocation of its resurces and the possibility of shifting priorities and phasing out some activities where objectives have been successfully attained? 14. Is CIP's programme encompassing mainly the research for which CIP [-as a comparative advan?ape? Is there adequate collaboration with other Is CIP'S institutions in both the developed and developing world? dependence on other institutins for portions of the core programe, cost effective, and justified? jroductive, 15. What is the nature and the magnitude of basic research which is possible use and should be carried out by CIP? Does CIP make the fullest of back-up and more basic research carried out in deveoped and developing What is the nature and magnitude of such country institutions? Should a and what are the funding arrangements? collaborative research, larger share of this research be financed directly by the cooperating institutions? 16. planning, Is there an adequate team approach by management and staff Is there implementation and evaluation of the programme? to the a team Annex I - page 3 Are the being approach amongst the disciplines including the social scientists? social scientists sufficiently involved to ensure that technologies developed are relevant to the priority needs in the third world? Are CIP's research programmes adquately linked - through national 17. as experienced under extension services - with the needs and constraints farmer's conditions, to ensure sufficient feedback? What effort is made to monitor the effectiveness of technology transfer? Are the programmes and facilities for training at CIP appropriate 18. and adequate for the present needs of the collaborating countries? Should greater emphasis be given to in-country training? How can the needs of Afriican and Asian countries be best accommodated? How does CIP resolve the problems of the competing demands on its funds and on the time of its scientists for training, communication and research? C. Regional Programmes 19. Are CIP's programmes adequately flexible to provide an effective input to national and regional programmes, to meet their changing requirements and to accomodate the need to address specific problems of soils, moisture stress, different types of cultivation and cropping systems? How can flexibility be maintained in designing strategies and responses of CIP or an International Agricultural Research Centre to problems which change in nature from place to place and with time? Should the use of resources, now allocated to "permanent" staff, be considered for additional short-term consultancies for such specific purposes? 20. Are the present regional programmes an integrated part of CIP's research, training and transfer system? Are they an extension of CIP's technologies and training into national programmes within the specific Are the regions flexible so that boundaries and programmes can region? change in accordance with needs? 21. What should be the priority regions for CIP's activities in the future? Are these priorities based on agro-ecological considerations and/or socio-economic studies of future potato potentialities and demands Has CIP identified, classified and delineated as related to other crops? the areas where potato has or will have a potential as a major staple food and those areas where potato is and would probably remain a complementary along with other roots, tubers and vegetable crops in developing vegetable, countries? What are the criteria and strategies of CIP for its future involvement in these different areas? 22. Within the framework of the mandates of the CGIAR Centes are there additional responsibilities that CIP's delivery system might accomodae for the tuber-root crops or are there activities which could be accommodated better jointly than separately for the individual tuber-root crop commodities? D. Technical Questions Will the use of new breeding techniques and TPS change the 23. breeding strategies of CIP and its mode of cooperation with national What are the rationale and the priorities for the present programmes? future involvement of CIP in TPS technology? and Annex I What is the optimum balance and focus of CIP's activities 24. research on pest tolerance and other aspects of potato production How do CIP breeding programmes cope with the variability tropics? of the potato pathogens in time and space? Is the balance 25. assessment of the social technologies appropriate? account in CIP's present page 4 in in the of some of research efforts on technology development, and and economic implications of the effects of those How are nutrition considerations taken into and future programmes? 26. improvement programmes How is the concern for the small farmer reflected in the crop programmes, the breeding strategies and the cooperative in particular? 27. How does CIP maintain and make available to users the material in its potato collectins? What is the progress in the evaluation of germplasm since the last review and in the storage of botanical seeds? 28. collection countries? What is the relative of wild potatoes in emphasis given by CIP to the use of its its breeding programmes for developing What is the methology followed by CIP in examining the farming 29. systems in which potato is grown or may be grown? What is the optimum involvement in this field? What should be the relative priority to be given by CIP to research on post-harvest technologies, storage and processing in What is CIP's comparative advantage in adapting and particular? disseminating existing post-harvest technologies? 31. adequate Are the Communications (including Library) facilities and in proper balance with the rest of the institution? in and staff 30. 32. How adequate are CIP's facilities adequate is the quality and number of staff? country and its institutions? the host clountry? How How are relatins with the hst ANNEX II PANEL MEMBERSHIP Dr. R.W. Hougas (Chairman) College of Agricultural & Life Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison 1450 Linden Drive Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA Dr. F.L. Milthorpe School of Biological Macquarie University North Ryde, N.S.W. Australia Dr. M.E. Pineiro CISEA Pueyrredon 510 Piso Buenos Aires Argentina Dr. Ruben L. Villareal Deputy Director College of Agriculture at Los Bazos University of the Philippines College, Laguna Philippines Dr. M.S. Wolfe Pathology and Entomology Plant Breeding Institute Maris Lane, Trumpington Cambridge CB2 2LQ UK Sciences 2113 6 Department Dr. D.L. Plucknett (CGIAR Observer) Scientific Advisor CGIAR Secretariat The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Dr. P. Roberts-Pichette (Secretary) Technical Advisory Committee Food and Agriculture Organization Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy Dr. H.G. Zandstra Associate Director (Animal Sciences) Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences IDRC 5990 Iona Drive University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C., V6T lL4 Canada ANNEX III LIST OF DOCUMENTSPROVIDED TO THE REVIEW PANEL Documents Report Potato Elxtracts provided by the TAC Secretariat Review Reports Report, 1981 I of TAC Quinquennial Centre, 1977 of TAC Meeting Mission to the International CGIAR Second Five Year Review CIP Legal Documentation and Extracts Board of Trustees Reports CIP Statutes Incorporation Commandment of Letter Documents Importation Year Reports 1981, Privileges 2000 1980, 1982 from Programme Committee and * of Extension, 1980, Programme Committee Board Minutes 1981, 1982 Summary of Changes in Policy recommended by the Full Board over the last Five Years and Actions taken on Recommendations, December 1982 CIP Publications Annual Profile Program World Report CIP 1981, January Highlights Facts, July 1982 January 1982 Training Manuals, with 1983 1972-2000, and Budget 1982 September 1982 Bulletins, CIP Research Potato 1971-1984, 1983-1984, February Information Examples of Technical Brochures, etc. CIP Potato Resistance Reports Utilization Developments Control Maximizing of Developments Socioeconomic of Germ Plasm Collection: Inventory to some Pests and Diseases Conferences (1977-1982) August of Research in the Important Potato and Training, Resourses of Potato Diseases of Accessions of Planning 1977 II, II, October 1977 June 1978 II, November 1978 1978 December 1977 the Genetic Control Fungal Productivity the Potato Viruses,November of Potatoes in the Control of Nematode Pests in Developing of Potatoes Countries, Annex III Developments June 1979 Production in the Control of Potatoes from of Bacterial True Seed, Diseases September of Potato January II, April 1980 1981 of Potatoes 1979 Germ Plasm 1980 1980 III, II, - page 2 Exploration, Taxonomy and Maintenance October 1979 Low Cost Village Strategy Utilization Social Post-Congress Internal Position Potatoes Simple Strategy Potato Regional Training for Science Virus Level Potato Management Processing, in Potatoes III, 1982 of Genetic Planning Workshops, Papers Resources Conference, February November September Working Papers: for Potato for and Documents the Hot-Humid Technology Processing Integrated Tropics at CIP , November 1982 1982 1981 Post-Harvest and Management Pest Management, Seed, October April Production Evaluation from True of TPS and Communications of CIP's Research Tenth Internal July Review 1982 CIP's Position Organization and Strategy Program, December 1982 Regional Research Research on Potato and Philosophy Research Research Publications CIP's Major Projects Projects Training Quality Progress Social and Training Work Plans 1981-1986, Composition: Vols. and Nutritional Reports Science 1982, 1 and 2 1979-1982, 1982 Training, and December 1982 and Contracts Activities 1982 Department 1983-1987, December of Library, May 1981 of the Memoranda Outlining the Responsibilities Pub!ications and Audiovisuals Committees, Documents prepared by CIP at Request of QQR Panel In response to a letter to Dr. R.L. Sawyer, 9 December 1982, from Dr. R.W. Hougas, Chairman, Quinquennial Review Panel, on recent Thrust Activities Facilities needed added since .Iast Quinquennial Review at CIP and those still Annex III - page 3 Personnel Changes: Scientific Review: and Administrative., Summary of Progress 1977-1982 in Thrust Research Second Quinquennial 1978-1982 The Difference, A CIP Reaction Miscellaneous CIP 1977-1982 to Questions Publications accumulated and Documents by TAC, December 1982 Regional Potato Cooperation Program PRECODEPA. Narrative Report: Advances, Achievements and Projections during PRECODEPA's First Operation Period 1978-1982, September 1982 ANNEX IV PROGRAMME OF PANEL MEMBERS A. CIP INTERNAL REVIEW December 7-11, Drs. R.W. Hougas, R. Villareal, M.S. 1982 Wolfe and H. Zandstra attended Visits Board Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. the CIP Interval and Interviews Review as observers. of Trustees - Programme Committee Members Celia Ralil Ernst Klaus T. Castillo Figueroa Keller Raven Max Rives Noboru Takase Mognhild Umaerus Programmes; Chile Ecuador Korea Peru Brazil Kidane-Mariam Ethiopia Members of National Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. A. Cubillos F. Munos K.K. Kim F. Ezeta F. Reifschneider Haile-Michael Annex IV - page 2 B. CONTRACT - RESEARCH VISITS M.S. Wolfe January 11 - February 5, 1983 January 11 (Netherlands) Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding, Wageningen; Ir. Ir. H. Lamberts C.A. Huijsman Agriculture Benkema Centre, Wageningen: International Ir. H.P. January 12 Institute of Plant Breeding, Ir. J.G. TH. Hermsen Wageningen; Nematology Laboratory, Wageningen; Ir. A.F. van der Wal January 25 (UK) Agricultural University, Dr. H.J. M.S. Wolfe February and D. Plucknett 1-12 (USA) Cornell Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. University, R.L. E.E. Plaisted Ewing Ithaca, N.Y., USA; Chemistry Scotland; Duncan (telephone interview) Department, Glasgow P. Gregory W.E. Fry students and support wolrkers. Graduate Annex IV February 4-5 University of Madison, - page 3 Wisconsin, USA; Dr. L. Sequeira Dr. S.J. Peloquin Graduate students January and support 4, workers. 1983 C. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL VISITS 1. Asian Visits 26-February January 26 (Philippines) Philippine Ministry of Agriculture; R.,L. Villareal Mr. R. E. Abejuela Project Manager, Second Laguna Irrigation Vegetable Component Dr. Development Project - E.C. Quisumbing, Director, Agricultural Research Office F.L. Milthorpe Arrival at Los Banos following Sydney to Manila flight from January 27 IRRI - Brief tour Institute of facilities of Plant Breeding; Philippine Dr. E.T. Rasco, Jr. Potato Breeder Philippine Representative, Southeast Asia Potato Programme for Research and Development (SAPPRAD) Annex IV - page 4 Lunchecon meeting with representatives of Philippine Council for Agricultural and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD); Dr. D.P. Gaspasin Crops Research Director Mrs. C. Magbuo Program Specialist CIP Santa Lucia Field Station Dr. R. Acasio CIP Regional Research Scientists Dinner with CIP Regional Representatives; Dr. P. van der Zaag CIP Regional Representative Region F.L. Milthorpe 28 LOS Banos to Baguio accompanied by Dr. Acasio and R.L. Villareal VII January Republic of the Philippines German Potato Project, Baguio; .Dr. D. F. Rottger, Virologist Assistant Specialist Ms. S. Brunold. Mountain State Agricultural Professor E. San0 Potato Project In-Charge, Return to Los Banos College (MSAC); Annex IV January - page 5 29 (Bangkok, Thailand) Flight from Manila to Bangkok, Thailand Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC), Thai representative; Dr. C. Y. Yang Director, Outreach Programme January 30 Flight from Bangkok, Thailand to Dhaka, Bangladesh January 31 (Dhaka, Bangladesh) Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) Dr. Frank Sheppard IRK1 Representative Bangladesh Agricultural in Bangladesh Research Institute (BARI); Mr. M.D. Solaiman Khan Principal Scientific Officer, Oil Seeds Project Dr. Sufi Mahinddin Project Director, Wheat Programme Dr. Larry Butler Wheat Breeder, CIMMYT Special Project Dr. Sharafat Head, Plant Hossain Breeding, Khan BARI Potato Research Center (PRC), BARI, Pathological Laboratory and Potato Experimental Fields; Dr. J. U. Ahmad, Director assigned to PRC Dr..K. Shikka CIP scientist Annex IV Bangladesh Agricultural Development tour of Kasimpur Seed Block; Mr. A. Hashem General Manager (Field) Corporation - page 6 (BADC), Mr. M. Alam Manager (Root Mr. M.M. Husain Manager Dinner February 1 Bangladesh with and Tuber Programme) Dr. Sikka Agricultural Research Council (BARC); Dr. M.A. Mannan Executive Vice-Chairman Dr. M.M. Rahman Member-Director (Crops International Agricultural Service (AIDS); Dr. David Daugherty Project Supervis,or/Adviser Munshiganj Potato Sub-Station (Acting), BARC and Forestry) Development and farmer's field; Mr. Hashem Dr. Sikka February 2 Flight February 3 (India) Delhi to Sadabad-District Mathura; Mr. S.N. Bhargava, CIP farmer cooperator from Dhaka to Delhi, India Annex IV February 4 Indian Dr. - page 7 Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR); M. V. Rao, Deputy Director General University of Delhi Department of Botany Dr. H.Y. Mohan Ram, Professor National Agricultural Cooperative of India, Limited (NAFED) Mr. S. P. Sharma Manager CIP Regional Headquarters Research Institute (IARI) Dr. M.D. Upadhya CIP Regional Research Region VI, South Asia Dinner February 5 Flight from Delhi to Lima, Peru with Dr. Upadhya at Indian campus; Scientist Marketing Federation Agricultural 2. ,Latin American 31 (Toluca, (January Mexico) 31 - February 5, 1983 January R.W. Hougas Programa Regional Cooperativo de la Papa (PRECODEFA); Ing. Agr. Roberto Rodr#guez Assistant Coordinator Coordinator National Potato Program, Panama Orozco Ing. Agr. Oscar Lionel Secretary PRECODEPA Coordinator National Potato Program, Guatemala Annex IV Ing. Agr. Manuel Villareal Coordinator PRECODEPA Coordinator National Potato Mexico Centre Agricultural Toluca, Mexico; Dr. Uriel Director Investigations - page 8 Program, Maldonado February 1 (San Jose, Costa Rica) Costa Rica National Potato Programme; Ing. Agr. Antonio Zumbado Coordinator R. W. Hougas and M. Pineiro February 2 Costa Rica National Potato Program (tour of Field Station and on-farm PRECODEPA: Ing. Ing. Ing. Ing. Agr. Antonio Ruth Murillo, R. Amador Y. Aguiles Zumbado National trial) and Programme Scientist Costa Rica Ministry of Agriculture: Mr. Eladio Carmona, Director General February 3 Flight from San Jose, Costa Rica for Research to Bogotd, Colombia R.W. Hougas, M.F. Pineiro and H.W. Zandstra February 4 (Bogota, Colombia) Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA); Dr. Fernando G6mez M., Head of ICA Dr. Jaime Navas, Head of Research Dr. Manual Torregroza Dr. Oscar Lamaud, CIP Regional Representative, Region I, Andean Latin America Annex IV - page 9 Tibaitatd breeding Experimental plats; Station; Tour of Station and Dr. Pedro L6n Gdmez National Potato Coordinator Ing. Armando Rodriguez ICA Regional Potato Coordinator Dr. Oscar Malamud Association Head (FEDEPAPA): Colombian Potato Growers Dr. August0 de1 Valle, Ing. Quilian Reano Dr. Malamud ICA Social Sciences and Communications Dr. Fernando Bernal Dr. Ciro Villamizar Cocktail at Dr. Malamud's home Staff; February 5 San Gorge, ICA Seed Farm, outskirts of BogotB; Ing. Pedro Corza, I/C Seed Potato Production in ICA Informal Flight consultations from BogotB, 7-19, and visits Colombia to Lima, Peril February D. 6 H&DQUARTERS VIS-II February 1983 February 5-6 Assembly of Panel Members Preliminary meeting on schedules and agenda Annex IV February 7 a.m. p.m. General Facilities introduction and tour - page 10 of Headquarters Meeting with Management Review Team Detailed allocation of tasks and approval agenda and report outline to Huancayo and San Ramon of February February 8-9 lo-11 Visit Round-table discussions with Project Leaders and Cooperators (by Thrust), Senior Management, Social Science Regional Research and non-research department personnel Evaluation of and questions progress, identification of issues February 12 a.m. p.m. Discussion Discussions Additional personnel on TAC Issues and Questions with Management Review Team meeting with Regional Research Issues and Recommendations for most Chapters and some narrative text prepared and typed February February 13 14 Writing, typing, collation of texts for Chapter III Consideration (Thrusts) Interchange preliminary of recommendations with Management Review Team on findings of both Reviews February 15 Panel consideration of recommendations for remainder and preliminary approval of Chapter of report, narrative Second draft preparation Annex IV - page 11 February 16 Continuation of second draft Chapter by Chapter review preparation and February 17 Continuation of text review Collation of draft report Management Review Team completed and circulated copies to Panel draft Report Februa.ry 18 8;30 a.m. Management and QQR Draft DG and Senior Staff Reports given to the 11;OO am 1~30 p.m. 3;OO p.m. Oral presentation Management Review Chairman to CIP Staff Oral presentation by QQR Chairman Team to CIP Staff response frcrn Panel meeting on the preliminary the DG and Senior Staff Discussion Departure on final Chapter February 19 a.m. p.m. ANNEX V SESEARCH STAFF INVOLVEMENT IN 1982 PROJECTS CLASSIFIED BY THRUST STAFF MEMBER/ DEPARTMENT ‘ -C BREEDING & GENETICS H. Mendoza Z. Huaman C. Brown P. Schmiediche J. Landeo H. Kidane M. Scurrah M. Iwanaga NEMATOLClGY& ENTOMOL. P. Jatala J. Franc0 K. Raman. S. Raymundo PATHOLOGY E. Frenc.h J. Henfling C. Martin L. Salazar C. Fribourg E. F-Northcote T. Bjor PHYSIOLOGY S. Sadik. P. Malagamba R. Booth. L. Schilde D. Widmore S. Wiersema J. White TAXONOW C. Ochoa! SOCIAL SCIENCE D. Horton A. Monares R. Rhoad.es S. Posts, G. Scott. REGIONAL RESEARCH J. Bryan 6 L THRUST L IV L PC IX 'L - ‘ -C SOCIAL SCIENCE 5 'L - - I?C - .I ! L L I 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 L 1 1 1 1 Ii .i I 5 I -I 9 * pL PC =: Project r: Project Leader Cooperator Source: O.T. Page February 1983 ANNEX VI -SOURCE OF WILD TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM SPECIES IN WORLD POTATO COLLECTION CIP DEC 1982 a/ Country No. of Accessions 129 Lost Accessions 1 No. of current Accessions Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexic:o Peru Venezuela TOTAL 128 7 7 12 47 70 971 11 1 2 1 50 55 at book. Thrust least I, 1300 accessions. Feb. 1983). 11 45 69 921 11 1192 Lost accessions 1247 - a/ Total collection was initially were noted in the inventory C. Ochoa, Coordinator, (Source; LIST OF WILD TUBER JEARING-SPECIES IN THE WORLD POTATO COLLECTION DECEMBER 1982 S. s. S. 3-Y s. s, s. s. albornozii abancavense acroglossum acaule alandiae ambosinum amabile aracc-Dana ayachuchense berthaultii blancogaldosii boliviense brevicaule buesii * bukasovii bulbocastanum cansicibaccatum chacoense chomatophilum chancavense chiquidenum candolleanum cantense colombianum coelestipetalum cardiophyllum circaeifolium dolichocremastrum doddsii * demissium etuberosum flahualtii fernandezianum huancabambense huarochiriense hypacrarthrum humectophilum hastiforme infundibuliforme ingaefolium * immite jalcae lignicaule litusinum limbaniense leptophyes laxissinum maglia microdontum medians megistacrolobum minutifoliolum mochicense marinasense mutiinterruptum neovargasii neoweberbaueri . olmosense oplocense pascoense 90 S, z S. S. S, -S. c S. K S. s. c S. K S. s. S. s. S, S. S. S. x s. g S. S. S. S. 's-6 paucissectum pichinchense paucijugum penneli polyadenium peloquianum politrichon pinnatisectum paramoense piurae raphanifolium rachialatum * rickii rhomboideilanceolatum santolallae subpanduratum suffrutescens sogarandinum solisii sparsipilum stoloniferum tarijense tundalomense urubambae vidaurrei violaceimarmoratum velardei villuspetalum * weberbaueri wittmachkii s. 2-T -i-i s. s. s. s. s. s. s. * S. x Y-S. S, S. - TOTAL NUMBER OF WILD SPECIES CLASSIFIED; Lost, no living C. Ochoa, material Coordinator, Thrust I, (Source: Feb. 1983). ANNEX VIII LIST OF COUNTRIES SENT TRUE SEED OF WILD SPECIES DECEMBER 1982 Country Institution No. of Accessions No. of Species Peru Peru Brazil USSR USA CIP Department of Genetics Department of Nematology Department of Pathodology Department of Physiology National Program EMBRAPA (through the Storage Vavilov Institute Division) Industry 65 144 254 39 52 154 198 168 9 3 23 4 1113 18 34 27 22 23 34 45 50 7 3 23 3 of Plant University of Wisconsin-Madison (through Glendale Beltsville) Quarantine Service) University of California University of North Dakota University of Illinois Kobe University Japan TOTAL NUMBER OF ACCESSIONS (Source: C. Ochoa, Coordinator, Thrust I, Feb. 1983) WILD SPECIES UTILIZED IN BREEDING PROGRAMS AT CIP AND IN RESEARCH CONTRACTS Species/Resistances Others Relative Progress 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. acaule berthaultii bukasovii bulbocastanum capsicibaccatum chacoense demissum etuberosum gourlayi infundibuliforme jamesii lignicaule megistacrolobum microdontum multidissectum pinnatisectum sparsipilum spegazzinii stoloniferum vernei verrucosum xx X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X X X X X Bridging sp. Genetic Genetic Exper. Exper. Exper. X Genetic X X X X X X Advanced Initiated Initiated Advanced Initiated Advanced Varieties Initiated Initiated Initiated Initiated Initiated Initiated Advanced Initiated Advanced Advanced Varieties Varieties Initiated X X X X X X X X Genetic Genetic Exper. Exper. X X x X X X X X X Bridging sp. ~l(ll_-__-.-“NOTE: This list breeding includes wild species that have been used in other institutions which lines. (S. demissum, S. stoloniferum, S. spegazzinii, S. vernei). provided CIP with their advanced Ei E H . ix ANNEX X GERMPLASMDISTRIBUTION REGION BY CIP; CLONES NAMED AS VARIETIES MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS COUNTRY Peru CLONES NAMED I MOLINERA (BR-63.65) CAXAMARCA (BR-63.74) AMApou (BR?) PERRICHOLI (374080.5) INIAP-BASTIDAS (377520) ICA SIRENA (7.10 INDIA 830 (India) USA) *BW, LB, PLRV BW, LB, PLRV LB, BW LB LB PLRV, PVY, PVX, BW LB BW, LB, PVY BW, LB, PLRV LB LB LB LB LB BW, LB BW, LB BW, LB Ecuador Colombia II El Salvador Costa Rica (unofficial) III Rwanda IRAZU (MS 65.22) CHICUA (BR 63.5) GAHINDA (Uganda - 11) KINIGI (378669.2) NSEKO (65-ZA-5-Mexico) PETER0 (Murca-Mexico) GASORE (Graso-28Belgium) BR 63.5 to be named V VI Nigeria Sri Lanka SITA (India 1085) KRUSHI (India 822) to bacterial to n II n wilt virus * BW HY LB PLRV PVX PVY = = = = = = Residence High yield Resistance I, II I, late blight potato leaf-roll potato virus X wart ANNEX XI GERMPLASMDISTRIBUTION REGION I III COUNTKY Bolivia Kenya BY CIP; CLONES RELEASED MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS Cooking quality CLONES RELEASED MARIVA (Peru) CGN-69.1 (Sweden) ASN-69-l (Mexico BR 63.76 INDIA 1035 (India) MARIVA (Peru) BR 114.39 BR 114.60 BR 114.70 B 5504 ANITA (Mexico) DTO-28 Montsana BR-63.76 (Mexico) BW, LB BW, LB BW, LB, PVY LB Cooking quality LB LB LB LB LB Earliness LB LB, BW HY, LB, WART HY, LB, WART PLRV, PVY, WART, LB PLRV, PVY, WART, LB BW, LB, PLRV Ethiopia Mozambique Zaire VI NEPAL CFJ-69.1 (Mexico) CFM-69-1 (India) NPI 106 (Germany) NPI 108 (Germany) BR 69.84 VII Fiji (To be released) Vietnam B71-240.2 (Argentina) ATZIMBA (Mexico) CFK-69.1 (Mexico) GERMPLASMDISTRIBUTION BY CIP; PLRV, LB LB LB SUMMARY WITH SELECTED OR NAMED CLONES REGION I II III. IV V VI VII TOTAL * PRODUCING POTATOES* NUMBERS OF COUNTRIES; EVALUATING CIP GERMPLASM 5 15 5 11 4 4 11 1 1 16 15 13 7 8 14 6 12 83 1981; World Potato Facts. 6 8 58 4 4 29 D. Horton ANNEX XII GUIDELINES ON QUARANTINE ASPECTS OF INTRODUCED POTATOES A. B. C. D. Applicant fills out CIP request the GP & Q Committee. If approved, the shipper. Upon arrival Committee. Procedure 1. 2. applicant at CIP, to follow requests applicant in triplicate a Peruvian forwards and submits import permit material copies to to and sends introduced to GP & Q by GP & Q representatives visually by Nematologist, All introductions to be checked Entomologist and Pathologist. PSTV checks a. b. C. TPS - a 10% sample sent to Virologist unless One month plus needed. tested parents. in-vitro - Samples -monthsneeded. taken ASAP for virologists. coming from PSTV One to 1 l/2 samples prepared or clone. One of tubers - One sprout per tuber (maximum 20 tubers per variety) month plus needed. Composit taken. for each variety 3. After sprout removal, Tecto-60, a systemic results are available. tubers are dipped in a 1% or .l% solution and stored by applicant until fungicide, 4. recipient can plant in his planthouse. If PSTV results are negative, Plants to be observed and any showing virus symptoms or other If in doubt, consult with GP & Q representatives. diseases destroyed. After one growing season in fields, observing the in a planthouse, same precautions the increase can be planted as in 4 above. 5. 6. If material is introduced from a "high risk site" for Pseudomonas solanacearum (Brown rot) or Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Ring rot), a maximum of three tubers will be grown out in quarantine facilities new tubers will be sent to the and harvested. If found free, recipient. All tuber/plant/in-vitro one generation pzozfield Restrictions individual introductions planting. must be grown in a planthouse on an 7. 8. or liberalization of above procedures will apply basis at the discretion of the GP & Q Committee. Annex XII E. Applicants requesting duce minimum numbers Three to five tubers numbers must be fully Prior to introducing in Peru. - page 2 potato introductions are encouraged to introof tuber/plants/tubes/seeds of each introduction. Larger per clone introduced is encouraged. justified. potatoes, check and find out if it is already F. G. applicants must programme importations Because of delays in testing, to arrive at least one month prior to planting date and are encouraged to plan on two months. ANNEX XIII PI No. Peru Permit No. APPLICATION FOR POTATO INTRODUCTIONS TO PERU 1. 2. APPLICANT NAME COUNTKY, AREA AND SITE OF ORIGIN (Be specific) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. WHERE GROWN; FORM; CARRIER; tubers Air Field TPS Mail Air Plant in-vitro house Lab cuttings Surface (avoid Other entire plants freight Hand carry December) ANTICIPATED ARRIVAL DATE; LIST MATERIALS YOU INTEND TO IMPORT: Cultivar/Clone Name or Number No. Units per Entry 8. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE INTRODUCTION; 9. HAVE THERE BEEN ANY LOCAL (point PATHOGENS? EXPLAIN; of origin) TESTS FOR PSTV OR OTHER Annex XIII 10. INTRUCTIONS (if A. Request approved); import permit It through - page 2 a Peruvian the B&G Secretary the shipment. the peruvian Observe C. and send to Include Permit CIP and person sending the dispatch. B. Instruct of must accompany sender instruction Phytosanitary additional must place of arrival. sheet. to include of origin. Certificate clauses required the country the Applicant at time by Peru on the Certificate. at the disposal of introductions the GP & Q Committee Signature 11. APPLICATION; Approved Disapproved of Applicant Date Signature 12. DISPOSITION; All All tubers tubers of Chairman of GP & Q Date to Quarantine to Quarantine for for PSTV check growing out one generation TPS to PSTV Check Other 13. RESULTS OF Q CHECK: White; Pink; Yellow; to GP & Q permanent files (original) to Quarantine to applicant ANNEX XIV -- INfEFlNAfI~NAL PCITAVQ CENTE (f=lH P.O. Box 5969 Lima - Peru. Cables: CIPAPA - Lima Telex: 25672 PE. Telephones: 366920 - 354354 t* .. , -_,_ - ‘ This is to certify that the tubers, true seed,% iho &sue cumtms or Qu$tinp, or representative samplesof them, ,. wepethoroughly examinedon (da@of di.cpatch~ ,,_.’ /’ ’ ,---: by (name): P /‘ , a Senior Scientist of the International Potato Cer& and that the c&nt is believedto conform to the decla cktux 0 APPLiCABLE sT~TEfbfEtdTs hegat\ve.fo;vifuse$: A&l,S,T,X,Y, potato leaf roil, andean and totj&o ring‘ aot virus by symptoms indicatatrhost Mother plantswere examinedduring er viroid (NV) was negativeby the .a. .‘ ^ \ 1I, The vegetativeplant parts were indexed an potato latent, andeanpotato m inoculations, by latex or ELBA the growingseason and found to Yang and Hooker tom TN~ seedwas harveste Annex DESCRIF’ TION OF THE CONSIGNMENT XXV - page 2 EXPORTER’ SNAME AND ADDRESS * CONSIGNEE’ S NAME AND ADDRESS NUMBER AND DESCRIPTIONOF PACKAGES PHYTOSANITARY STATEMENT No.. PERU PHYTOSANITARY CERTIFICATE No. ORIGIN MEANS OF TRANSPORT PORT OF ENTRY QUANTITY AND DESCRIPTIONOF PRODUCT To the best of CIP’ s knowledge this plant material was free of disease and pests at point of dispatch. International Potato Center. cm any of its officers or representative with respect to this statement. No libility shall attach to the , DATE PLACE SIGNATURE I CIP Form No. 130-R June 1982 ACTIVITIES A) Reproductive Biology. Flowering, ON TPS - PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT Fruit setting, Seed Quality. Termination Thrust Pollination, Leader Activities 1. Factors affecting flowering & fruit setting. Effect of Photoperiod/temperature; Agronomic factors; Physiological manipulations/induction; Pollination systems, relative importance, effect of floral characteristics, factors affecting pollination efficiency, extent of outcrossing in 0.~. progenies. Use of natural or induced male sterility for hybrid seed production. Seed Quality Components Initiation Midmore 1983 1986 IX 2. White/Midmore 1983 1986 IX 3. Practical measures of seed quality Stages of seed production affecting quality Seed quality. Components and relation to germination, early seedling growth, vigor, tolerance to transplanting shock, and feasibility of improvement. B) True Seed Production Methods White White July July '83 '83 IX IX Malagamba/White 1983 1986 IX Activities 1. Practical Methods for True Seed Production Review of methods in similar crops and field evaluation O.P. vs hybrid vs hybrid/o.p. as seed prod. systems. Field practices for improving pollination efficiency in field Leader Initiation Termination Thrust Wiersema Wiersema Wiersema 1983 1983 1983 1985 1985 1985 IX IX IX Activities 2. Leader Initiation Termination Thrust Seed extraction, sorting and drying methods for massive seed production systems Agronomy for Seedling tuber TPS White 1982 1984 IX cl 1. production Completing information on substrates and management practices for production in "nursery". Effect of tuber selection in different progenies Production in "field". Virus control in nursery O.P. and hybrid progenies for seedling tuber production Technology evaluation with farmers 2. Wiersema Wiersema/Malagamba Wiersema/Salazar Malagamba/Wiersema Physiology/S.Economy 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1985 1985 1985 1986 VII VII VII VII Production tubers of Consumption Identification of traits needed for high seedling vigor and survival. Evaluation of improved families in contrasting environments (0.~. + hybrids) Agronomic practices for improving seedling vigor and survival in adverse environments Malagamba Malagamba 1982 1980 1985 1985 VII VII Malagamba Physiology/S.Economy 1981 1982 1984 1985 VII Technology evaluation with farmers Direct seeding. Methods applicable to developing agriculture conditions p3;;~; 0. pprogeny eva- Malagamba/White Malagamba 1982 1981 1985 1986 VII VII ANNEX XVI ADOPTION OF SEED TUBEF REGION COUNTRY I BOLIVIA PERU COLOMBIA II CHILE GUATEMALA HONDURAS KENYA MADAGASCAR BURUNDI RWANDA ETHIOPIA TURKEY EGYPT TUNISIA SRI LANKA NEPAL INDIA, BANGLADESH PHILIPPINES THAILAND, INDONESIA STORAGE IN DIFFUSE LIGHT No. STORES ADOPTED 38 200 CENTRAL SIERRA 200 SOUTH SIERRA & COAST SEVERAL IN 4 REGIONS RESEARCH PHASE 46 26 10 20 50 25 RESEARCH PHASE RESEARCh PHASE RESEARCH PHASE RESEARCH PHASE 100 NPDP. BASIC SEED PROGRAM RESEARCH PHASE 160, PROBABLY MORE RESEARCH PHASE III IV V VI VII ANNEX XVII CURRENT SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH PROJECTS 1. 2. 3. World Trend8 in Potato Production and Use Perspective the generation - Thrust VII) countries. and transfer of Peruvian Potato Agriculture research (Social in Comparative for Science improving Interdisciplinary Tl?S technology. Department 4. Economics (Social of seed potato Department processing/low certification - Thrust cost IX). potato programs in developing Science potato 5. 6. Simple Marketing storage for (post-harvest Potato technology). Patterns and Demand Characteristics in Developing Countries. 7. 8. Potato Consumption Value Project - Thrust VIII. - Thrust VIII. Nutritional of Potatoes in the Human Diet February 1983 ANNEX XVIII THRUSTS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENTOF TECHNOLOGIES Technology Principal Input from Thrusts Germ Plasm Evaluation Adaptation Tropical Production True Seed Storage and Villageof the Potato Conditions of Potato .from to II, III, IV, v, VI, VII II, IV, V, VI, VII, IX II, IV, v, VII, IX, (ss)* Low-cost Level Processing Research III, II, IV, VII, VI, VIII, VII, IX, VIII, (SS) (SS) Prod,uction * SS = Social Science Project ANNEX XIX CIP REGIONAL ACTIVITIES Institution Building and Networks Rel:ion I - Latin America (Andean Zone) Venezuela (C)*Programme is under development. A study visit by Regional Scientists and CIP seed specialists is planned and production training courses have been organized and a work plan developed. CIP maintained elements of the national programme until adequate funding emerged. It identified an experienced potato leader for a World Bank/INIPA project. CIP has accepted a Special Project on Swiss funds to develop a basic seed capacity, which includes two Social Scientists to diagnose and monitor the impact of the project at the farm level. Peru (A) Colombia (A) CIP's Regional headquarters was transferred from Lima to the Tibaitata Central Research Station, Colombia. Close association with ICA has resulted in an accelerated development of the research programme. Major programmes now in progress are on late blight, bacterial wilt, virus and storage research. Support was given to a Swiss based at Cochabamba. bilateral project on potato Bolivia Network -- (C) To encourage horizontal transfer of research and results between countries, PRACIPA (Proyecto Andino Cooperativo Investigation en Papa) was established in 1982. II (A) - Non-Andean A National of genetic with CIP. Region de Region Brazil Potato Program with major emphasis on utilization material was developed in EMBRAPA in cooperation was established in to the seed programme specialists. 1982 - CIP's Regional headquarters Brasilia. Major support was given south Brazil by CIP seed and virus of Chile (B) CIP's continued interest in entities was instrumental in research programme during a reorganization and cutbacks Priority Code (see paragraph279) cooperating with research retaining an official potato period of considerable in funding. * Country Annex XIX - page 2 CIP arranged for IBPGR support to University collection and maintenance of native potato (primitive cultivarsj. Argentina of Valdivfa geruplasm for (B) CIP was asked to participate in the review of the national potato program and its subsequent plan of research. Horizontal transfer of technology is being encouraged organizations of PROCIPA (Programa Cooperativo de Investigaciones en Papa) which includes Uruguay. by the Network PRECODEPA (Programa Regiona Cooperativo de Papa) covers countries in Central America and the Caribbean. Its establishment was encouraged by CIP and has received major attention for the past four years from CIP headquarters and CIP's Regions I & II. The seed specialist from CIP spent a one year sabbatical in Costa Rica. Region III - Tropical Africa Kenya (A) CIP scientists assisted the Agricultural Development Corporation, the Seed Quality Inspection Service and other institutions to develop a major seed production programme executed by the ADC. (B) CIP contract support to the programme leader varieties to be produced within 6 years. enabled 4 new Ethiopia Rwanda/ CTP has major involvement with support to Rwanda/Burundi seed tuber programmes. A major accomplishment of CIP is the development of a national programme in Rwanda which covers seed tuber production, identification of new varieties and on-farm research. This special project has two expatriates and has had major spinoffs into Burundi and Zaire (Kivu Province). Contacts have been renewed with the West Uganda region. A special Project for Burundi. with one expatriate was recently approved Network The PRAPAC (Programme Regional Pour L'Amelioration de la Pomme de Terre en Afrique Centrale) network has objectives similar to other networks and includes Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire with prospecta of other countries being included, especially Uganda. IV - Middle East and North countries Africa of North Africa were included in Regional Region Until 1982 other responsibility. Turkey (A) The national programme grew from one person to approximately twelve scientists as a result of collaboration with the CIP Two scientists were regional scientists in Menemen, Izmir. trained overseas on CIP scholarships to the M. SC. level. Annex XIX - page 3 This has assisted Turkey in strengthening its breeding and selection programme. Turkish scientists organized their first international germplasm management course in 1982. A post-doctoral scientist was posted to the Region for three years to study tuber moth control. Cyprus Syria Tunisia (B) (B) (A) CIP provides assistance for the development programme and on-farm research. Proposals for seed multiplication other Arab countries developed with of a seed Syria and schemes to supply CIP participation. A special Project in Tunisia permitted development of a seed tuber potato multiplication system. This is now managed solely by local institutions and supplies approximately 10 percent of annual requirements. In 1983 CIP posted for the first time a senior source scientist to a region to evaluate and adapt TPS technology. His task will eventually broaden to include other technologies and Egypt will probably emerge as the new Regional headquarters. & West Africa (Francophone) Egypt (4 Region V - North Until 1981 this region was headquartered in Pakistan to serve also Iran and Afghanistan. Due to unstable conditions the work concentrated in Pakistan led to the development of a Special Project for research on potato productivity and marketing financed by the Swiss. In 1982 this Regional potato research programmes countries). Region Nepal VI - India, (B) Nepal, post was transferred to Tunisia to develop in West and North Africa (francophone Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh Until 1979 CIP managed a Special Project with expatriate Since CIP has continued to provide technical scientists. support to a bilateral project, the main components of which are seed tuber production, identification of improved storage and on-farm trials. germplasm, (A) The collaboration developed with BARI (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute) has led to the posting of a CIP scientist in an IADS team. Seed tuber production, evaluation of germplasm, TPS storage and cropping system research are the activities being developed in collaboration with the IADS team. (B) Major program development started with six-month training of Sri Lankan scientists in storage and breeding and a MS training for a pathologist. CIP's Head of Pathology spent his sabbatical year in Sri Lanka. A Special Project is in progress for potato seed development The senior national scientist and varietal improvement. Bangladesh Sri Lanka Bhutan (A) Annex XIX - page 4 received Region VII - South-East six Asia months training at CIP headquarters. Philippines (A) CIP established its regional base in Los Banes, Manila, in 1977, with headquarters at The Philippines Council for Agricultural Research (PCARR). Several institutions in the country were conducting research in various aspects of potato production, but this work was not coordinated. CIP catalyzed the formation of a Management Committee to organize a coordinated plan of research. Many Filipino scientists have received training at CIP headquarters and through CIP scholarships in USA. (B) Close led to on the review priority links with the Office of Rural Development (ORD) the establishment of the potato programme research role of potatoes in rice-based cropping systems. A mission of CIP scientists helped to indicate research areas for future programme development. South Korea Regional Programme contacts helped to consolidate national programmes with different levels of research capability in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and Burma. Network SAPPRAD (Southeast Asian Program for Potato Research Development) was the second network to be established horizontal technology transfer and it includes five countries. and for ANNEX XX SLJMMARY OF TRAINING ACTIVITIES 1978-1982 Category A. Regional Courses (I) Production-oriented: (a) No. courses (b) No. participants (c) No. countries represented (ii) Specialized: (a) No. courses (b) No. participants (c) No. countries SUMMARYOF TRAINING ACTIVITIES 1978-82 Year 1979 1980 1981 1975 1982 8 157+ 27+ 3 101 24 1 6 6 5 5 13 150+ 40+ 4 61+ 21+ 6 79+ 11 13 1294 15 represented 6 97 27 3 27 14 14 9 1 5 61 18 1 11 8 22 14 3 18 20 5 14 353 31 3 27 17 20 9 16 20 11 12 195 50 3 34 24 16 8 1 9 16 18 B. Specialized courses at Lima: (a) No. courses (b) No. participants (c) No. countries represented Individual (a) (b) Mid-career Scholarships Student Training No. trainees No. countries Training No. No. No. No. c. represented D. E. F. G. 21. 16 21 25 1 assistanships Pre-professional trainees SUMMARY OF TRAINING ACTIVITIES, 1982 TF;f-1 s&b&e =f c,,h;nrr "'-J-.0- Sit_p_ (prnduction or specialized) REGIONAL ACTIVITIES REGION I Production with Special on Seed Production Peru (production) Dates (Duration) Total Participants Country (Participants) Remarks 25 Jan-19 Feb (4 weeks) 16 Peru Venezuela Colombia Bolivia Ecuador ( ( ( ( ( 1) 2) UNDP Spanish 1) 1) 1) UNDP Spanish (CIP/CIAT) Interchange of GermPlasm & Quarantine Workshop Colombia (specialized) 26-28 Jan (3 days) 21 Ecuador ( 2) Brazil ( 3) Colombia ( 4) Argentina ( 1) Chile (2) Venezuela ( 3) Mexico ( 2) Cuba ( 2) Costa Rica ( 1) Dominican Rep.( 1) Venezuela (18) Identification of Virus & Other Diseases of Potato (Practical Field Inspection) Farming Systems Analysis Venezuela 15-18 Mar 18 Spanish Peru (specialized) Colombia (specialized) 5-9 July and 3-19 Nov. (4.5 weeks) 2-12 Nov (2 weeks) 15 Peru (15) World Bank Spanish DSE Spanish Practical Virology 13 Colombia Bolivia Ecuador Peru Venezuela Costa Rica Guatemala ( 5) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) iii z E ( 21 ( 1) ( 1) Category REGION I (cont'd) Title Tissue of Subject Culture Site (production or specialized) Colombia (specialized) Dates (Duration) 11 Ott-5 Nov (4 weeks) Total Participants 8 Country (Participants) ( ( ( ( Rep( 2) 2) 2) Remarks UNDP Spanish (cIP/cIAT) Brazil Colombia Ecuador Nicaragua (Dominican Peru Peru Peru Peru Brazil Argentina Uruguay Colombia Peru Brazil Argentina Uruguay Netherlands 1) 1) > ,' > ; ) : > Spanish CIP support for UNA instructors' perdiems in these four Fertilization courses Fertilization Fertilization Fertilization Fertilization REGION II Bacterial Workshop Wilt Peru (production) Peru (production) Ptcu (Production) Peru Production) Brazil (specialized) 11-16 Jan (1 week) 27 Aug (1 week) 23-28 Aug (1 week) 27 Sept-2 (1 week) Ott 34 40 26 55 17 (34) (40) (26) (55) (10) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) (17) ( 2) ( 2) ( 1) 31 Aug-3 Sept (4 days) Seed Production Brazil (production 11-22 Ott (2 weeks) 22 DSE Spanish/ Portuguese Category REGION III Title of Subject Site (production or specialized) Burundi (production) Madagascar (production) Rwanda (production) Ethiopia and Kenya (specialized) Dates (Duration) 11-15 Jan (1 week) 26-30 Apr (1 week) 7-11 June (1 week) 23-30 Total Participants 9 14 Country Burundi (Participants) ( 9) Remarks French French French UNDP Production Seed Production Seed Production Regional Workshop on Potato Development & Transfer of Technology Madagascar Rwanda Zaire Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Nigeria Sierra Leone Ghana Zaire Zimbabwe Kenya Cameroon Togo Liberia Malawi Congo Rep.Pop.( (14) (13) 14 ( 1) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1) 7) 2) 2) 2) Aug (1 week) 25 1) 1) 2) 2) 2) 2) 1) 6) Germ Plasm Exchange & Quarantine Workshop Nigeria (specialized) 28-30 Apr (3 days) 19 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1) 1) 2) UNDP (CIP/CIAT/ IITA) 1) 2) 2) 1) ( 1) ( 1) 1) Category REGION VI Title of Subject Site (production or specialized) Turkey (specialized) Dates (Duration) 4-15 Ott (2 weeks) Total Participants 14 Country Turkey Cyprus Egypt Iran Jordan Pakistan (Participants) ( ( ( ( ( ( 6) 2) Remarks Germ Plasm Management 2) 2) 1) 1) Seed Production Bangladesh (production) 11-29 Jan (3 weeks) 24 Bangladesh Bhutan India Pakistan Sri Lanka Bhutan Bangladesh Nepal India Bhutan Bangladesh Bhutan Sri Lanka (17) ( 2) UNDP ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( ( ( ( 6) 3) Tuber-Borne Diseases Pests in Seed Potato Production Production Potato Production & Bhutan (specialized seminar) Bhutan (production) India (production) 12-15 Ott (4 days) 16 2) 5) 18 (18) For extension workers 7 sponsored by CIP. Indian participants not listed. Course run by CPRI, UND? (CIP/CIAT) Only national programme listed 29-June 15 Jul (2.5 weeks) 7 ( 3) ( 2) ( 2) REGION VII Germ Plasm Distribution & Quarantine Workshop Phiiippines (specialized) i9-23 Apr (5 days) 21 IhiiippiP.e Vietnam Sri Lanka Malaysia Thailand Korea Indonesia India ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( o) 2) 2) 2) 4) 2) 2) 1) Category REGION VII (cont'd) Title of Subject Site (production or specialized) Philippines (specialized) Dates (Duration) 17-28 May (2 weeks) Total Participants 18 Country (Participants) ( 9) Remarks UNDP Agro-Economic Methodologies Philippines Thailand Vietnam South Korea Indonesia Burma Bangladesh Philippines Philippines Brazil Ethiopia Bhutan Turkey Colombia Spain Peru Costa Rica Ea'pt Kenya Sri Lanka India Bangladesh Indonesia South Korea Philippines ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) 2) 2) 11 1) 1) Seed Production LIMA SPECIALIZED COURSES Germ Plasm Management Philippines (production) Peru (specialized) 28 June-2 (1 week) July 22 9 (22) 11 Jan-12 Feb (5 weeks) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 2) Potato Production True Potato Seed from Peru (specialized 24 May-11 June (3 weeks) 12 1) 1) 1) 1) 2) 1) 1) 1) 1) Category LIMA SPECIALIZED COURSES (cont'd) Title of Subject Site (production or specialized) Peru (specialized) Dates (Duration) 27 Sept-16 (3 weeks) Ott Total Country Participants 13 (Participants) ( 2) Remarks DSE Spanish Nematology Panama Costa Rica Colombia Venezuela Bolivia Ecuador Argentina Chile Brazil Peru Philippines Chile Brazil Philippines Costa Rica Bolivia Peru Bangladesh Zaire Brazil ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 2) 1) 1) 1) INDIVIDUALIZED TRAINING Peru India Rwanda/Kenya Philippines Rwanda from 21 to 111 days; 3.5 weeks average 16 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) 1) 6) 1) 2) 1) 1) 2) TRAINING ASSISTANT TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPS Peru 2 months Cornell Univ. Univ. of Queensland Univ. of Wisconsin Reading Univ Univ. National Agraria Peru Colombia Turkey Argentina Philippines Nepal ( ( ( ( ( ( 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 2) Annex XXI - page 7 ANNEX XXKiI NUMBER OF COURSES PROPOSED 1983 - 1987 (incomplete but includes with regional networks organizations) those associated and international Category 1983 A. Regional Courses Production oriented Specialized Specialized courses at Lima 1984 Year 1985 1986 1987 21 15 3 16 11 4 18 11 3 16 9 3 15 10 3 A. ANNEX XXIII DISTRIBTUION OF CONTRACT FUNDS BY COUNTRY 1982 U.S.A. Netherlands Peru Australia Chi :Le us$ 170,400 (6)* 62,500 48,680 44,000 (3) (10) (1) Colombia US$ 16,900 (3) Sri Lanka 16,500 (2) Canada Argentina Germany 13,800 (1) 10,500 (1) 16.600 (1) Switzerland Ecuador Scotland Kenya England US$4,500 (1) 3,500 14,500 (1) (1) 3,100 (1) 2,000 (1) 7,880 (2) DISTRIBUTION OF CONTRACT FUNDS BY DEPARTMENT 1982 Breeding Pathology Regional Physiology and Genetics 76,000.-Research & Training 40,460.-79,500.-37,500.-6,500.-434,860.-========== Nematology lSupport * Number of Contracts ( ). M!Q6692/E/3.64/ 1 I500