REPORT OF EXTERNAL REVIEW PANEL OF THE CGIAR GENEBANKS OPERA TIOl"JS INTERNA TIONAL CENTER FOR TROPICAL AGRICUL TURE (ClA J!) , CALI, COLOMDlA /11S" r....rt.· ~ ..... - - -1 ' • ' . . : t." . ·. . '-~ U N 1 [ A :1 L : 1 1 O . \ .• "\ '. , , , N y Olil.UM[N 1 A~ ION CONTENTS CONCLUSIONSIRECOMMENDA TIONS PREAMBLE A. POLICY ITEMS l . lnstitutional objective in germplasm conservation 2. Status of the Genebank witlún the Center 3. Linkage with other Germplasm Conservation Centers including Regional and Networking arrangements 4. Agreement with the host country on the ownership and movement of material 5. lnstitutional Policy on material that is designated under CIA T's Agreement with FAO 6. Restoration of Germplasm 7. Furure outJook B. PLANT SPECIESrrYPES ASSEMBLED AND CONSERVED IN THE GENEBANK l. List of species and categories 2. Estímate of coverage C. GENEBANK MANAGEMENT, OPERA TION AND RESOURCES l . Organizational set up witlún the lnstitute 2. Administration and management: a. Hwnan resources b. Financial resources c. Physical plant d. Plant quarantine and seed health facilities D. DESCRIPTION OF AV.All.ABLE FACILITIES, TYPES AND METBODS OF CONSERVA TION l. Short-term conservation 2. Mediurn-term conservation 3. Long-term conservation 4. In vitro conservation 5. Field Genebanks 6. Duplicate conservation for safety E. GENEBANK STANDARDS l. Procedures and methods for Gennplasm conservation: a. Base collection b. Active collection c. lnitial viability and quality of genetic material d. Monitoring and maintenance of conserved material e. Regeneration!Multiplication 2. Maíntenance of adequate documentation system F. DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CORE COLLECTIONS G. RESEARCH AND PUBLICA TI ONS ON GERMPLASM CONSERVA TION H. ACCESSmiLITY AND EXCHANGE OF GERMPLASM l. Oistribution of material and information 2. Germplasm utilization and impact L TRAINING IN GENEBANK ACTIVITIES J. CONSTRAINTS l. Staffmg 2. Bwldings K. CHALLENGES/OPPORTUNITIES REPORT OF EXTERNAL REVIEW PANEL OF THE CGIAR GENEBANKS OPER>\ TIONS - INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TROPICAL AGRICUL TURAL (CIA T}, CALI, COLOMBIA CONCLUSIONSIRECOMM:ENDATIONS The Panel noted that CIA T was reviewing the future of the GRU and that a nev.· Director-General and Deputy-Director General (Research) would ultimately intluence the form, status and program of the Unit. The Panel recognized that financia! constraints are limiting CIA T' s operations, but thought that in relation to the Centre's total budget the GRU is underfunded. The Panel thought that there are dangers in mak.ing use of special Projecr funding for key areas of conservation and research. The Panel was impressed with the successful way in which CIA T and NARS had involved farmers in the utilization of the Centre's germplasm (beans) and also noted that studies were currently underway at CIAT to assess in a quantitative fashion impact made by CIA T' s genetic resources in partners countries. The Panel was informed by CIAT' s staff that the data bases used by CIA T for its mandate crops were likely to be compatible with the System wide Information Nerwork on Genetic Resources (SINGER) when it became operational. The Panel was satisfied that for Phaseolus, forage and grass species CIA T's goal is to adhere to Intemational Genebank Standards, as endorsed by F AO and published jointly by F AO and IPGRJ in 1994. Inadequate staff and funds have precluded complete achievement of these standards. The Panel thought that exchanges involving staff of the GRU and NARS partners could have a beneficia! and stimulating effect. For the Manihot collection, CIAT and IPGRJ' s research on in virro storage had reached the stage of drawing up Intemational Standards for this vegetatively produced crop and wild relatives. The Panel noted the intention of CIA T and IPGRJ, in conjunction with F AO, to draw up a set of Intemational Standards in the very near future. Recommendations: l. CIA T' s Senior Management should address the heavy demands made on the GRU by the Commodity Prograrns. ·2. CIAT -should review carefully the large number of grass and legume species at present in the Tropical Forage collection with a view to concentrating on thes.e spectes most relevant to its research needs or that are m danger of genetic eros10n. 3. CIAT should review the position of its bacteria! and fungal collections with a view to declaring these collections to be held in trust in the pubtic domain. 4. CAJT should negotiate with ICA to pennit first increase of forages in mesh houses t~ increase effective population size and reduce genetic drift. 5. CIA T should in crease staff for SI-n.. and charge other units for service provided by sm.. 6. For accessions with limited longevity, samples for both base and active collections should be stored in the long-term vault. 7. All bean accessions should be placed in long-term storage as soon as possible. 8. A pilot cryopreservation project for Manihot should be initiated as soon as possible. 9. A classification should be rnade of the training-user countries, based on the stage of development of GRU in each NARS. The information will malee it possible to develop a strategy for coordinated research between NARS and CIAT, and/or serví ce training of national researchers at CIA T headquarters, as well as the development of research projects by NARS researchers at CIA T. lO. Applied research should be initiated by CIA T to reduce costs for routine activities such as: · Drying in paper bags versus open drying boxes. · Counting smaller samples to estimate total seed number with computer, connections to scales and to en ter seed number and seed weight per l 00 seeds in the data base. · More mechanization in seed processing. · Estimation of seed longevity of various species at temperatures above freezing (accelerated ageing, etc.) to identify species where the active collection should be stored at -18°C. · Use of bar codes. · Computer prograrns to enter gennination results, compute means, and enter in data base. · Determine genetic purity with altemative pollen control systems for outcrossing species. 11 . When dehumidifiers need to be replaced in the medium-term storage unit, a larger unit to maintain 28% r.h. should be installed. 12. EffortS should be made by CIAT to establish field genebanks, under suitable r· agro-ecological conditions, for cassava accessions and other Manihot species wruch are reported not to be adapted to CIA T headquarters conditions . 13 . CIAT should intensify its efforts to promptly arrange for a formal duplication of the cassava gerrnplasm collection and to request relevant information from national and intemational institutes holding "non formal duplications" 14. CIA T should establish the same seed health routine procedures, as done for seeds to be send abroad, for the materials distributed inside the CIA T -host country (Colombia). 15 . CIAT should distribute information, as data bases, on the genetic distan ces between accessions, which will improve the efficiency of the use of germplasm in breeding programs. 16. CIAT should establish agreernents with NARS-GRU' s that ha ve good scientific and technical capabilities. 17. The Panel cornrnends the GRU for the early designation and use of the core collection methodologies. The rnethodologies used for the initial core were excellent and the refmernents in progress (GIS and molecular markers) are cutting edge technology. The Panel recommends continuing referring GRU core collection and designating cores in additional forage species as feasible . PREAl\1BLE As part of the Externa! Review of the CGIAR Genebank Operations a team comprised of: Dr. N.L. Innes: Consultan t., e/ o Scottísh Crop Research Institute, Dundee, UK Mr. Enrique Arias, FAO Representative, Agricultura! Office, AGPC, F AO, Rorne, Italy Dr. Steve Eberhart, Director, National Seed Storage Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fon Collins, USA Dr. Mario Lobo, NARS Member, CORPOICA-GRU, Medellin, Antioquía, Colombia. visited CIAT, Cali, Colombia, from 3-6 August, 1995 The purpose of the Externa! Review is to rnake a critica! assessment of the constraints and opportu.nities for the CGIAR genebank. operations in technical, scientific and financial terms. It is expected to produce an opportunity to sustain and improve the qualiry of services offered by the CGIAR Gene Banks, and enhance partner confidence and improve funding opportunities. Detailed Terms of Reference are included in Appendix l. To ensure fairness , clarity and transparency across CGIAR Centers, a checklist prepared by IPGRl, F AO and the Chairman of the Review Panel was made available to and approved by all Centers involved in the Review. Senior Management at CIAT responded to this checklist of the Review Panel i.n advance of the Panel's visit to Cali, so that the Panel had access to a docurnent that adhered closely to providing the son of information it required. The repon that follows is based on the information and documents provided by CIAT, on the interaction between the Review Panel and CIA T staff and on a tour of the Genebank and other facilities at the Center. Much of the inf-ormation contained in this repon was obtained from CIA T' s respo.nse to the checklist. A list of CIAT and IPGRI staff who interacted with the Panel is gíven in Appendix II and a timetable is included in Appendix III. Because of the integrated nature of the prograrns involving genetic resources at CIA T, the Review Panel includes in this repon information and comments that extend beyond those oormally associated with a Genebank .Q.Q se. By its integrated approach CLA.. T optimizes the use of its resources, provides valuable research on genetic conservarían and helps .. to ensure that the Centre ' s genetic resources are used to best advantage. A. POLICY ITEMS l. Institutional Objective in Germplasm Conservation The Genetic Resources Unit (GRU) is the basic unit of CIA T genetic resources activities . Its role (CIAT Medium Tenn Plan, 1992) is to assemble, conserve, characterize and make freel y available all critica! germplasm resources of Phaseolus beans, cassava and selected groups of tropical forages ; and to research these collections so that they can be conserved more effectively and used more fully by national programs (NARS) and the user community worldwide. 2. Status of the GRU and associated institutional structures Assembling of germplasm collections at CIAT began in the seventies, and the GRU was created in 1976. The GRU was the first of the so-called support Units, with a center-wide mandate to support the commodity research of the prograrns. The BRU and the Viro logy Research Unit (VRU), were only organized in 1985. With a re- organization of CIAT in 1994, the GRU was linked to the Genetic Diversity Scientific Resource Group (GD-SRG); as such, the interests of the GRU staff are now represented by the Leader of the GD-SRG. The purpose of the GD-SRG is to stimulate scientific discussions and develop research initiatives across the center that lead to strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of genetic diversity. The scientific resource groups, with their associated urúts, are placed in parallel to the programs (Fig.1 ). The GD-SRG Leader is a member of the CIAT Scientific Resource Cornmittee. Although the more essential conservation activities in CIAT are in the GRU, genetic resources work is spread throughout the center. As shown in Table A-1 a commodity program shares the conservation work and all commodity prograrns carry out the agronomic evaluation of germplasm. The Biotechnology Research Unit (BRU) and sorne of the commodity prograrns carry out a sizeable part of the research effort on genetic resources and agrobiodiversity in cooperation with the GRU. The GD-SRG has initiated consultations on the possibilities of rnerging the BRU with the GRU into a single Unit or Prograrn. This initiative will be further discussed by CIAT management befare it is submitted to the (BOT) Board of Trustees. The GRU is also represented in the CIA T standing committee on genetic resources . This comminee advises the CIA T (DG) Director-General on matters concerning policy issues on GR. - l - 3. Linkages with other Germplasm Conservation Centres, including Regional, and Networking arrangements The GRU collaborates with the Programa Cooperativo Regional de Frijol para Centro América, México y el Caribe (PROFIJOL) and Programa Cooperativo Regional Para la Zona Andina (PROFRJZA); bean networks for Central America and the Andean region, respectively. Both the GRU and BRU are also members of the Cassava (Biotechnology) Network, where a subnetwork deals specifically with cassava genetic resources. The BRU has also been instrumental in the creation and development ·of tbe Bean Advanced Research Network (BARN) with important participation of the GRU. The GRU has been collaborating in the Red Internacional de Evaluación de Pastos Tropicales (RIEPT), an evaluation network developed for tropical forages . The GRU has on-going linkages with partners of the regional plant genetic resources networks sponsored by IPGRI: REDARFIT for the Andean Region, and REMERFI for Central America, as well as with the Amazonian network TROPIGEN. The GRU, as part of the GD-SRG, is involved in the organization of a Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) Alliance in Agrobiodiversity Conservation. This is a CIA T initiative, in partnership with IPGRI, Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) and Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIM:MYT), and responds to the CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Program (SGRP). The participation of LAC countries in a first scoping workshop with regional organizations such as F AO, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), will be convened by the LA UNEP Office in Mexico. CIAT has formal agreements with CENARGEN, Brazil, and CATIE, Costa Rica, for the duplication of Phaseolus vulgaris collections (see Table D-2). Although duplicare sets of CIA T' s Phaseolus are stored in USDA' s active and base collections, there is no formal agreement. CIA T' s collaborative links in genetic resources conservation are summarized in Tab le A-2 - 2 - TABLE A-1. GRU IN TIIE CONTEXT OF GH. ACTIVITIES ACROSS CIAT (1995) GERMPLASI\1 ACTIVITY GRU BRU VRU COMMODITY NRMR INST. DEVELP. l'ROGRAMS PROGRAMS PROGRAM COLLECTION/ ACQU ISITION BCF -- -- BCF CON SER V A TI ON BCF -- -- e CHARACTERIZA TI ON BCF -- -- BCF DISTRIBUTION BCF HEAL TH TESTING BCF -- CF GERNWLASM ENHANCEMENT -- 8 -- BC AGRONOMIC EVALUATION - -- -- BCF BCF RESEARCH ON: BCF CON SER V A TI ON METHODS CF e -- -- -- BCF EV ALUATION METHODS BC BC -- BC - BCF CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS -- BCF -- BC - BCF SAFE MOVEMENT -- - CF -- -- BCF GENETIC DIVERSITY oc BCF -- BCF BC BCF STRUCTURE/DISTRIBUTION TRAINING BCF BC BCF BCF -- BCF GRU: Genctic Resources Unit BRU: Biotechnology Rcsearch Unit VRU: Virology Rcsearch Unit NRMR: Natural Resources Managernent Rcsearch B: Bcans; C: Cassava ; F: Tropical Forages o - 3 - Tablc A-2. CIAT COLLABORATIVE LINKS IN GR CONSERVATION (1992-95) BEANS CASSAVA TROPICAL FORAGES ACQUISITION NARS: Mexico, Guatemala, NARS: Argentina, NARS: S.E. Asia, Perú, Ecuador,Colomhia Guatemala, Brazil, Colombia, Brazil Salvador, Bolivia CIIARACTERIZA TION/DIVERSITY BOTANICAL Belgium (Gembloux), USA Colomhi:.m Univs, Brazil Colombian Univs, Brazíl (Fort Collins), Colombian (CENAR GEN) (CENARGEN). U. K. (Kew Univs. Gardens) BIOCH./MOLECULAR USA (Univ. Davis, Univ. Brazil (CENARGEN), USA: U.K. (Bristol), Brazíl (Univ. Wisconsin), ltllly (Bari) (Wash. Univ.; Univ. of Sao Paulo) Georgia); U.K. (Univ. of Bath) SAFETY DUPLICATION Bruil (CENARGEN), Costa Rica (CA TIE) SHARED COLLECTIONS USA (USDA, Pullman) NARS Brazil (CENARGEN), Ethiopia (ILCA), Australia (CSIRO), USA (Univ. Florida) RESTORA TI ON lnitiating: NARS (Guatemala, Peru, Ecuador) CAPACITY BUILDING Redafit, Remerfit , OEA, II CA, Di !lo Di !lo COLCIENCIAS, LAC, IARCs CBN, MGRN TF-GRN, Australia, Brazil, JLCA ....... 4. Agreement with Host Country on the Ownership and Movement of .Material. The govemment of Colombia recognized by law (Law 29 of March 18, 1988) the intemational status of CIAT, and the article Se of law 29 specifically recognized the right of CIA T to import and export genetic material for research purposes and to move such materials within the Colombian territory with the only requisite of complying with the national phytosanitary regulations. 5. Institutional Policy on Material that is Designated under the IARC's Agreement with FAO. All germplasm accessions of mandate species acquired by CIAT prior to the entering into force of the CBD, and which have been completely processed for conservation and assigned a number, are included in the designated list. After the CBD, and following the approach of the lnter Center Working Group on Genetic Resources (ICWG-GR) and the CGIAR Genetic Resources Policy Committee, only those gennplasm accessions acquired without strings attached and provided by the donar as "common good" are accepted for conservation in the CIAT genebank and become designated. The Panel was informed that CIA T hoped to ha ve a Material Transfer Agreement (MT A) in place befare end of the year. The IPGRI MT A document was being reviewed by CIA T' s Standing Committee on Genetic Resources with a view to making modifications to meet CIA T' s specific requirements . CIA T Board approval would be sought in November 199 5. The following germplasm has been designated in 1995 under the CIAT -CG agreement with F AO (Total accessions at CIAT are given in parentheses). Phaseo/us beans: Cassava: Tropical Forages : 26,395 accessions (41,061) 5,595 accessions (5,985) 15,448 accessions {20,689) Germplasm that is in the process of being cleaned up, is being multiplied, and wbich qualifies as designated will be added in due course to that already under the aegis of F AO. 6. Restoration of germplasm Although CIAT does not bave a formal restoration policy, germplasm collections made since 1977 have involved leaving a duplicate sample of collected germplasm in the country of collection. Sets of germplasm, as detailed below, have already been shipped to countries of origin, through nurseries or specific shipments, at the request of country programs: - 5 - 6.1 Phaseolus beans germplasm • Mexico: Set of 349 accessions of wild Phaseolus vulgaris sent in August, 1983 . Most of th.is material was collected in Mexico, but was not represented in the national gene bank. • Iran: Set of 493 access10ns of cultivated Phaseolus vulgaris sent in June, 1986. • Honduras: Set of 434 accessions of cultivated Phaseolus vulgaris sent in June, 1989. This germplasm corresponded mostly to part of the original national co llection which was lost due to poor seed viability. • Peru: Set of 159 accessions of landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris sent in October, 1990 • Rwanda: This restoration is in progress as part of an international effort (Seeds of Hope Project) for recovering the agricultura! research capacity of Rwanda. lt embraces about 3 11 accessions 6.2 Manihot Germplasm There are three cases of cassava germplasm duplication to Argentina, Paraguay and Peru. Plans are under way to progressively restare the whole collection of beans and cassava through specific projects that include research and training components in addition to the physical shipment of the gennplasm. In these plans, staff from national programmes will be trained in germplasm handling and characterization through classical or molecular methods, and participate in the development of specific areas of knowledge about their plant genetic diversity. Such plans have been initiated with Guatemala, Ecuador and Peru. 6.3 Forages The Genebank of Kenya at Maguga has made a request for restoration of the Brachiaria germplasm that had been donated to CIA T. 7. Future Outlook (See section on "Challenges/Opportunities"). - 6 - B. PLANT SPECIESrrYPES ASSEMBLED AND CONSERVED IN THE GENEBANK Table B-1. Number of accessions (as per June 1995) Phaseolus Beans Manihot Cassava Tropical Forages Cullivated materials 39,903 (97 .2%) 5,632 (94.1%) Wild marerials 1,158 (2.8%) 353 (5.9%) 23,894 Total Accessions received 41.061 (lOO%) 5,985 (100%) 23.894 (100%) J. Phaseolus beans Collection 1. 1 List of species and categories The composition of the Phaseolus germplasm collections includes a total of 41 ,06 1 accessions received of wbich 27,813 are already increased. Of these, 90% correspond to P. vulgaris, 5% to P. lunatus, 2% to P. coccineus, l% to P. p olyanlhus, clase to I% to P. acutifolius, and the wild non-cultivated species about 0 .6%. Most accessions of the cultivated species correspond to landraces. There is a low percentage (less than 2%) of bred materials, mostly in the P. vulgaris collections. In addition, there is a backlog of material which includes: duplicate material, material without passport data (needs evaluation in case-by-case basis), material received with poor viability (probably to be re-asked to country of origin, or re-collected) and material with full passport data (worth introducing) . 1.2 Estímate of coverage • It is estimated that about 50% of the variability of the genus, including all species, is represented in the CIA T genebank. • Table B-1 summarizes the estimated coverage of Phaseolus collections in the CIA T gene bank, for tbe American centers of diversification. There are 55 Phaseolus beans collections in 39 countries which contain about 106,000 accessions. Of this total, 86% correspond to P. vulgaris, 13 . 1% to the other cultivated species, 0 .3% to the wild non-cultivated species and, 0,6% of doubtful identification. Tbe CIA T Phaseolus collection has a good representation of the maja r collections of P. vulgaris, P. lunatus, P. coccineus, P. polyanthus, and P. acutifolius germplasm stored in tbose banks. - 7 - Table B-l. Estímate of coverage of Phaseolus collections in American centers of diversification (geographic es ti mate) CIA T GRU Manda te Species Common bean, Phaseo/us vulgaris Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus Scarlet runner, Phaseolus coccineus Y ear-bean, Phaseolus polyanthus Tepary bean, Phaseolus acutifolius All Phaseolus wild forms and species 65 55 35 40 90 40 toO The land race representation in the five domesticated species from the primary centers of diversity is the most complete, but, the coverage of the wild non cultivated species is low. · 2. Cassava germplasm 2.1 List of species and categories The cassava collection comprises about 87% of landraces and the remainder are advanced cultivars (277) and hybrids (293). The in vitro collection holds S ,632 clones of Manihot esculenta, an additional 353 accessions of 29 Manihot species and 3 undefined species; and a set of genetic stocks developed for molecular mapping. 2.2 Estímate of coverage The estimated coverage of Manihot escu/enta, is 70% and it ranges from O to 5% for the wild Manihot fonns and species. The highest representation of cassava accesions is from Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia and Venezuela; and the lowest from the Amazon basin, Mexico and the Caribbean. - 8 - 3. Tropical Forages Germplasm 3.1 List of species and categories This collection comprises 150 genera with more than 730 wild undomesticated species of possible forage potential. Around 90% of the collections are legumes, 1 O% are grasses. Over 50% of the collection cornprises the legume genera Stylosanthes, Desmodium, Centrosema, Zomia and Aeschynomene. (Table B.3). 3.2 Estímate of coverage The diversity represented in the tropical forage germplasm, is limited to species of forage potential from tropical, acid soils regions. Around 70% of the collection was acquired through collecting expeditions: of these, about 70% are South and Central America and the Caribbean; 15% from Asia and Oceanía, 10% from Mrica. Five percent rernain without information. Out of 20 of the rnost important legume species, 1 O are represented in the CIA T genebank at medium to high leve! in terrns of accessions; and only 2 out of 8 grass species have medium leve! of representation. In geographical tenns, Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela have a good representation. Overall the collection represents around 50% of the variability in forages legumes for tropical acid soils, and only 25% for the grasses. The Panel recognized the difficuJties faced in making estirnates of coverage and noted that CIA T' s current research program is aimed at identifying gaps in collections. Wild species of Phaseolus, Tropical forages legumes and grasses are all deserving of increased attention. However, the Panel queried the need for CIA T to focus on such a large number of Tropical Forages. * Recomrnendation: CIAT should continue to review carefully the large number of grass and legume species at present in its Tropical Forage collection with a view to concentrating on those species most relevant to its research needs or in danger of genetic erosion. 4. Bacteria) and Fungal Collections In addition to its plant genetic resources, CIAT has a collection of about 4,000 strains of Bradyrhi=obium. There are about lOO requests per annum for forage legume inoculants and ampoules are provided by CIA T. There is also a collection at CIAT of Rhi=obium and - 9 - o Mycorrhizae from a range of Tropical soils. * Recommendation: CIA T should review the position of its bacteria! and fungal collections with a view to declaring these collections to be he ld in trust in the public domain. Table B-3 . Forage Germplasm. Status of the tropical forages gennplasm he1d in trust at CIAT (July, 1995). Genus Accessions Accessions Accessions Backlog Accessions in registered conserved multiplied accessions base collection (no .) (no.) (no.) (no.) (no.) Legumes Aeschynomene 1,036 998 657 341 2.93 A.rachis 173 59 50 9 29 Calopogonium 581 536 410 126 121 Cenrrosema 2,596 2,451 2,231 220 1,050 Desmodium 3,245 2,904 1,9 17 987 737 Galactia 668 570 557 13 378 Leucaena 216 199 177 22 150 Jl,facropti lium 659 615 608 7 466 Pueraria 288 258 234 24 11 6 Rhynchosia 510 445 228 217 33 Stylosanthes 4,034 3,607 2,871 736 1,101 Vigna 838 741 654 87 337 Zornia 1,09 1 1,028 896 132 77 Other (894 4,203 2,853 1,279 1,463 Total legumes 20,829 18,6 14 14,343 4,200 6.351 Gr~ses Andropogon 149 91 89 2 Brachiaria 1' 121 654 563 91 124 Hyparrhenia 117 53 40 13 4 Panicum 848 598 512 86 35 Paspalum 154 105 71 34 H Other 69 1 494 242 323 1 Total grasses 3,080 1,995 1.5 17 549 188 Other families 3 2 2 Grand total 23,912 20,6 11 15,860 4,751 6.539 Percent of total (%) lOO% 76.9 23 .0 31.7 The Panel was impressed with CIA T' s herbarium coll ection of grass and legumes pasture species . - 10 - S p e e Since activities in genetic resources at CIAT are distributed among tbe GRU and the various programs and units of the Center, the overall additional contribution to genetic resources at CIAT would be equivalent to 5. 75 scientist-year at senior staff leve! plus one at Post Doc leve! (Table C-2). Table C-2 Principal Staff Dedicated to Genetic Resources at CIA T ( 1995) % S Y IN CIA T PROGRAMS AND UNITS Staff GRU BRU VRU BP CP TFP NRMP5 TOTAL SS 1.00 1.50 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.15 1.0 6.25 AS 4.00 0.50 4.50 PDF 1.00 1.00 5.00 2.50 1.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 11.75 SS: Senior Scientists AS: Associate Scienústs PDF:Post Doct Fellow b. Financia! resources The current (1995) core direct operating budget of the GRU is U.S.$791 ,000. This budget includes the personnel of Tab le C-1, including one senior scientist who occupies the budgeted position of the Unit's Head. The total cost of the GRU including indirect costs (eg. electricity, security, station operations, administration etc) is calculated at U.S.$1,028,000. The total costs of the GRU operating budget represents about 3.4% of CIA T' s core operating budget. The additional core budget assigned to genetic resources activities across CIAT programs and units (Table C-2) covers 6.75 principal staff-years, representing approximately U.S.$1,350,000 in 1995. Taking tbe 1atter amount into account, tbe overall total share of CIAT genetic resources activities would be around U.S .$2,378,000 or about 7.9% of the CIAT 1995 core budget. - 12 - C. GENEBANK MANAGEMENT, OPERA TIONS AND RESOURCES l. Organizational set up within CIA T With the organization of CIAT activities into projects in early 1994, a new organizational structure was implemented. As shown in Fig. A-l, the CIAT rnatrix structure comprises the Commodity with the Natural Resource Management Prograrns along one of the axes and the Scientific Resource Groups along the otber. The GRU is associated to the Genetic Diversity Scientific Resource Group (GD-SRG) wbich directly responds to the Office of the Deputy Director General Research. (Fig. A-2) . 2. Administration and management Currently, the Leader of the GD-SRG has been assigned as interirn Head of the GRU. The Unit's Senior Scientist (forrnerly with IPGRI) has a coordinating function in the GRU. The three germplasrn Curators are directly responsible for the day-to-day work within their respective collections. With the pending decision before the end of 1995, by CIA T management and BOT, about the merging with the BRU, the status and leadership of the unit will be formally defined. a. Human resources Current total number of personnel assigned to the GRU is 42; their distribution per collection and services is shown in Table C-1 . TABLE C-1. CIA T GRU ST AFF (JUNE 1995) GRU STAFF SER VICE BEANS CASSAVA FORAGES TOTAL Professional Ph.D 2 M Se. 3 BSc. ~ Technical 3 6 3 5 17 Labor 6 2 6 15 Secretaria! TotaJ 8 14 7 13 ~2 - 11 - Breakdo\\n of the 1993-1995 GRU operational resources per major activities (U.S . .$) 1993 199~ 1995 Phaseolus collection 185,000 220,000 240,000 Adanihot collection . 60,000 175,000 195,000 Tropical Forages collection 186,000 173,000 193 ,400 Coordination and Services .. 347,000 95,000 162,600 Total 778,000 663,000 791,000 • Does not includc thc cost of m&inuining thc Cusava field gene bank (S 1 ~0,000) • • Includes one Senior Scicnt.ist. Secretaria.l bclp, Seed Hca.lth and Electrophoresi.s Lab. CIA T is considering transferring responsibility for the Cassava field genebank and associated funding ($150,000) to the GRU. • c. Physical Plant The GRU is housed in a separate set of buildings that were remodeled at the time of establishment ofthe GRU. Facilities sizes and capacities are summarized in Table C-3 . The medium term and long-term seed banks are insulated ( 4 ") environmental charnbers with duplicare sets of cooling equipment installed in 1990. Mobile shelves maximize storage capacity. Current seed accessions in the active and base collections (Table C-4) occupy much of the 90,000 estimated capacity of the medium-term vault. With the slighter smaller sample sizes for the base collection, the long-term vault has room for expansion, although there is a large backlog of accessions not yet in long-term storage. * Recommendation: For accessions with limited variability, sarnple for both active and active collections should be stored in the long-term vault. 2.d Plant Quarantine and Seed Health Facilities Seed health testing facilities CIAT's facilities for seed health testing include the Seed Health Laboratory (SI-ll..) with the sections shown in Table C-4. They are designed to test seeds for fungí , bacteria. viruses, and occasionally nematodes. Seed health testing activities include: 1) reception, registration, sarnpling and storage of sarnples; 2) preparation of working samples for testing, and 3) analysis. - 13 - Table C-3. Facilities at CIA T-GRU (as per June 1995) Descriptioo Volume- Capacity (No. Are a accessions) l. Seed Bllllk Medium terrn (5-20 years) 360m3 90,000 Long tenn (30-50 years) 260m3 100,000 Drying room 68m3 1,485 Threshing/cleaning room 260m3 transit Herbarium 30m3 15,000 2. In vitro bank Laboratory 44m3 transit Growth induction 11m3 1,800/yr Slow growth room 32m3 6,720 3. Cryo bank Cryoprescrvation o 10,000 4. Gi!rmination lab. Germination testing o 7, 200/yr 5. Seed bealtb testing lab. nine sections 125m3 3,600/)T 6. Electropboresis lab. four sections 44m3 1,000/yr 7. Highllllld location seed multiplication 2 ha. 1,500/yr = - 14 - Table C-4. Germplasm at CIAT (as per August 1995) Collection Crop Active B~e Duplication Base Beao . 28 ,271 6,500 21.-n8 Forage Legume 18,6 14 6,35 1 o Grasses 1,995 188 o Cassava (Seed) ( 190) (1 50) Tissue 5,085 2.784 (Fie1d) (4,306) (2.613) Total 53.965 13.039 24.262 Post quarantine facilities at CIA T Facilities for post-quarantine include one greenhouse and three screenhouses specially equipped for grow-out tests. These facilities are used to examine plants from panicularly valuable seed material to eliminate pathogens . Additionally there is an incinerator located near these facilities to destroy material infested with micro organisms of quarantine importance. Because of limited size of the greenhouse only 4 forage plants per accession can be grown. * Recommendation: Negotiate with ICA to permit first increase of forages in mesh houses to increase effective population size and reduce genetic drift. Seed health testing of outgoing material Seed health testing of out-going germplasm (bean, tropical pastures and panially cassava), is designed to detect pathogens of quarantine significance. The SHL applies the methodologies recommended by CIAT's pathologists and virologists, to comply with the specific quarantine regulations of the recipient country. The ICA plant quarantine Officer, stationed at CIAT, carries out field and green house inspections and issues "ICA's Phytosanitary Certificate" which accompanies all out- going germplasm from Colombia. The SHL also collaborates to improve the phytosanitary standards of the genebank material. In the last five years the SHL - 15 - analyzed 11,466 samples from different sections of ClAT; but only 1,973 (17%) and 617 (39%) were for GRU samples. In 1993 and 1994, 876 (31 %) were for GRU. In the case of cassava, plant quarantine activities are supervised by the ICA Officer and coordinated by the GRU and the VRU. For germplasm export in vitro, indexation of material is conducted by the VRU, while the seed health laboratory performs indexation of seeds. • Recommendation: Increase sta.ff for SHL and charge other units for service provided by sm. - 16 - D. DESCR.IPTION OF AVAILABLE FACILITIES, TYPES AND l\1ETBODS OF CONSERVA TION Phaseolus germplasm l . Facilities A new seed storage facility. built with a donation from the Italian Government, began operations in early 1990. The facility includes (a) a long-term storage room at -15 - 20°C; (b) a short-term storage room at 5 to 8°C and 35% relative humidity, and e) a seed drying room at 20°C with 35% relative humidity. The facility has a designed capacity for nearly 100,000 accessions in each long-term and short-term storage rooms (Table D-1 ); currently the short-term conservation room is occupied at about 90% of its maximum capacity with GRU germplasm, including 65% for core collection. "' Recommendation: When dehumidifiers need to be replaced on the medium-term storage unit, a larger unit to maintain as to 28% r.h should be installed. Table D-1. Seed gene bank facilities for PhauoÚI.J bearu in the GRU Purposc: Se•d storag• Se•d storag• Sced drymg Seed drying Sced laboratory Herbarium Lab.a.nd office Samplc storage Thr•shing and d eanmg Equipment stoDge Plastic jan AlutnUlum foil bags Typc: Short-term • (5- 10 yean) Long-t.erm• (50 y•an) Medium r.h. (short-term) Low r.h. (long-term) Sced clas.sif. and preparuion Sample prep. Shelves Covcred Covered Fc:anuu Volwnc: or arca 5 to 8 ·c. 35% r.h. 360 m> 1 0"/o seed moisture -15 10 -2o ·c. 260m' 6% · 8% seed moisture 3 5"/• to 40% r.h. 34m' 15~'0 to 18% r.h. 68 m> Air conditioned 101 m1 Air conditioned 8.8 m' 20.6 m1 Open 236m' Open 24 m1 - 17 - Capadty (accn.sions) ~ 5.900 ~9.680 1485 715 15000 2. Areas for seed increase and multiplication At present, seed increase, multiplication, and cleaning of the Phaseolus germplasm 1s carried out in three locations of different altitudes : (i) Increase and cleaning in Palmira (1,000 m.a.s. l) under closed greenhouse followed by three meshhouses; this location is intended mostly for P. vulgaris and P. lunatus; (ii) Multiplication pbase is carried out mostly in an isolated highland location (Tenerife, at 2,000 m.a.s.l.), suitable for adaptation of a large percentage of common bean gemplasm; (iii) Popayan (1,800 m.a.s.l.), used mostly for multiplication of the complex P. coccineus-P. polyanthus, sorne germplasm of P. lunatus, and wild forms of the cultivated species. Meshouses are used for controlling outcrossing. 3. Duplicate conservation for safety Two agreements have been signed for holding a duplicate of the Phaseolus collection as black box. One, with EJ.\1BRAP A, CENAR GEN in Brazil, and the other with CATIE, Costa Rica. To the present, about 13% of the increased common bean collection is already duplicated in CENARGEN, and nearly 90% of the total increased collection is duplicated in CATIE (55% of total collection) (Table D-2). - 18 - (...., o e: o a. N 1 a Table 0-2. Safety Duplication of IARCs al Phaseolus I3eans and lvfanihot Tohll No. of No. Accc. Typc of lnstitute holding Agrccmcn CENTRE Duplicatetl M aterilll lncreascd Duplicated o¡. Duplication duplicated material t with Accc!sions institute CIAT Phaseolus Beans Phaseolus vulgaris 24,563 21,4-H! 87.3 Black-box CA TIE, Costa Rica Y es 3,124 12.7 B1ack-box CENARGEN, Brazil Y es 7,859 32.0 Active USDA,Pullman, W A, No USA Phaseo/us lunatus 1,548 744 48.0 Active USDA,Pullman,WA, No USA Phaseolus coccineus 597 172 28.8 Active USDA,Pullman,WA, No USA J'haseolus polyanlhus 292 96 32.9 Active USDA,Pullman, W A, No USA Phaseolus ncutifolius 27 1 11!! 43 .5 Active USDA,Pullman, W A, No USA Phaseolus Totll1 2!!,27 1 21,47!! M. esculenla 5,632 4,567 8lJ.8 Active NAR'S each country No fom1al M. spp 353 CENAR GEN No Cassava Total 5,9!!5 • Active, Base or B1ack-box • No infonnation avai1able - 19 - Manihot germplasm l . In vitro genebank A tissue culture facility exists for in vitro conservation of cassava germplasm under slow growth conditions. This facility was built following a collaborative CIAT -IDPGR project on a "pilot" in vitro gene bank ( 1987-89). Table D-3 presents information on the cassava in vitro gene bank and the associated field gene bank. The in vitro gene bank has reached about its maximun capacity for conservation. A rough estimate of the available diversity, the representation of priority areas and traits for specific ecozones can help to illustrate the need of additional space for Manihot germplasm. Steps are being taken for increasing the installed storage capacity. Cassava clones in the in vitro gene bank are conserved under contro lled ternperature of 23-24°C, with alternating light for 12 hours of 1,000 lux and 12 hours night. N oda! cuttings of the clones are planted in a slightly modified MS culture media and depending on the genotype, subcultured every 8 to 17 months . Cryopreservation, an alternative for long term, low cost conservation is under study in the BRU. It is expected to have soon an improved protocol appl icable to all genotypes . It is, however, necessary to assign a fully equipped area for the gene bank of cassava clones in liquid nitrogen. 2. Field gene bank The field collection has historically been managed by the Cassava Program, but will probably be transfered to the GRU in 1996. The field area assigned to the cassava collection is about 6,0 ha, with an additional 6 ha required for overlapping of field plots during 4 months. Six plants per genotype are maintained in plots organized by the vigor of the respective material, and the plots are renovated every 12 months . As the bank is located in CIA T headquarters, under conditions where about 3 5% of the accessions are not adapted, the cost of management (pest control) is high and Ionger rotations are needed to avoid disease problems. lntroduction from the in vitro collection, and the identification of duplicates, as well as characterization are additional activities related to field maintenance. An additional 0.3 ha is dedicated to the 29 wild Manihot species which presents more serious problems of adaptation. A large investment is made in greenhouse labor associated with the vegetative propagation of Manihot species. - 20 - 4 3. Seed conservation To Nov 1994, seed of 12 wild Manihot species from collecting rmss10ns by CENARGEN/EMBRAP A, targetting the prirnary gene pool of wild Manihot has been shared with CIA T. Seed is conserved under low relative humidity conditions, befo re seed health testinglcleaning are performed and placed in the field . There is need for developing appropriate methods for conservation of wild Manihot spectes. 4. Duplicate conservation for safety There is not a formal duplication of the cassava collection in another institute. Using the available information it is estimated that 89% of "non formal" duplication of cassava germplasm in different NARS and one CGIAR center (liT A). There is no formal infonnation for duplication of wild Manihot spp, but CENARGEN holds a considerably large representation. (Table D-4). - 21 - Table D-3. In vitro and field gene bank facilities-areas for the cassava germplasm collection - CIA T (June 1995). In vitro gene bank b Purpose Laboratory micropropagation media preparation Growtb induction room Conservation room Greenbouse 18 mm tube size 25 mm tube size Field gene bank Purpose Main gene bank (in elude e o re) Auxiliary plots for morpbologica.l characterization Sanitation plots Additional plots/ Otber locationll Wild spp bank Greenhouse (borrowed) Growtb room (borrowed) 11 32 45 Are a (ha) 4.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 Capacity (No. clones) Observation 6,000 6,720 11,.520 356 Capacity (No. clones) 4,695 500 200 350 268 350 200 - 22- 4 laminar flow cbambers 5 tubes/clone• 5 tubeslcloneb 3 tubeslcloneb 5 plants/clone Observation Six pla.nts per clone. Plots are renovated every 12 montb.s. Plots overlap (old bank vs. new bank) during 4 montbs. Plou are renovated every 2~ months. Plou overlap (old bank vs. new bank) duriog 6 montb!l Required for enbancing vegetative propagatiÓn of Manihot spp. Controlled conditions for seedling production Manihot spp. . . " Table 0-4. Manihot Germplasm Safcty Duplication of IARCs Gemtplasm Collections - Alanihot CENTRE SPECrES/GROUP Total No. No. Acc. Accessions Duplicated -- 1 ----- CIAT Al escu/enta 5,632 4,567 M spp 353 .1 • Active, Base or Black-box • 1 No infonnation available % Type• of duplicatlon 89.8 Active - 23- lnstitute holding duplicated material NAR 'S each country CENAR GEN Overlap Agreement wit.h holding lnstitule No formal No Tropical Forages Germplasm l . Facilities. tvpes and methods of conservation The tropical forages collection utilizes the same facilities for storage as the Phaseolus collection (see Table D-1 ); field and screen house space for initial in crease and multiplication (see Tables D-7 and 8), and facilities for field conservation of sorne spec1es. Prioritization of tropical fora~es ~ermplasm During 1990-1991, a thorough study was carried out to analyze the tropical forages germplasm at CIA T and prioritize among genera and species. At that moment, a total of 20,053 accessions of grasses and legumes was maintained in tbe germplasm bank (CIAT, 1991 ). Toda y, in 1995, total accessions maintained are 20,682, and the nurnbers of genera and species are similar to tbose in 1991 (Table D-5), tbus, no substantial changes have occurred since tben and tbe analysis is still applicable. Table D-5. Composition of tropical forages gennplasm in CIAT 1991 and 1995. Taxon Genera (no.) Species (no.) Accessions (no .) a. Source: CIAT. 1991. Grasses 47 137 2001 1991 • Legumes 102 581 18052 b. Source: ClAT database as of 31.01.1995. Total 149 718 20053 Grasses 46 152 1999 1995 b Legumes Total 110 587 18683 156 739 20682 The number of accessions per species ranges from one to over 1400, reflecting the relative importance of each species as initially defined by CIAT's Tropical Forages Program (TFP). In 1990, 289 of more tban 700 species were represented by one accession only (CIAT, 1990). In arder to concentrate efforts on the most relevant materials, CIAT's Genetic Resources Unit (GRU) and tbe former Tropical Pastures Program (TPP) established three categories at tbe species leve! in 1990. About 20% of the species ( 46% of tbe accessions) were classified as of irnrnediate interest to the TPP, 58% ( 49%) as of intermediate, and 22% (5%) as of probable future interest, respective! y. Establishing these categories was meant to assist in prioritizing germplasm activities (CIAT, 1991). - 24- a. b. 1 b n T e e o T e + + o + + T G N e apJ ex< ear The present relative importance of different genera is indicated in Table 2, which shows both those genera with important holdings in the germplasm bank and those with the most samples requested and distributed. Tab1e D~. Acquisition. inventory, and distribution of tropical forage germp1asm by CIAT's Genetic Resources Unit in 1992 and 1993 (no. of accessions as of 30.09.1993) ' . Genus and re1aúve importance Short-term storage Distribution in b New in 1992-1 993 lnventory 1992-1993 1993 (no. samples) Legumes o Aeschynomene 20 999 107 ++ Arachis 23 42 193 + Cajanus 17 106 171 o Calopogonium 8 535 232 ++ Centrosema 32 2404 1128 + Chamaecrisra 14 305 288 + Codariocalyx 2 37 116 ++ Cratylia o 14 119 + Desmodium 149 2925 526 o Flemingia 23 146 164 o Galactia 15 565 446 + Leucaena 4 198 104 o Afacroptilium lO 607 174 + Pueraria 17 255 46 Rhynchosia 6 447 24 ++ Stylosanthes 22 3586 808 Teramnus lO 379 110 o Vigna 19 746 lOO Zorma 5 1030 925 Other 243 3284 635 Total legumes 639 18610 6416 Grasses + Andrapogon o l OO 6 ++ Brachiaria l 689 533 o Hyparrhenia o 60 66 + Panicum 59 598 111 + Paspalum 4 119 5 Pennisetum o 53 62 Other 14 454 20 Total grasses 78 2073 803 Grand total 717 20683 7219 a. Source: CIA T. 1993, modified. b. Relative importance: ++ very important, + important, o intermediate. - not important at present. Nevertheless, the relative importance of genera needs to be interpreted as a dynamic appreciation because it has changed over time and probably will do so in the future . For example, the l.egume genus Zomia was considered very important in the late 1970's and early 1980's while today nobody at CIAT works anymore with Zornia. On the other - 25 - hand since the m id 1980's the research into Arachis species with forage poten tia! has become very substantial to the TFP. In addition, "new" genera and species became important when CIA T expanded the mandate of the Tropical Forages Program in 1992 to cover also the mid-altitude h.illsides of tropical A.merica. Our research has also expanded into the genera Cajanus, Canavalia and Macrotyloma, for instance. Table D-7 Areas dedicated for field collections of tropical forages germplasm at CIA T stations at Palmira, and Quilichao, Colombia. Genus Palmira Area {m2) Quilichao Area (m~) Acc(No.) Acc(No.) Legume!l Arachis 99 432 Leucaena 163 9,520 Grasses Andropogon and 77 1,800 Brachiaria 69 586 7,069 Hyparrhenia 40 1,127 Panicum 500 10,798 Total 339 1.126 - 26 - 1 e ( F = Dt Re e sect 1 1 Table D-8. Areas for initial increase aml/or multiplication of tropical forage germplasm at the GRU-ClAT Location Purpose Type Species Are a (m:) Palmira lnitial increase• Screenhouse Legumes/ grasses 384 lni tia! in crease\ Screcnhouse Legumes/grasses 216 lrú tia! in crease • Screenhouse Legumes/grasses 156 lnitial increa.sec Screenhouse Legumes/grasscs 156 Postquarantine Greenhouse Legumes/grasscs 100 lrútial increa.se Field Legumes 4000 Mult./rejuvenation Field Legumes 8.975 MultJ rejuvenation Field Grasse:¡ 10,60 8 Quilichao Mult./rejuvenation Field Legumes Mult./rejuvenation Field Legumes 218-10 18733 Popayán lnitial increa.se Field Legumes/grasses 5.400 .. In production Before flowering c. Long days treatment Duplicate Conservation for Safetv The establishment of a duplicate base collection in another institution 1s regarded as high prioríty. This issue is being discussed with ILCA. the Svalbard Intemational Seedbank (SIS) in Norway, and the national seed storage Jaboratory (NSSL), USDA in USA. Nevenheless, a large proponion of tbe tropical forage collection is held as "common accessions" (in active duplication) in ILCA. CENARGEN - Brazil, Commonweath Scienti.fic and Industrial Research Organization (CSIR.O) -Australia, and the University of Florida, USA. About 41% of legumes and 57% of grasses are jointly listed with these institutions, which m ay serve as a back up to the CIA T collection. Also, 50% the accessions from the "key species" is shared with tbese institutions (Table D-7). Recommeodations: Seek to develop a Memorandum of understanding with USDA for security Backup of forage legumes and grasses at NSSL. - 27- Tahle D-9. (fropi~.:al forage gennplssm conserved al C IAT und shared with other importan! institutions a (number of accessions), 1995. 1,000 600-1 ,000 200-{)00 <200 Total P. /unatus P. coccineus P. polyanthus P. acutifo/ius No.acc. % No.acc. % No.acc. % No .acc. % 615 33.4 161 27.5 103 35.2 255 83.1 182 9.7 61 10.4 31 10.6 35 11.4 434 23 .5 135 23 .0 80 27 .3 16 5.2 613 33.2 229 39.1 79 26.9 1 0.3 1,844 100.0 586 100.0 293 100.0 307 100.0 The current inventaries of the cultivated species suggest that, in order to meet the IPGRl/F AO standards for seed quantity, the following percentages of the present collections need to be processed (i .e.) in the short-medium term : 64% of P. vulgaris, 66% of P. lunatus, 73% of P. coccineus, 65% of P. polyanthus and, 17% of P. acutijolius. These fi gures are given for the material already increased. Only 6,500 of the 28,271 accessions have been placed under long-term storage; 77% of those are P. vulgaris, and the remainder are other cultivated species. Sorne 6,400 accessions are in the backlog waiting for quarantine processing; 63% are P. vulgaris. * Recommendation: Place all bean accessions in long-term storage as soon as possible. Health of material Bean germplasm is multiplied in isolated fields (in Vij es, Teilerife and Popayán) and in Palmira under greenhouse conditions, with supervision from ICA Quarantine Officers. During multiplication, plants showing any symptoms of fungi , bacteria, or viruses are destroyed. The SHL occasionally analyzes the bean seed from Palmira, Popayán, Vijes and Tenerife to establish its health status before storage. The SHL has been working on practica! procedures, under green house conditions for clean bean germplasm production, especially with material - 30 - from the core collection. ELISA checks are used to detect the presence of BCMV. Monitoring and maintenance of conserved material - regeneration. As in the case of viability, routine monitoring of conserved materials will be implemented. The maintenance of the collection is checked with respect to the arnount of seed stock in the jar, as well as the age of the seed. When the seed stock is below 115 of the jar' s capacity, multiplication is planned. If the accession has more than six years in storage, but, if the seed stock is higher than 1/5, the material is planned for a germination test, prior to a decision about regeneration. Maintenance of adeguate documentation systems Major emphasis has been placed on documentation of the bean germplasm from the primary centers of domestication and/or diversification, 1.e. Mesoamerica and Andean South America. In addition, catalogs with relevant data for P. /unatus, P. vulgaris, wild forms of P. vu/garis and the complex P. coccineus-P. po/yanthus were published and distributed to national programs and bean researchers. • Basic morphological characterization, seed descriptors, growth habit, and flowering features are registered as well as evaluation for key traits and limited biotic and abiotic factors for crop production in a worldwide context. Lists of "minimum" descriptors were developed, taking as a basis the descriptors published by IPGRI. • All the documentation has been implemented in database under ORACLE software. CIAT's institutional network system, which in the case of beans includes also the databases of all the sections of the Bean Commodity Program, runs under a central server (Sun Spark 2000) with terminals in all the sections of the GRU and the Bean Program. (E-5) Manihot germplasm Procedures and methods for germplasm conservation • Procedures for in vitro conservation of cassava via limiting growth involve: entry of stem cunings, establishment of cultures; entry of - 31 - cultures into conservation and maintenance routine; monitoring culture viability and stability. Germplasm enters into tbe bank either, as stakes from the field gene bank or in vitro (intemational excbange) and bence two types of protocols ha ve been establisbed (Fig. E-1 ). Five test tu bes per clone en ter conservation. Monitoring viability and stability under slow growth include: contamination, Jeaf senescence (ratio between green and dead Jeaves), number of viable tips for future micropropagation, number of viable nades related to tbe stem' s length, presence or absence of roots, occurrence of callus, pbenolization of roots and culture medium. * Recommendations: Initiate pilot cryopreservation projet for Manihot as soon as possible. Maintenance of adeguate documentation svstern • The cassava data is im.plernented in ORACLE through the UNIX operational system. Passport data includes collecting institution, names and cedes for the accession as well as information related to tbe place of collection. The only 2 countries witb >90% basic inforrnation (origin, date of collection) are Colombia and Guatemala, followed by Ecuador, Peru, Malaysia., Puerto Rico, Indonesia, United States and Fiji with fairl y comprebensive origin information. Germplasm from tbe remaining 14 countries is poorly documented, making this a tapie wbere action should be taken for data excbange with NAR' S through tbe Manihot Genetic Resources Network. Morpbological cbaracterization consists of tbe application of 21 mmtmum morpbological descriptors recorded in the field by the Cassava Program. Morpbological characterization is 90% complete for most of the 21 cbaracters for the germplasm of 15 out of the 23 countries. Work at this leve! is also demanded to complete cbaracterization in at Jeast one majar ecosystem. B iochemical characterization is based on tbe determination of a. J3 esterase paneros, which reveals 22 distinct alleles (bands) in cassava. To the present, 4,300 accessions have been fingerprinted with a. - ~ enterase - 32 - 1 isozymes. DNA fingerprinting is carried out on groups having similar morpbological isozyme pattems. Tropical Forage Germplasm Procedures and methods for germplasm conservation The storage facilities described for the Phaseolus collection are sbared by the tropical forages collection Types of containers used for conservation • For sbort-term storage, plastic jars, of one liter capacity, with double lid . • For long-term storage, aluminum foil bags. Initial viability and guality of materials • Initial germination and moisture tests are carried out on a representative number of accessions per species. Tests are carried out by species, not by accession. Physical quality is high since samples are cleaned manually using screens and blowers. • Genetic quality. Contaminations are avoided by locating the accessions randoml y in the greenhouse and field, so that no species blocks are fonned. To prevent from contamination when breeding systems are unknown, every species is treated as outcrossing. Ouantitv of material conserved • The goal for seed produced per accession is 1 O, 000 seeds; for the base collection (3,000); monitoring (1,000); duplication (3,000); and active collection (3,000) . • Sorne accessions are stored with less seed, because of low requests for distribution or because they are peor seed producers. • Recommendations: Place all forage accessions in long-term storage as soon as possible. - 33 - Healtb of materials • The initial seed increase is carried out in mesh-houses or in the field with control of diseases and pests . • However there is not a routine, procedure to monitor the health status of the materials before storage. Monitoring and maintenance of conserved material • There is limited information available on the physiological quality of most of the access10ns. • Germination of 178 legume accessions, representing 10% of seed samples stored from 1985 to 1987, was assessed; under short-term storage conditions, germination ranged 71 to 89%; and 82 to 97% under long-term storage conditions. • Information obtained from long- and short-term storage indicates that legume seed with initial b..igh quality can be stored over a long period with no significant loss of germinability . Regeneration Regeoeration has seldomly been carried out with selected legume species when seed quantity in the active collection was reduced. Maintenance of adequate documentation system • Documentation of the tropical forages collection is carried out with Sunsparck e en ter 2, 000 with total disk space of 126 Gigabytes and total memory of 128 Megabites, usíng a database inplemented on a data managment software system ORACLE. • Recently, an inventory of species held in the collection has been published, as well as catalogs of collections from Colombia; Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean; Venezuela; South East Asia; and a world catalog for Centrosema. • The basic passport data are available and have been revised for about 85% of the accessrons. - 34 - 1 1 • Besides the basic passport data, infonnation on number of seeds c.ollected and number of plants sampled (40% of accessions) is a1so included. • Many important tropical genera lack a modem taxonornical treatrnent (e.g., the monograph of Arachis was published only in 1994). Proper identification thus requires the collaboration of a large number of specialists worldwide. This effort has led to a steady decrease in un- or ill-identified accessions in the collection. Nevertheless, 2,624 accessions (12.7%) are still not identified at the species leve!, particularly in the genera Crotalaria, Desmodium, lndigofera, Phyllodium, Tephrosia, and lamia. • The reference herbarium now keeps 16,09 1 spec1mens of about 70% of genera and species. • Morphological characterization has been carried out on 18% of the conserved accessions (Tables E-8a and b, 1), and 7% have been biochemically characterized by isozymes and native seed proteins (Table E-9, Annex 1 ). • The Tropical Forages (formerly Pastures) Program characterized acid soi l adaptation of about 7,500 accessions (36%). - 35 - F. DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZA TION OF CORE COLLECTIONS A core collection (core subset) can represen! most of the genetic diversity of the crop collection with a minimum number _of accessions (5 to 30%). Characterization and evaluation costs are greatly reduced and efficiencies when screening for desired traits can be increased. Phaseolus germplasm A core collection was fonned from among the 24,000 accessions which were available from the global Phaseo/us vulgaris collection held in CIA T. A baseline of 1 O% of the crop collection was set for representation by countries in the primary centers, but this was adjusted up or down according to speci.fic situations such as duplication of accessions . Subsequently, a three-step process was followed. First, regions were prioritized, giving greater weight to traditional bean growing areas. Second, gennplasm was classified as to agroecological origin. Four environmental parameters were identified as critica! : length of growing season, photoperiod, soil type and moisture regime, with 3,2,3 , and 3 levels, respectively. All possible combinations of these pararneters yielded 54 possible environments, of which 49 were actually represented in the crop collection. Another minor class was created to represent cold environments of very long season. By use of map coordinates of the gennplasm collection sites, accessions were matched to their respective environmental class . The third criterion utilized was based on morphophysiological data of grain color and size, and growth habit. Primitive types were weighted more heavily than modero com.mercial types. Having weighted the · representation as such, a random selection was practiced with.in the agroecological classes. A total of about 1,000 accessions were identi.fied from primary centers, and an additional 300 were chosen from secondary centers, plus 40 key landraces, 40 standard bred lines, 40 genetic stocks, and 80 additional accessions for a total of 1 ,500. A core collection ( 111 accessions) has been designated for the wild species based on passport and agronomic infonnation. Molecular markers (RAPD' s, AFLP's) w ill be used to refine these core subsets . Using a GIS database, representing a range of agroecologies in the major centers of Phaseolus diversity, the two core collections are being classi.fied according to edaphoclimatic characteristics of their original sites, and thus provide a basis for identifying promising areas not yet represented. Combination of the two approaches will enable correlation of genetic diversity at the molecular leve! with diversity at agroecological leve!. The data obtained from the core collections will be also correlated with agronomic evaluation. This has begun with response to low P soils. - 36 - 1 A e! Ct m In ce se de th· an Th ag: rat he; !m .. ev¡ eff Tn GR Le~ Thc: asst gen so m repr e val For geo! In te use e Brac . l ¡ 1 Manihot Germplasm A core collection of 630 accessions has been defmed at CIA T for improving the efficiency of germplasm evaluation. Together with elite clone accessions, the core collection represents the most completely characterized cassava germplasm and the material most frequently utilized in breeding programs. In the absence of direct measures of genetic variability among accessions in the global collection, parameters (weighted) expected to influence or reflect variability were used in selecting clones for the core collection: (i) Geographic origin; (ii) Diversity of morphological characters; (iii) Diversity of a 13 esterase banding patterns; (iv) A priori decision based on criteria of special interest; (v) Within each country, the definition of the core germplasm, prioritized landraces, accessions from primary centers of diversity and variation among cassava growing ecosystems. The core collection ( about 10% of the crop collection) has been characterized for agronomic traits including root quality parameters (cyanogenesis, amylose-amyllopectin ratios, starch functional properties) and prevailing biotic and abiotic constraints at CIA T headquarters as well as in representative testing sites of Colombia (for sub-humid lowlands and acid soil lowland savanna production ecosystems). In addition, subsets are evaluated for promising characteristics such as high photosynthetic rates, nutrient use efficiency, C4 metabolism, and pest and disease resistance. Tropical Forages Ger mplasm GRU has given priority to forages of 9 genera and 18 species in two families , Leguminosae and Gramineae, for characterization and development of core collections. The genera Stylosanthes, Centrosema and Desmodium have received the most attention in assembling large genetic resources, and in morphologicaJ characterization. Recently, the genus Arachis was identified as promising for pasture improvement and soil cover. For sorne species, such as S. scabra, a core collection was formed on the basis of geographic representation and preliminary evaluation data and subjected to further agronomic evaluation. For the purpose of preliminary evaluation in different environments, small, geographically representative collections of individual species have been assembled. Intensive research using isozyme fingerprinting and morphological descriptors will be used to designate core collections of important key species, such as S. guianensis or Brachiaria brizantha. - 37 - .. * Recommendation: The Panel commends the GRU for the early designation and use and use of the core collection methodologies . The methodologies used for the initial core were exellent and the referents in progress (GIS and molecular rnarkers) are cutting edge technology. Tbe Panel recomrnends continuing refering GRU core collection and designating cores in additional forage species as feasible . - 38 - 1 "R as: l. G. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS ON GERMPLASM CONSERVATION l. Research Research in plant genetic resources at CIA T has been targetted at answering sorne basic questions such as : • What is tbe genetic diversity for conservation in order to ensure genetic progress in tbe commodities; • Which methods can malee conservation of tbat genetic diversity safer and more efficient; Research activities have been carried out collaboratively by GRU, BRU and genetic diversity specialists in the commodity programmes at CIAT. The following topics have been tack.led using molecular markers and other technologies to measure genetic diversity: • species phylogenetic relationships and structure of crop gene pools using classical and molecular approaches; • structure of genetic diversity according to spatial gradients and ecological gradients using GIS; • analysis of founder effect under domestication; • mínimum genetic diversity to capture the variabiliry existing in the commodity germplasms (defmition of core collections by integrating molecular markers and GIS information); • heritability of certain traits for molecular genetic mapping; • protocols of seed drying for different germplasm of Phaseolus and tropical forage species; cryopreservation of Manihot meristems; • tissue culture for in vitro conservation of wild Manihot germplasm 11 Recommendation: Initiate applied research to reduce costs for routine activities such as : • Drying in paper bags versus open drying boxes. • Counting smaller samples to estímate total seed number with computer. connections to scales to en ter seed number and seed weight per 100 seeds in the data base. • Mechanization in seed processing. • Estimation of seed longevity of various species at temperatures above freezing (accelerated aging, etc.) to identify species where the active collection should be stored at -18°C. • Use of bar codes. - 39 - • Computer programs to enter germination results, compute means, and enter in data base. • Determine genetic purity with altemative pollen control systems for outcrossing species, specially forages . 2. Publications \ , Table G l. Publications by CIAT staff working in plant genetic resources (1990-1995) Publications GRU. Total in refereed journals 26 42 in non-refereed journals 18 18 in books 21 42 in proceedings 23 27 Catalogs of gennplasm 8 8 Total 96 137 • Directly related to GRU activities The large number of publications (Table G-1) by CIAT staff working in GR (GRU, BRU, GD-SRG) and tbe quality of the papers provides evidence of the excellent research works and the dedication of the scientists in publ ishing information for used by others. The numerous GRU germplasm catalogs provide valuable information to users . - 40- ¡ t 1 ' i 1 1 i i 1 \ H. ACCESSffiiLITY AND EXCHANGE OF GER.l\1PLASM Phaseolus beans germplasm l . Distribution of material. • A total of 32,740 samples were distributed during the period 1992-1994. More than 26,700 (86%) was distributed to the CIAT com.modity programs, while about 6,000 (14%) were distributed to NARS in developing and developed countries. The above samples comprise 16523 di.fferent accessions, which embodies 62.2% of the designated Phaseolus germplasm. • Very few materials were requested by NGO's and the private sector. It is worth mentioning that more than 370,000 samples have been distributed since the assembling of the collection began in the early 70' s. (Table Hl). 2. Germplasm utilization and impact Utilization. • CIA T' s Bean Program has been very active in evaluating and using the P haseolus collection. More than 270,000 bean accessions have been provided to the Bean Program throughout the existence of the collection. • Many new cultivars have been released by collaborating national programs. This active use also provided valuable information with regard to specific traits found in the collection, highlighting the critical usefulness of a genebank to germplasm users. (Table H-4) . - 41 - Table H-1. Phaseolus Beans Distribution of Phaseolus germplasm (1992-1993) Number of accessions . (and Samples) 1992 1993 1994 Centre Staff in Host 6696 ( 12,7 4-1 )". 3957 (7,9-70) 2151 (6,0-07) Country Other IARC' s NARS in Developing 283 (365) 1317 (1,4-78) 612 (1,359) Countries NARS in Developed 585 (835) 73 (374) 806 (1,501) Countries Private Sector in 7 (10) Developing Countries 16( 17) Private Sector in Developed Countries Others 19( 19) Total 7,584 (13,9-60) 5363 (9,8-39) 3,576 (8 ,887) • This is number of different accessions sent to each sector • • Numbers in parenthesis are the numbers of samples sent (these could include repeated accessions) - 42 - Tab1e H-2. Disoibution of Manihot Germplasrn (in vitro) Number of Accessioos• • (and samples) 1992 1993 1994 Centre Staff in Host Country 163 ( 163)** 29(29) 81 (81 ) Centre Staff in Other Counoies - - Other IARC's - - - NARS in Developing Counoies 175 (182) 243(290) 185(279) NARS in Deve1oped Counoies 21 (47) 200 (262) 131 (191 ) Private Sector in Deve1oping CoWloies 7(7) 6(6) - PriYate Sector in Developed CoWlnies - 3(3) Others - - - TOTAL OF MATERIAL SENT BY YEAR (399) (590) (55 1) TOTAL OF DrFFERENT ACC. SENT BY YEAR 366 481 397 • This is number of different accessions sent to each sector . •• Numbers in parenthesis are the numbers of samples se:nt (these could include repeated accessions) Note: During 1979-94 the in vitro Manihot gennplasrn collection has distributed a total of 3,891 accesions. 1.53 1 out of 3,891 are different accessions - 43 - Table H-3. Oistribution of Tropical Forages Germplasm Number of Acces!ions ·(and samples) 1992 1993 1994 Centre Staff in Host Contry 305 (369)"" 1,005 (1,250) 1,042 ( 1 ,833) Centre Staff in Other Countries 1,168 (1,495) 296 (310) - (O) Other IARC's 153 (155) 346 (603) 44 (58) NARS in Developing Countries 578 (906) 404 (576) 846 (1 ,051) NARS in Developed Countries 175(186) 1,057 (1,07 1) 72 (72) Prívate Sector in Developing Countries 82 (125) 75 ( 104 ) 38 ( 43) Prívate Sector in Developed Countries 1 O ( 1 O) 6 (6) - o NGO - - 3 (3) - - Others 1 ( 1) 46 (50) 12 (12) Total of material sent per year (3 ,247) (3 ,973) (3 ,069) Total of different acc. sent per year ... 2,064 2,865 1,867 TIUs is number of different accessions sent to each sector. Numbers in parenthesis are the numbers of samples sent (These could include repeated accessions) TIUs is the total of different accessions sent per year NOTE: In total the tropical forages gennplasm collection has distributed 40,146 samples wruch include \ 0.834 different accessions during 1980-1994; 3 acc. (have been sent more than 100 times), 18 acc . (>505100), 153 acc. (>20550). 589 acc. (>10~0). 985 acc. (>5510), 5.068 acc . (>155) and 4,0 18 acc. sent only once. - 44 - Tab. pron j -Trait 1 l / -! Resü di se; Be; BG: An! Ant Cor Zab A ca Lea Apil Other Low Drot DI g Phas Phot 1 lnclué ~ lnclud JFM(F SB (Ste- SI Table H-4 Traits evaluated in the Phaseolus collection 1 and number of promtsmg accesswns. Traits evaluated Accessions (no.) Source3 Evaluated Pro misi.ng 2 Resistance to diseaselpest BCMV 21686 3079 FM BGMV 1660 12 FM Angular leaf spot 23848 221 MAPC/SS Anthracnose 23924 1941 MAPCISS Common bacteria! blight 23060 109 MAPC/SB Zabrotes subfasciatus 10973 12 ce Acanthoscelídes obtectus 6550 8 ce Leaf hopper 17706 487 ce Apion 1600 lOO CC,SB Other rraits Low P tolerance 2178 143 SB Drought tolerance 5156 118 JW DI genes 114 IW Phaseolin types 658 IT Photoperiod response 1655 JW l. lncludes all Phaseolus gennplasm conserved at CIA T. t lncludes approximate numbers. and sorne accessions should be rechecked for confinnation. 1 FM (Francisco Morales); MAPC (Marcial Pastor-Corrales); SS (Shree Singh); CC (Cesar Cardona); SB (Steve Beebe): JW (Jeff White); IT (Joe Tohme). - 45 - Impact. • During the period 1979-1994, a total of 203 cultivars ha ve been released in 3 7 countries in most continents, through the international nurseries established by the Bean Program. From the above, 201 (99%) were released in developing countries. Of those cultivars, 55 were selected directly from the germplasm collection without breeding. The other 148 were the result of the breeding strategies, using a wide range of progenitors selected from the gerrnplasm collection. Manihot Germplasm l . Distribution of material • 1540 in vitro materials have been distributed to research partners in the period 1992-1994. As shown in Table H-2 highest demand has been from developing country crop improvement programs, followed by advance laboratories or developed country programs . During 1979- 1994 the in vitro Manihot germplasm collection has distributed a total of 1531 different accessions, which embodies 27.4% of the designated cassava germplasm. • In addition, the CIAT Cassava Program has been a majar user of the collection. 2. Germplasm utilization and impact • Useful variability for nearly all important agronomic traits has been identified in the cassava collection. • In the last 14 years a total of 47 varieties have been released to national programs. Twenty one out of the 47 clones correspond to landraces released after adaptive evaluation without breeding, and the remaining as improved lines. Forage Germplasm l . Distribution of material • From 1980 to 1994, the tropical forages gerrnplasm distributed 40,1 46 samples ofaround 100 genera inside CIAT and to 76 countries worldwide. The above include 10,834 differen accessions which embodies 70.1% of the tropical forages designated gerrnplasm (Details o the last three years are shown in Table H-3) . - 46 - . 1 l f ; 2. Gennplasm utili zation and impact • Germplasm distributed througb evaluation networks led to releases of cultivars such as Andropogon gayanus (CIAT 621) in 10 countries, Brachiaria dictyoneura (CIAT 6133) in 8 countries, and Arachis pintoi (CIA T 17434) in 3 countries. • Since 1980, a total of 13 species were selected from gennplasm maintained in the CIA T genebank and released as commercial cultivars in 12 tropical American countries and China. (Table H-5). - 47- Table H-5. Material from the Tropical Forages Gennplasm co ll ection released as cultivars since 1980. GENUS SPECIES No. CIAT Andropogon gayanus 621 Arachis pintoi 17434 Brachiaria brizantha 6780 Brachiaria decumhens 606 /Jrachiaria dictyoneura 6133 Brachiaria humidicola 679 Centrosema acutijolium 5277 Centrosema pubescens 438 Desmodium he terocarpon 350 Leucaena leucocephala 21888 Pueraria phafieo/oides 9900 Sty losanthes capitata 10280 Sty losanthes guianensis 184 Stylosanthes guianensis 2243 Stylosanthes guianensis 2950 COUNTRY BRA, COL, CUB, CRJ, MEX, PAN, VEN, PER, NIC, HND, GTM HND, CRJ, COL BRA, MEX, VEN,CUB, CRJ COL, CRI, MEX, PAN, CUB COL, PAN, VEN, CRJ COL, MEX, VEN, PAN COL HND BRA COL MEX COL CHN, PHI, PER BRA BRA - 48 - o-'TI~ ;yo ,. ~ Q ñ.., ~¡::o o..s-;;8~~ o o .___,o Cll o ::S~-,~~= ......... o ;:J -ll> \0 0.. \OO.. Vl -· :::t. r:;o.....¡ ll> o ::r s· 5 o s· r:; o ,~ -· < ...... ~ Cll 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 .....¡ o- o en ~ l. TRAINING IN GENEBANK ACTIVITIES The SHL has trained a total of ten seed health professionals from five countries. The overall training activity of the GRU, from 1983 to 1995 has involved personnel from 22 different countries. Sixty-three people have attended courses and ftfty-five have been involved in work training at CIAT. In addition, 49 research Theses dealing with genetic resources were produced at CIA T from 1983 to 1995. "' Recommendations. made to do a classification of the training-user countries, based on the stage of development of GRU in each NARS. The information will make it possible to develop a strategy for coordinated research between NARS and CIA T, and/or service training of national researchers at CIAT headquarters, as well as the development of research projects by NARS researchers at CIA T. For those countries with different requirements a different cooperation scheme could be developed, based on training requirements. - 49 - Security of facilities and of databases 6. ext l . Interna! emergency power plants . For a long time CIA T had an interna! power plant which supplied about 40% of the Center energy requirements ; it was used for those cases when the public 7 energy was off due to a variety of reasons. Because of its limited capacity, only key areas had det priority for connection to this plant and from the very begining the Genetic Resources Unit has been (lat considered as priority for this service. ele1 Th( Because Colombia sufTered a critica! drought period three years ago ( 1991-92), and also at the same 1 CIJ time there has been an increase on the demand for energy in Colombia in the last years, the cost of 1 gas this service has increased substantial1y. Due to these reasons CIAT invested in the acquisition of a ! new system, which includes two power plants with a total capacity of 2,500 Kw., which easily 1 8. J surpasses the total CIAT needs of energy. These two plants are alredy on operation and they work and every day during the peak hours of energy requirements in the region (9:00 to 12:00, and 18:00 to SUfJ 21 :00) . Also, when unexpectedly the regional energy system fails ,. there is a system to connect inmediately all sections of the Genetic Resources Unit to these plants (Seed bank, in vitro bank., 9. ~ electrophoresis lab, herbariurn, seed health testing lab ., offices) . In addition, the old system is still syst, operational as back up to the new systern. a ye freq1 2. Duplicated cooling and drying systems-eguipment. Each one of the three rnain rooms of the seed it is bank for beans and tropical forages has a duplicate set of cooling, dehumidifying and drying lncat equipment. Each set works completely independent from the others, so that if one fails it is inmediately replaced by the other one. 3. Seed bank doors alarrns. The seed bank., for beans and tropical forages, has four metallic doors : main entrance, long term storage, short term storage and, the drying room. Each of these doors have an individual sound alarrn, which startS ringing when the corresponding door has been forced open or left open for more than one minute. This systern insures that all the doors must remain locked all the time. 4. Seed bank interna! alarrns. Although all doors can be opened from inside, each one of the fou rooms of the seed bank has a big and visible push on buttom on the inside; this can be used in case¡ that any person gets locked in any of those rooms. When the button is pushed, it triggers a nois~ alarm outside in the seed preparation room. 5. Monitoring seed bank conditions and the respective eguiprnent. There is a panel for a continou monitoring of the temperature and of the relative humidity of each one the rooms in the seed ban as well as of possible failures of the equipment. This panel is strategically located for a dayl monitoring routine. There is also a routine checking coordinated with security CIAT guar personnel, in case that something goes wrong during this period. - 50 - hich 1blic had been ' ;ame 1st of of a :asily work 00 to nnect bank. s still ! seed jryin ' ; it i doors s hav jope \ocke 6. Building fire protection. All the sections of the Genetic Resources Unit have at tea1i~~~ne fire extinguisher. In sorne laboratories, carbon gas extinguishers bave been placed because chemical powdered extinguishers are not suitable or recommended. 7. Additional fire alann protection_ There is a plan under study to install fire smoke and gas detectors in the risky areas of the Genetic Resources Unit, such as al! the sections of the in vitro bank (laboratory and storage rooms), where there are both a ternperature component and numerous electrical connections, as well as in the computers working sections for protecting the databases . These detectors will send either a signa! to a telepbone station, and/or, ring an alarm in the central CIA T security office. Tbis study is also considering the possibility of installing sprinklers of carbon gas in those risky sections, whicb can be activated as soon as a fire is detected . 8. Earthguakes. The new building, which houses the seed bank and the in vitre bank, was planned and designed with high standards against earthquakes. Tbe foundations and the shell of the building surpasses the colombian construction standards for earthquakes. 9. Back up for protection of the databases_ Befare the new CIAT interna! communication network system was establisbed last year, a routine back up of the databases on tapes was carried out twice a year on average. Under the new system, back ups of all the databases will be produced on a more frequent schedule and, if possible, on an automatic basis, as soon as the databases are updated . Also, it is worth mentioning that the original databases are on the central server of the network; this 1s located in the Information Managernent Network System (1Jv1NS) building away from the GRU - 51 - J. CONSTRAINTS • As implied in the preamble, the genetic resources collections held in trust at CIAT : ~; 'lsu ; : üc a key component of CIAT business. Initíally, CIA T assembled the germplasm co ' ~c:t i n'·l s rnainly in arder to support the breeding efforts by the Center's commodity proen: r·: .. ·:' fte increase in size ofthe collections and the acquisition of additíonal responsibilities by; : . ~: GI~ U were not always rnatched with sufficient resources ; in addition, the CGIAR-wide , nan< .al restrictions of the last few years have equally affected the GRU. To place the CG an J ClA T in accordance with the emerging global system on genetic resources, will require a concened effort geared towards improving sorne the facilities and priority operations of thc e n ter ·· genebank. In spite that CIAT has made ava.ilable sorne li.mited additional r~source~ f~' f 1995 96, the needs for the next 5-6 years are greater. Phaseolus Beans germplasm • The followi.ng needs were drawn based oo the "Genebank Standards" by F AOIJPGRJ l. Facilitv needs • Seed quality laboratory for monitoring viability. • Temporary storage room for recently harvested seed. • Additonal fieid space in a highland location to multiply and clean germplasm. 2. Staffing From 18 support personal in 1990, the beans section of the GRU has been reduced to J 3 core people since 1989. 3. P. vu!~aris: Represents 90% of the Phaseolus collection. • 16,200 accessions (63%) need seed increase. • Seed age of materials calls for routine viability monitoring for multiplícation. • Monitoring viability of wild forms of P. vulgaris • Backlog ( 6, 400 accessioos) needing processing, selecting accessions not represented in the bank. 4. P. lunatus: represents 5.0% of the collection • 1,047 accessions for seed increase to meet standards. Large seeded accessions would require lowering down "preferred standards ". • Routine seed viability rnonitoring for multiplication • Need backlog ( 1,299 accesions) processmg. - 52 - 5. Complex P. coccineus -P. polyanthus : represents 3.5% of the collection. • 550 accessions for processing to meet standards. Due to outcrossing, growth cycle, and seed size, tbese species require specialized efforts . • Need backlog (339 and 169 accessions respectively) processmg. 6. Wild Phaseolus species. non-cultivated: represents 0.6% of the collection. • Special environmental conditions (greenhouse) needed for seed multiplication, according to recent experience in tbe GRU. Manihot germplasm l . Improved representation of diversity of cassava and wild Manihot species: Of the 28 countries outside of Africa where cassava is important, 22 have donated germplasm to the world collection. Thus, germplasm of sorne entire countries and particular ecosystems is lacking. As tbe target of conservation is genetic diversity, it is important to recognize landraces in ecological regions and not only the principal varieties accounting for production acreage . • Exploration and characterization of oative babitats are oeeded and basic srudies in genetics, ecology and biogeography to cootribute to concepts of interspecific relationships and distribution of diversity . 2. Knowledge of seed biology and physiology of Manihot spp. • Wild species are outcrossing and sexually propagated, so several individuals from a population are usually collected or received in excbange as botanical seed. • Seed biology srudies are rudimeotary for the geous and little is known about managing and safe storage, dormancy or germination. Conservation methods for Manihot spp, distinct from those for cassava, remain to be established, for in vitro, in vivo and for true seed options. These joints highlight the need for research. - 53 - 1 1 1 l j 1 1 : 1 3 4. Fo • J • 1 S un expt of L An cont 3. Safety duplication • The implementation of safety duplication in other institutes is needed. Resources will be needed to cover the operational cost for duplicate conservation. 4. Improved disease indexing methodology and completion of indexation. • Improved assays for cassava vein mosaic virus (CVMV) and frogskin disease (FSD) are needed. About 41 % of the base collection and 60% of the core collection ha ve been indexed for known pathogens. Forage Germplasm Main needs in the tropical forage germplarn collection: • Formalized massive procedures for processing of germplasm through quarantine. • Increased efforts in seed multiplication • New collections with larger seed number e • Improved knowledge about breeding systems to avoid genetic drift during regeneration cycles n ;, nd be fo • Research in seed conservation to predict seed behavior in storage. Automatic routine seed viability monitoring. • Formalized seed health status for conservation and distribution. Summing up, severa) constraints experienced by CIA T GRU in the past are also often experienced by NARS in Latín America, the first one becoming evident is a formal recognition of the importance of its broader role in conservation. An expanded role of the CGIAR and CIA T in genetic resources will act as a leverage and thus contribute to keep the GRU's support at a leve) in concert with its basic responsibilities . - 54 - OPPORTUNITIES • As stated previously, CIAT's focus has shifted from a solely productivity approach to a more demanding one that includes, in addition, conservation of the natural resource base. • The very nature of the com.modities for which CIAT holds germplasrn collections in trust leads to the center to develop a strong research component, targeted on the utilization side: at the generation of information on useful sets of diversity and genepools and useful genes . on the conservation side, at a better defmition of the genetic diversity to be conserved and of methods for improved conservation. • The development of genetic maps and molecular markers technology, the integration of assessment of genetic diversity with geographic infonnation systems, the documentation of useful genes into modern databases are exarnples of initial research that will augment genetic enhancement, and genetic metbodologies for efficient conservation ex situ and in silu . The two research objectives referred to above are also pursued by country prograrnmes in areas where CIAT has already established a long tradition of technology transfer: Central America and the Andean region. Both areas share the characteristi cs of high agrobiodiversity, scarce trained human resources and limited physical resources. Therefore expectations in genetic resources towards CIAT go beyond a seed supply funct ion. • The above obviously have prograrnmatic and financia! implications. The GD-SRG has conducted a f1rst appraisal of the status and needs for upgrading the basic facilities and operations of the GRU, i.e. related to CIA T' s current mandate in genetic resources. While the fmancial requirernents needed to meet the upgrading are being defined, it is clear that under optimal funding conditions, this task would take 5-6 years . lf the current coverage of the collections is 50% for Phaseolus genus, 40% for cassava and 25-50% for tropical forages, based on geographic and ecological representation, any add itional growth of the collections will require a strong research component not only to better define the composition of the collections, but also their improved conservation and utilization. Opportunities in this area are many. • Two externa] reviews carried out at CIAT in 1994 and 1995 already indicated the opportunities for tbe GRU and BRU to strenghten already existing links and develop further complementary joint projects. • Complementary opportunities for strategíc research in agrobiodivers ity include: - Development of genetic molecular maps (saturated with different markers, and referring to genetic stocks) for studies on genetic diversity (e.g . gene flow and evolution) at O A leve!; - 55 - - Integration of GD assessment and GIS inforrnation for gerrnplasm collecting and in siru conservation; - Documentation of diversity of host plants and linkages with diversity of associated microorganisms (symbionts, pathogens) in arder to understand coevolution and to design conservation and utilization strategies; - Use of tissue culture technologies for developing in vitro gene banks; - Use of cellular and molecular technologies for bridging inter-and-intra-species barriers to gene transfer will contribute towards broadening the genetic base. - 56 - CONSTRAINTS AND ÜPPORTUNITIES Major challenges must be· overcome to ensure the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources of beans, cassava and tropical forages held in trust by CIA T . These invaluable collections result from more than forty years of work by national programs, CIA T, IPGRJ and others concemed with plant genetic resources in the Westem Hemisphere and beyond. Guaranteeing the future availability of this genetic diversity requires joint actions by CIA T, the genetic resources programs of Latín American countries, and other IARCs to confront a ranl!e '"' of problems through common agendas and joint activities that improve quality and increase efficiency. l. Safety Duplication Background Insuring the safety and full duplication of the collections of beans, cassava and forages with all pertinent information is the highest priority task. This requires improvements at CIA T as well as at the genebanks that assume responsibility for maintaining duplicares. An interrelated set of activities is involved that includes the processing of materials according to the highest intemational standards for plant health and genetic integrity as well as research to develop specific protocols that are reliable, economical and rapid. Training of national personnel in these protocols is also essential. For safe duplication, preferably as black box entries, institutions such as other IARCs, regional organizations and NARS of developing countries, as well as public labs in the region can be considered. Objectives l. To develop protocols for reliable and masstve plant health testing for the three collections; .., To expedite safe conservation and duplication by increasing the rate of multiplication and processing materials through quarantine under the highest standards in coordination with the ICA plant health office, particularly for Phaseolus beans and tropical forages . For cassava. increasing the rate of disease indexing of materials prior to dispatch will be also necessary. 3. To ensure adequate processing for effective conservation and duplication by installing a seed quality lab at CIA T, and through the development of appropriate infrastructure. and provision of needed training in recipient countries. 2. Improving conservation technologies Background Because technologies for conserving genetic material in genebanks have been developed principally for temperate species, there· is a lack of in depth knowledge of physiology and metabolism of conserved organs (seed, tissue) of important tropical species including Manihot and tropical forages. Consequently there is a lack of reliable, validated, low cost protocols appropriate to the particular requirements of these species. Current ex-situ conservation of cassava genetic resources is carried out both in the field and as in vitro cultures. Both methodologies are means to maintain germplasm for short tenn. Both interact but are unsuitable for long-tenn conservation of a gene bank. Cryopreservation offers a means for the long-term conservation of cassava genetic resources. CIA T in cooperation with IPGRI has made significant advances in developing cryopreservation of cassava shoot tips suitable for a base gene bank in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreservation of cassava shoot tips offers the opportunity to significantly reduce costs of long term maintenance as well as facilitating duplicate collections. Conversion to cryopreservation of the collection of Manihot needs to be complemented with studies to monitor the safety and genetic stability of this technique. Little is known about the seed physiology of tropical forage species, and preven protocols for conservation need to be developed. To a lesser extent similar studies are needed for wild species of Manihot and Phaseolus in order to even maintain working collections to evaluate their potential for further utilization. Objectives l. To improve efficiency in the conservation of priority tropical forage germplasm by developing physical and chernical treatments that insure the long-term viability of forage germplasm. Research in collaboration with NSSL and other labs in the region and abroad is essential for the achievement of this objective. This would also be undertaken to a lesser extent for certain undomesticated Manihot and Phaseolus species that are conserved as seed germplasm. 2. To develop the technical and logistical aspects involved in establishing and running a cassava collection under cryopreservation. This work can be carried out as a pilot project in cooperation with IPGRI, the NARS and liTA. Participation of advanced labs such as NSSL should also be considered. 3. Assuring adequate coverage of diversity in germplasm collections in both CIAT and in couotries of origin Background Genetic conservation is effective only to the degree that the full range of diversi n· is conserved. The evaluation of extent and representativity of the biological and ¡tf'net . al diversity contained in the collections held in trust at CIA T is required to assure th;¡; a f'ull range of diversity is adequately conserved. This involves understanding the pa~r .• 11:.. and distribution of natural diversity as well as susceptibility to genetic erosion. This ass~-: .-;:; :-nent is particularly needed for cultivated and wild species of Manihot and Phaseolus. It woui.l be conducted in collaboration with NARS and universities in Latín America in order to attain an in-depth and fast assessment. Objectives J. To appraise, in collaboration with NARS, in situ diversity in reiation to pn:::cnt holdings to ensure that biological and genetic diversity is fully understood rensen, M. (ed.), DSR Tryk Publishers, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 3-15 . - 63 - * 8. Debouck, D. G. 1993. Importancia del germoplasma surandino en la producción y la mejora de la chaucha. In : "Recursos genéticos hortícolas", Clausen, A. M . (ed.), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Mar del Plata, Argentina, pp. 149-163 . * 9. Debouck, D. G. and Libreros Feria, D . 1995. Neotropical montane forests : a fragi1e home of genetic resources of New World crops. Mem. NY Bot. Gard., special issue: in press. 1 O. Debouck, D. G. and Smartt, J. 1995. Beans Phaseolus spp. (Leguminosae-Papilionatae). In: "Evolution of Crop Plants. Second Edition", Sirnmonds, N.W . and Smartt, J. (eds .), Longman, London, United Kingdom, pp. 287-294. * 11. Escobar , R ; G . Mafla; and W .M. Roca. 1993. Cryopreservation of cassava shoot tips . Proceedings, First Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, 25-28 Aug. 1992 Canagena. Roca, W .M. and A.M. Thro (ed) . CIAT. Cali, Colombia. 12. Florez, C.; G. Chuzel; J.Mayer . 1993 . Characterization of bacteria! amylolytic activities during cassava sa lid state fermentation. Proceedings, First Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, 25-28 Aug. 1992 Cartagena. Roca, W .M. (ed). CIA T. Cali, Colombia. * 13 . Gepts, P. and Debo u e k , D. G. 1991. Origin, domestication, and evolution of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In: "Common beans: research for crop improvement", van Schoonhoven, A. and Voysest, O. (eds.), Cornmonwealth Agricultura! Bureaux Intemational, Wallingford, United Kingdom, pp. 7-53 . * 14. Hidalgo R 1991. CIA T' s world Phaseolus collection. In: "Common beans: research for crop improvement" , van Schoonhoven, A. and Voysest, O. (eds .), Commonwealth Agricultura! Bureaux Intemational, Wallingford, United K.ingdom, pp. 163- 197. * 15 . Hida lgo, R 1991. Conservation Ex-Situ . In: "Técnicas para el manejo y uso de Recursos Genéticos Vegetales" . Raúl Castillo, Jaime Estrella y Cesar Tapia (eds .). Departamento de Recursos Fitogenéticos-INlAP. Quito, Ecuador. pp. 71-87. * 16. Hidal~o, R , Rubiano, H., and Toro, O. 1992. Catá logo de germoplasma de frijo l común, Phaseolus vulgaris L. . Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia, Documento de Trabajo No. 114. - 64 - rr bé D .!.- 1l R B c. A. ,* de ut ge 25 Be: * ex V. Af Ca 21 tor ed~ 22. fro A u 23 . res eds 24. Im¡ Bra e:~ \7 . Hodgkin, T. and Debouck, D. G. 1992. Sorne possible applications of molecular geneti cs in the conservation of wild species for crop improvement. In: "Conservation of plant genes - DNA banking and in vitro biotechnology", Adarns, R.P. and Adarns, J.E. (eds.), Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California, USA, pp. 153-181. !- 18. Hopkinson, J. M., de Souza, F. H. D., Diulgheroff, S., Ortiz, A. ; and Sanchez, M. 1995 . Reproductive physiology, seed production, and seed quality of Brachiaria. In: Miles, J. W .; Maass, B. L. , C. B. Do and Kumbe, V. (eds.) . The Biology, Agronomy, and Improvement of Brachiaria. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (E.MBRAPA), Cali, Colombia. (in press). ~ * 19. Iwanaga, M.; Ayala, M.E.; Ocampo, CH.; Hershey, C. 1993 . Caracterización de la colección de Colombia del gennoplasma de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) por electroforesis P AGE utilizando la isoenzirna a.B-esterasa. In: Memorias del II Simposio Latinoamericano sobre Recursos genéticos de especies hortícolas y XIV Congreso Argentino de Horticultura. La Plata, Argentina, 22- 25 de septiembre 1991, A. M. C lausen y col. (eds .) . Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina. pp. 244-258. * 20. Keller-Grein, G.; Maass, B.L. and Hanson, J. 1995. Natural variation m Brachiaria and existing germplasm collections . Chapter 2, in: Miles, J.W.; Maass, B.L. ; Valle, C.B . do and Kumble, V. (eds.). The Biology, Agronorny, and Improvernent of Brachiaria. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Cali, Colombia. (in press) 21. Lapitan, NLV., MW. Gana!, MW. Bonierbale, and SD. Tanksley. 1990. Genetic analysis ofthe tomate nuclear genome. pp. 123-135 In: Horticultura! Biotechnology, AB. Bennen and SD. O 'Nei ll, eds., Wiley-Liss, Inc. 22. López, Y.; W. VeJez; M. El-Sharkawy; J.Mayer. 1993 . Biochemical characterization of PEPC from cassava. Proceedings, First Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Networ.k, 25-28 Aug. 1992 Cartagena. Roca, W .M. (ed). CIAT.Cali, Colombia. 23. McCouch, S.R., R. Nelson, J. Tohme and R.S. Zeigler. 1994. Molecular mapping of blast resistance genes in rice. Proc. Intl. Symp. on Rice Blast Disease. R.S. Zeigler, S. Leong and P. Ten, eds ., Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux, Int. , pp. 167-186. 24. Miles, J.W .; Maass, B.L.; Valle, C.B. do and Kumble, V. (eds .). 1995. B io logy, Agronomy, and Improvement of Brachiaria. Centro Internacional de· Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Cali, Colombia. (in press ) - 65 - / / 25. Miles, J.W.; Roca, W.M. and Tabares, E. 1989. Assessment of somac!ona! vanatiOn in Stylosanthes guianensis, a tropical forage legume. In: A Mujeeb-Kazi and L.A. Sitch (eds.), Review of Advances in Biotechnologv. Mexico, D.F., CIM1vfYT and IR.Rl. * 26. Pineda-L, B., Huertas C. A., Iwanaga M. and Morales F. 1995 . Intemational Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).( Se_ed health testing facilities for the safe exchange of plant germplasm) In: Kahn, Robert and Mathur (eds). Exclusion of Exotic Plant Pests and Pathogens: Containment Facilities and Safeguards. (in press). 27. Plaisted, RL., MW. Bonierbale, GC. Yencho, O. Pineda, WM. Tingey, J. Van den Berg, EE. Ewing, and BB. Brodie. 1994 . Patato improvement by traditional breeding and opportunities for new technologies. In: The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Patato. M.E . Vayda and W .D. Park (eds.), CAB Intemational , Oxon, UK. 28 . Roca, W .M., Mafia, G., Segovia, R. J. 1991. Costo mínimo de un laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos vegetales. In: Roca, W .M., Mroginski, L.A. (eds.). Cultivo de tejidos en la agricultura: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones, pp. 912-920. * 29. Roca, W.M., Nolt, B., Malla, G., Roa, J .C., Reyes, R 1991 . Eliminaci ón de virus y propagació n de clones en la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) In: Roca, W.M., Mroginski, L.A. (eds .), Cultivo de tejidos en la agricultura: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones, pp. 403-42 1. 30. Roca, W.M. and A.M. Thro. (eds.). 1993. Proceedings of the First Intematíonal Scientific meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network. Cartagena, Colombia. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia 496p. 31. Roca, W. and Mroginski, L. (eds) . 1991. Cultivo de Tejidos en la Agricultura: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones. CIAT, Cali-Colombia, p. xii, 970. 3 2. Roca, W .M.; Angel, F.; Sarria, R. and Malla, G. 1992. Future initiatives in biotechno!ogy research for tropical agriculture: the case of cassava. In D.K. McCorwick, (ed.), Advanceds in Gene Techno!ogy: Feeding the World in the 21st Centurv, 1992 Miami Bio/technology Winter Symposium, Miami, FL. 33 . Roca, W .M. and Nolt, B. 1989. Tissue culture micropropagation and CIAT biotechnology research. Strenthening collaboration in biotechnology: Internationa! agricultura! research and the prívate sector. Washington, D.C., pp. 77-92. 34. Roca, W.M., J.E. Mayer, M.A. Pastor-Corrales, J. Tohme (eds) . Advanced Biotechno!ogy Research Network (BARN), CIAT, Calí, Colombia. 431 p. - 66 - l 1 1 ·~ 1 J( R R 3 ~ ( gf er * / an A R( * de * ~ trc A! * ge Fo 42 Po Ze In l. Gc 25· 2. me Co * m 36. Roca, W.M. and Nolt, B. 1989. Tissue culture micropropagation and CIAT Biotechnology Research. In: J. Cohen (ed.). Strengthening Collaboration in B iotechnology: Intemational Agricultura! Research and the Prívate Sector: AID, Washington, D.C. p.77-92 37. Szabados, L., Nuñez, L.M. Tello, L.M., Mafla, G., Roa, J .C., Roca, W .M. 1991 Agentes { gelanitizadores en el cultivo de tejidos. In: Roca, W .M ., Mroginski, L.A. (eds.). Cultivo de tejidos en la agricultura: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones, pp. 79-93 . * / 38. Tohme, J. ; P. Jones; S. Beebe and M . lwanaga. 1994. The combined use of agroecological and characterization data to establish the CIAT Phaseolus vulgaris core collection. In: T. Hadgking, A.H. Brown, J.J .L. Van Himtum and E.A.V. Morales (eds). Core Collections of Plant Genetic Resources . IBPGR. A Wiley-Sayce Publication. * 39. Toro, 0., Tohme, J. and Debouck, D. G. 1990. Wild bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ): description and distribution. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia, 1 06p. * 40. Torres G., A.M., Belalcázar, J., Maass, B.L. & Schultze-Kraft, R. 1993. Inventory of tropical forage species maintained at CIAT. Working document No. 125 . Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIA T), Cali, Colombia. 36 p. * 41. Valls, J.F.M .; Maass, B.L. and Lopes, C.R. 1994. Genetic resources of wild Arachis and genetic diversity . Chapter 3, in: Kerridge, P.C. and Hardy, B. (eds.) Biology and Agronomy of Forage Arachis. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, pp. 28-42. 42. Zeigler, R.S., J . Tohme, R. Nelson, M. Levy and F. Correa-Victoria. 1994. From Gene to Population: The road to Durable Blast Resistance? Proc. Intl. Symp. on Rice Blast Disease. R.S. Zeigler, S. Leong and P. Ten, eds ., Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux, Int. , UK, pp. 267-292. In Proceedings: 1 Balcazar, M. S. y Pineda B. L . 1993. Bacteria antagónica a Macrophomina phaseolina. (Tass) Gold. presente en semillas de frijol. In: Memorias XIV Congreso ASCOLFI, Santa Marta, Agosto 25-27, p. 104. 1993 . 2. Bravo O. N ., Pineda, B. & Hidalgo, R. 1994. Determinación de la patogenicidad del virus del mosaico común del frijol( BCMV) en extractos de semillas de Phaseolus vulgaris. In: Memorias )(V Congreso ASCOLFI, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Agosto 3 1- Setiembre l. 199 5, p. 1 O * 3. Claros, J .L. , Debouck, D.G., Andrade, M., Iwanaga, M. 1993 . Srudies of Genetic Diversity m Wild Phaseolus vulgaris Using Phaseolin and Isoenzymes. In: Roca, W .M ., Mayer, M.A., - 67 - t. .-· / Corrales, M.P., Tohme, J. (eds). Phaseolus Bean Advanced Biotechnology Research Network (BARN). Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting. CIAT, Cali, Co lombia. 7-1 o September, 1993 . pp. 123-127. * 4. Debouck, D.G. 1994. Evolución en las especies cultivadas de frijol : la opinión de un herético. Proceedings of the ll th Latin American Congress of Genetics, Monterrey, Mexico, 25-30 September 1994, pp. 29-65. 5. Debouck, D.G. and Libreros Feria, D. 1993 . Salsa picante, o una breve historia del ají (Capsicum) en Colombia. Proceedings of the 5th Meeting on Promiseful Plant Resources, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, pp. 1-18. * 6. Escobar, R. M., Roca, W . M ., Mafla, G., Roa, J. 1994. In vitro conservation of genetic . resources: The case of cassava. CIAT (Interna! Circulation). 23 p. * 7. Gutiérrez, J. P., Toro, 0., Beebe, S. and Tohme, J . 1994. Analysis of the wild core collection with RAPO markers: Case of the Colombian wild P. vulgaris. In: "Phaseolus Beans Advanced Biotechnology Research Network - BARN", Roca, W . M., Mayer, J. E., Pastor-Corrales, M. A. and Tohme, J. (eds.), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia, pp. 134- 138. * 8. Hershey, C.; Iglesias, C.; lwanaga, M. and Tohme, J. 1992. DeflllÍtion of a core collection for cassava. Report of the first meeting of the International Network for Cassava Genetic Resources . CIAT, Cali-Colombia, August 18-23 . * 9. Hidalgo, R 1995 . Conservación Ex-Situ. En: "Memorias. Curso de Documentación de Recursos Fitogenéticos" . Auspiciado por Universidad Nacional de Colombia, IPGRI y CIAT. Palmira, Abril 24-28, 1995. pp. 33-41. 1 O. Maass, B. L. and Bojórquez, C. L. 1993 . Performance of subterranean clover in the central .-'\ndes of Peru. Proc. XVII International Grassland Congress. Vol. l. New Zealand Grassland Association, Tropical Grasslands Society of Australia, New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Australian Society of Animal Production, Queensland Branch, and New Zealand Institute of Agriculrural Science, Palmerston Nonh, New Zealand. p. 672-674. * 11 . Maass, B.L. and Schultze-Kraft, R. 1993 . Characterisation and preliminary evaluation of a large germplasm collection of the tropical forage legume Stylosanthes scabra Vog. Proc. XVII Intemational Grassland Congress. Vol. 3. New Zealand Grassland Association, Tropical Grasslands Society of Australia, New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Australian Society of Animal - 68 - Prc No * 1 Ce1 Ze¿: Ani lns1 * Cer. Jul) * !/ In v mee p. It * 1 sobr 77. 16. matt pers *, (Ma. Con ~ * ¡ ofth Mee· w . .rv *, DN! 1 1 1 Production, Queensland Branch, and New Zealand Institute of Agricultura! Science, Palmerston No rth, New Zealand. p. 2151-2153 . * 12. Maass, B.L. & Torres G. A.M. 1993. A flower colour marker in the tropical forage legume Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. Proc. XVII Intemational Grassland Congress. Vol. 3 . New Zealand Grassland Association, Tropical Grasslands Society of Australia, New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Australian Society of Animal Production, Queensland Branch, and New Zealand Institute of Agricultura! Science, Palmerston North, New Zealand. p. 2149-2151 . * 13 . Maass, B.L. & Torres G. A. M. 1992. Outcrossing in the Tropical Forage Legume Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. Abstracts of the Xlll EUCARPIA Congress, 465-466 . 6-11 July 1992, Angers, France. _y.* 14. Mafla, G., Roca, W.M., Reyes, R, Roa, J.C., Muñoz, L. Baca, A.E ., Iwanaga, M . 1992. In vitro management of cassava gennplasm at CIA T. In: ' Proceedings of first intemational scientific meeting of the cassava Biotechnology network' . Roca W.M., Thro A.M. (eds.),Canagena, Colombia. p.168-174. * 15. Mafla, G. 1994. Conservación de gennoplasma In vitro . In: ' Memorias I Seminario Nacional sobre Biotecnología' . King C., Osario J., Salazar L.(eds .). Universidad del Tolima. Colombia, pp 65- 77. 16. Mafla, G., Roa, J.C., Roca, W .M. 1990. Micropropagaci ón de la yuca para la producción de material de siembra libre de enfermedades. En:' La nueva Biotecnolog ía. Fundamentos, usos y perspectivas. ICA' . Jararnillo,J. y Agudelo,O. (eds.) pp 91-101. * 17. Mario, M.L., Malla, G., Roca, W .M., and Withers, L.A. 1990. Conservation of cassava (Manihor escu/enta Crantz): The role of cryopreservation. In: Proceedings of the Vllth Intemational Congress on plant tissue and cell culture, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 June 1990. pp 37 1. * 18. Ocampo, C.H.; Hershey, C. ; Iglesias, C. ; Iwanaga, M. 1993 . Esterase isozyme fingerprinting of the cassava gerrnplasm collection held at CIA T. In: Proceedings of the First Intemationa1 Scientifi c Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN), Canagena, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992, W.M. Roca and A.M . Thro (eds.). Cali, Colombia: CIAT (Working Document No. 123). pp. 81-89. * 19. Ocampo, C.H.; Angel, F.; Jimenez, A. ; Jararnillo, G.; Hershey, C. and Granados, E. 1994. DNA Fingerprinting to confinn possible genetic duplicates in cassava gennplasm . Proceedings of the - 69 - ~- / Second Intemational Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN), Bogor, Indonesia 22-26 August 1994. (in press). * 20. Roa, J.C. , Mafla, G., Roca, W.M., Pineda, B., Nolt, B.L. 1987. Elimination of cassava (Manihot escu/enta Crantz) viruses by thermotherapy and meristem tip culture. In: ' abstract of Intemational Congress of plant tissue culture tropical species' . Angarita, A.(ed.) . Bogotá, Colombia. * 21. Roca, W. M., Rodríguez, J., Beltrán, J. D, Mafla, G., Roa, J.C. 1982. Método de mantenimiento e intercambio de germ.oplasma de yuca. In: Roca, W .M ., Hershey, C.D ., Malamud, O.S. , eds . Taller Latinoamericano sobre intercambio de germoplasma de papa y yuca. Memorias, Cali . CIAT (03SC-6 (82)) pp 135- 151. * 22. Roca, W. M., Rodríguez, J., Beltrán, J.D., Mafla, G., Roa, J.C. 1982. Tissue culture for the conservation and intemational exchange of germplasm. In: ' Piant Tissue Culture Proc' . Fifth In t. Cong. (A Fujiwara, ed) Tokyo, Japan. pp. 771-772. * 23 . Sarria, R.; Ocampo, C.H. ; Ramírez, H. ; Hershey, C. ; Roca, W.M. 1993 . Genetics of esterase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase isozymes in cassava. In: Proceedings of the First Intemational Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN), Cartagena, Colombia 25-28 August 1992, W.M. Roca and A.M . Thro (eds .) . Caii, Colombia: CIAT (Working Document No. 123). pp.75-80. * 24.· Schmit, V., Muñoz, J.E., Du Jardín, P., Baudoin, J.P., and Debouck D.G. 1994. Phylogenetic srudies of sorne Phaseolus taxa on the basis of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms. In : "Phaseolus Beans Advanced Biotechnology Research Network - BARN" , Roca, W . M ., Mayer, J. E ., Pastor- Corrales, M. A. and Tohme, J. (eds.), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical , Cali, Colombia, pp. 69-75. * 25 . Tohme, J. ; Jones, P .; Beebe, S. and Iwanaga, M. 1994. The combined use of agroecological and characterization data to establish the CIAT Phaseolus vulgaris core collection. In T. Hodgkin, A.H.D. Brown, Th. J.L. Van Hintium and E.A.V. Morales (Eds), Core collections of plant Genetic Resources, J. Wiley&Sons, Chichester, U.K. pp. 95-107. * 26. Tohme, J., James, P., Beebe, S., lwanaga, M. and Toro, O. 1994. Forming a core collection of Phaseolus vulgaris L. In: "Phaseolus Beans Advanced Biotechnology Re·search Network- BARN", Roca, W. M., Mayer, J. E., Pastor-Corrales, M. A. and Tohme, J. (ed.), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali , Colombia, pp. 118-122. * 27. Triana, B., Iwanaga, M., Rubiano, H. , Andrade, M. 1993 . A Study of Allogamy in Wild Phaseolus vulgaris. In: Roca, W.M ., Mayer, M.A., Corrales, M.P., Tohme, J. (eds) . Phaseolus Bean Advanced Biotechnology Research Network (BARN). Proceedings of the Second Intemational Scientific Meeting. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 7-10 September, 1993 . pp. 97-103 . - 70 - ct z A In ~ * 28. Valle, C.B. do; Maass, B.L.; Almeida, C.B. and Costa, J.C.G. 1993 . Morphological characterisation of Brachiaria germplasm. Proc. XVII Intemational Grassland Congress. Vol. J. New Zealand Grassland Association, Tropical Grasslands Society of Australia, New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Australian Society of Animal Production, Queensland Branch, and New Zealand Instirute of Agricultura! Science, Palrnerston North, New Zealand. p. 208-209. - 71 - BEAN GERMPLASM SECTION Positioo Years/ N ame GRU Undergraduate Jevel Functions GRU Hidalgo . Rigoberto Associate Ing.MSc. Agronomist Curator 18 Engineer Rubiano, Hember Assist.I Agronomist Engineer Multiplication,regeneration.ch 20 aracaterization.conserva- tion.distribution. Toro. Orlando Exp. I Tnlg. Agropecuary Introduction.fust increase of 21 germplasm. co ll ecting expeditions. Arana. Gilberto Tech. III High shcool complete Field characterization- 17 multiplication Becoche. Hector Tech. Ill High school íncomplete Greenhouse rruúntenance. 15 gernúnation tests Herrera. Jorge L. Tech. ill High shcool incomplete Field multiplication 17 Castillo, Heynar Worker 1 High school incomplete Inventory control 12 Córdoba, Poñlrio Worker 1 High school incomplete Field cha.racterization- 9 multiplication Ortiz. Ignacio Worker 1 High school complete Seed classification- 7 distribution Gil. Fanny Worker 11 Technician Chemical Seed classification- 7 Analysis distribution Pérez. Gloria Worker 11 H•6h school complete Seed classification- JO distribution Garzón. Luis E. Tech. l1 Tec. Agro-Industrial Increase and rruúntenance of 21 gennp lasm in Palmi.ra station stations' Guetocue. Lino J. Worker 11 High shcool incomplete Increase and maintenance of 13 germplasm in Popayan stations' Valencia. Guillermo Tech. II 4 Systerns semester Prelimin.ary characterization 8 and data transcriptions green- house and mesh-house Total Bean Gi:nnplasm sectioo: 14 - 72 - CASSAVA GERMJ>LASM SECTION Position Years/G N ame GRU Graduate leve) Functions RU Guevara, Claudia Associate MSc. Agronomy Curator 1 PhD. Agronomy Mafla, Graciela Assist.I Biologist-Botany 1981-1990: Tissue Culture 15 Laboratory in BRU. worXing in cleaning of virus, short-term conservation and long- term conservation. 1991 - present: in charge of the In vitro Management of Manihot germplasrn at CIAT Reyes Raúl Lab. I Biologist (Botany) Inte:rchange and 6 Conservation Roa Julio Cesar Exp. I Biologist Cleaning and 6 Conservation Velasquez Elena Tec. I Biologist (Genetics) M.icropropagation in vitro 1 Montoya, Aseneida Worker I1 Executiv Secretary Cleaning glasses, 6 Greenhouse activities Urrea, Cannen Worker Il High school incomplete M.icropropagation and 6 Iaboratory activities Total Cassava Germplasm set:tion: 7 To - 73 - FORAGES GERMPLASM SECTION Position Years/ N ame GRU Undergnaduate level Function!l GR Ortiz. Amanda Associate Lic. in Biology and Curator 5 Chemistry MSc. Seed Technology Torres. Alba Marina Assist .II Biologist Curator of CIA T herbarium 7 Carabali Nehenúas Tech. 1 High school complete Coordination of the activities 2 held in Quilichao and Popayan st.ation · s Ciprian Arsenio Tech. 1 High school complete and Coordination of t.he field 18 Technician of systems activities of Palmira' s st.ation and data management Morales Orlando Tech. III High school imcomplete Long T enn conservation and 18 seed testing for monitoring Reinoso Benjamín Tech. III High school complete and Maintenance of t.he field 3 basic courses on computer Palmira and now support programs worl< in herbarium Zambrano Lorenzo Tech. lii High school incomplete and Short tenn conservation. 17 basic courses on computer gennplasm disnibution and programs initial germination for multiplication Tabares. Ariel WorliSc. Rlcokrto Hldalco Curator. Genctic Rcsourccs Unit ~iSc . Amanda Ortiz Cuntor. Gencuc Rcsourccs Unit :-.1sc. Bcnpun in Pineda Sccd Hcalth l..abontOI")", Gcnctic Rcsourccs L'nit ~iS.: . \tercedes Andrade Statastacs. Gcncti.: Rcsourcos lJnit MSc. Jaime Unlinol.a Plant Quaranunc. !CA ~ 79 - Appendix 1 AFLP B BARN BC~IV BOT BP BRA BRt; e CATIE CBD COl\" CENAR.GEX CG CGJAR. CGIAR·GR CHN CIAT CIM~IYT COL CIP CP CRI CsX\" Ct;B DG dsR.-.;A f.~IBRAP .:. F F.->..0 FSD GD GD-SRG GIS GR GRL" GTI.I ID:D ACRONYMS Asnplified Frll.gment Length Polymorphisms !kan Jk.., Advanced Research S~ork !kan Conunon Mosaic Virus Board of Trw~es Bea.n Progl'rn Br.uil Bio~chnology Research Unit Cassava Centro Agronomico Tropical de !nvestigacion y Eru<ñanza Convention of Biolog.ical Divenity Cassava Common Mosaic Virus Centro Na.cional de Recursos G·ara (CG) (.\lanihor Gerrnplasm) Corree Break GIS Lunch Panel meeting and Report writing Cocktail SATURDAY AUGUST 5 Morning Open for Panel Business 13 :00 - 14:30 14 30 - 15:00 15:00 - 18:00 SUNDA Y AUGUST 6 8:00 - 10:30 11 :00 Round Tab1e Discussion (RH. DP, WR, DD. SB. JT. BM, AB. RH. CG. AO) R. Havener, Director General Panel meeting Panel meeting Depanure for Cali Airport - 82 - .. A~ fol'>. ... ' L_~ 1 • .-- J L._"' ·~ L 1 ~L: L~ (1"' ~ .. _ .. C'UN S U 1 .T .'\T 1 V 1 ~ < iR e ll J!' ()N 1 N 1 1: I n-~ A 1 1< lN t\1 i\ l i 1{ 11 ·¡ 11:1 1 mi\ 1 . 1{ 1 ~S F t\1« '11 TECII I'I IC!\1 . ¡\ f>V ISOI{Y ( 'tHvl ~ . lfT IVF /\ NI) Cl il¡\1{ SFl 'I{I •:T/\ 1{ 1/\T REPORT OF Tlll~ FIFTI-1 EXTERNAL PROGRAM!YIE AND MANAGEIVIENT REVIEW OFTIIE C ENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGHICULTURA TROI>JCAL (ClAT) TAC SECR ETAJUAT FOOD AND A GRJCULTURE ORGANfZATION O ro THE UNITED N ATIONS /\ pril 2000 ,. ., -. lll 1 Centre, and at !he same time tllc VISI IS ll ave siiPng rcpr cscnl:ltional va luc in the fi c ld . llav ing a Board membcr in tow may givc occ1sion I(J r ficld slaíf lo rc inforce irnport ant contacts with host governrncnts ami othcr pa rt ncrs. Thc Board intcracts more frequcntly with the scientifi c sta ff at CIAT Headquarters, but this sccms lo be a nwtter or personal nnd profcssional interest rather than a dcliberate part of its program of ac ti vities . The advantagc of such interaction is that it allows thc lJoard mcmbcrs lo appreciatc in more depth hoth the CfAT program. and the environment in which the sc icntists are worki ng. lssucs such as securi ty, spousal employmenl , security o f tcnurc, carcer planning and l':lmily illlplications of employmcnt at CIA Tare speci fi c lo context. Board mernbers necd lo he aware o r the whole picture in on.ler lo make appropriate decisions on policies t1ml priorit ics . /\rguab ly, thi s was a factor in the departurc of tite prcvious Director Genera l. The l'ancl 11rgcs the members o f the Boanlto im;rease their interactions with CI/\T staffhnth :1l hc:Hiquartcrs ami in the fi eld . 8.1.5.7 Varia CIA T's Constitution anJ By-laws are clcar and accessib le. The Board Handbook is a valuaiJ ie reference too l, kep t current by th•:: Board Secrctary . Board Members are covercd by bcalth, accident antl liabi lity illsurnncc. Thc Board has atlopted the "Refcrence Guides on Roles. Rcsponsib ilitics, ami /\ccnuntnbility of Centre Boarcls of Tnrstccs" :. :~ blishcd by thc CG I/\R Secrclari ils and l'l anl Nutrition; Hillsidcs; and Land \ Jo:;c: while Syste111w ilk Soil , Water ami Nutrition; IPI\tl ami thc fom1cr forest l'vlargins Pwgram wcre linkcd tu a rcvicw. Projecls nol covcrcd by a review during thc pcriod wcrc Rural 1\grocntcrprises. Linbgcs with NA.RS, famter Participatory Research, fmpact t\sscssnJcnl. Econ::gional Progr:-tlll for Tropical Latin America ami the former Savannah Program. All CCERs mentioned thc quality o f science, although most of tbe assessments were based on observations of thc pnnel ami thcir cxpcricnce, ami none imlicated the use of quantitative evaluation methods. Ncverthcles~. the CCERs did discuss qua lity of science explicitly, which aided the work ofthe Panel. The CCERs were use fui lo the Panel 's dcliberations ami made its tasks easier. The Panel emphasises that it comments in diffcrent chnpters on thc opinions presentcd by the CCER.: ami in mosl cases the Panel expresses its ap.rcement. Thc Panel commends Clt\T's Board for com111i ss ioning the CCERs and for their quality- which in most cases w:-~s quite high · anJ for its plnns íor CCERs in the future. Each presented well argued, provoking recon11nendatiPIJS and suggcs tions. The Panel was concemed that in some cases thc fo\low-up to the CCERs may not have bcen consistent. The Panel believes the Centre would benefit from a CCER on the broader NRM work aml on participatory resc<1 rch. ~.,.... ....:.~·· ·,::~.:-""'F;,"'t/;•:·.':. ·,'.'f Table 7.1 ":_-;;l·.,~:o.~! _:: ! ···~~ ...... ,. ,. ·"·· \': . . COVERAGE OF CIAT PROJECTS BY CENTER-COMMISSIONED EXT ERNAL REVIEWS (CCER), 1995 - 1999 k.ERJ ' llill- Forest 1 Savann :.lh CCER, ss. SB2 IP1 IPz IP3 IP~ IP5 P E1 PEz Si !les PE~ PEs SN 1 SNz SN3 BP 1 sw. SWz sw3 ""'" 1 Date PE3 Plant Nutrilion f:'~~~ ., . _ . .. , ,.;, 1 i< :: ~ ·. r.~· -~ .l , -~ .· ... & :\gn~ullure . ·~· · . ... : Systems ::·e .· • • 199') ~~:~~-~:· ;--~ -;.: . C.:unmolllly i lmprnvcmc:nl 1 • • • • . ·-' ~-- 1 l'.l9l! • • 1 --· 1 1 Geneuc 1 - . .::· 1 1 ' Resources - ¡ • • 1 S: 8 1o1ech. .. . 1 1 I 'J97 \ \ i ¡ 1 1 1 1 R~source 1 • 1 1· ~ 1 1 ,._ .. ' . , :O.bnagement ·-· 1 1'.>95 1 - · • • • • 1 1 - - ¡ 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ICER-CGIAR ¡· 1 1 1 1 1 : ! 1 i 1 1 Gc:nebank • 1 1 i Operauons • • • • 1 ')> Please note that it w1ll not be possible to include lhe responses provided by CIA T to the summary comments of the report. Most Centres responded only to the recommendations in their reports . Therefore. for sake of consistency, we planto include only the responses to the recomrnendations in the Annex which will be published. Please note also that Recommendation number 1 has been removed from the list of recommendations in the report and from the responses. There was no mention of recommendation 1 m the body of the report and Prof. lnnes has therefore suggested we rernove it from the list of recornrnendalions, but that 1n order lo accommodate CIAT's response a line be added atthe bottom of the sumrnary comments lo lhe effect thal "The Panel noted lhe heavy demands made on lhe GRU by the Commodity Programrnes". 1 understand that you will be away from the beginning of next week. 1 hope that by rece1ving the document today you will have a chance ~o review 11. We look forward lo receiving your response . Thank you. La y la ' .. • • 1 COMMENTS/RECOMMENDA TIONS The Panel noted that CIA T was reviewing the future of the GRU and thnt ,1bro,1d, for m,1terials d istributed within the hos t country. l\.espo 11se to Recol ll lltelld a tioll 5 The SHL focuses on checkíng materials s hípped outside CIAT (nurseries, etc) by commodity programmes (2/3 of the 2,201) accessions checked Jnnu,llly o n J\·erage). In the future, ,1nd in addition, the SHL is expccted to: l) check lw,1lth él~pects tribu te informatinn c1S d;1tab<1Ses llll gene tic distances be tween accessíons, wh.ich will improve the efficiency of the use of germplas m in breeding programs. Respo 11sc tu R ecU IILJttc1ld atiu tz 17 . The GRU can provide such information only for those accessions thélt have been included in specific genetic diversity s tudies, either with the BRU l)f with thc commodity programmes. _This information, vvhen avait1ble, will be distributed toge ther with the passport d.1ta. Rccottttnentfrztioll 18 lS. A d.1ssification should be m,1de of the trauung-user countrÍL'S, b,1sed on the stage of de\·elopment of GRU in each NARS. The info rm,1tion will tn<1ke it 1-~ossible to develop a strategy for coordin,1ted re5e,1rd1 between NARS and CL-\ T, ;md / o r service training of national rese;u-chers at CIAT he,Kiqu,lrters. as \vel! as the dendopment nf research projects by NARS researchers J t Clr\ T ResiJunse tu Recuntntelldatiun 18 " u Th.is recommendation wil l soon be dea lt w ith by the [nter-institution;d Rel,ltionships Office of ClA T