NEW RESEARCH DIVISION TARGETS LJN MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN AN EFFORT TO HELP SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTE TO THE UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, (Ip ESTABLISHED A NEW RESEARCH DIVISION IN 2003 TO IMPROVE TARGETING AND DO A BETTER JOB OF MONITORING IMPACT CIP's new Impact Enhancement Division, which will be operational by the end of 2004, will focus on research in 33 target countries covering eight regions and a variety of agro-ecologies. This is one of the key outcomes of the nearly 18 months of analysis and consultation involved in the Center's visioning exercise, through which CIP scientists and management concluded that the delivery of greater benefits to the poor will require a realignment of the way the Center targets and evaluates its research. "CIP can no longer assume that simply increasing agricultural productivity will push people out of poverty or contribute to global development goals," says economist Keith Fuglie. "That assumption was fundamental to many of our past successes, but we now operate under vastly different circumstances. In today's world, productivity increases will not provide the leverage needed to crack hardcore poverty, reduce child mortality, or lessen the impact of global warming." Fuglie, who heads the Center's new Impact Enhancement Division, notes that CIP's last priority-setting exercise, conducted in 1997, produced the first CIP strategy to explicitly address both poverty and environmental issues. That exercise, he says, led to a repositioning of Center research to the targeting of broad poverty-stricken areas in northeast India, Bangladesh, the interior provinces of China, and Central Africa. "Much of that research," says Fuglie, "is now contributing millions of dollars in benefits," (see Impact of C/P-related technologies, next page) . er, 0 0 N ::; cr: < =:if] '-' a... "- - Impact of CIP-related technologies' Technology Country Time span Returns on invest ment2 General Specific for project Internal rate Net present Pover '/>/ appra isa l of return value conte (% ) (million$) (%) Varieta l Lat e blight res istance Rwanda, 1978-1 993 92 27 .0 85 and improved seed Bu ru ndi, Zai re Res ista nce t o Ch ina 1978- 2000 106 11.9 71 drought and viruses Lat e blight res istance Pe ru 1979-2020 27 5.4 31 Integrated pest Potato t uber moth Tunis ia 1976-2000 64 6.4 18 management Sweet potato weevil Domin ican 1989- 2019 29 1.1 55 Repub lic Sweet potato weevil Cuba 1993-2020 65 21.7 32 Andean potato weevil Peru 1988-2018 32 1.8 31 Seed Rapid m ultip lication Vietnam 1978- 1993 81 2.1 52 and late-blight -resist ant va rieties True potato seed India 1978- 2015 29 18 60 Sweet potat o-virus- China 1978- 2015 202 550 20 free p lant ing materia l True potato seed Egypt 1979-2015 28 2.9 23 True potato seed Viet nam 1990- 2010 39 1.8 52 1 This is not an exhaustive list of where impacts of CIP-related technologies have occurred. Rather, these are selected cases where CIP has been able to conduct forma l benefit-cost analysis of technologies known to have been widely adopted. It is part of an ongoing effort to assess and document impacts of CIP in developing countries. 2 Net present value estimated using a 10% discount rate. Poverty content is the estimated share of total benefits going to poor households (based on the percentage of the popu lation in impacted areas living below S 1/day). Benefit s of technology adoption are projected into the future based on estimates of the probable adoption patterns and "life span" of the technology. See Wa lker TS and Fuglie KO, 2000. Impact Assessment at the International Potato Center (CIP) in t he 1990s. Paper presented at the CGIAR Impact Assessment Workshop, 3-5 May 2000, FAO, Rome, and the papers cited therein for more detailed results and sensitivity analysis of t he estimated rates of return to research investme t s. IN THE EARLY 1990s, CIP BEGAN EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF ITS TECHNOLOGY. THE STUDIES, CONDUCTED BY ECONOMIST THOMAS WALK AND TEAMS OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATORS, SHOWED THAT THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH (IP RESEARCH EXCEEDED U5$650 M LION. ACCORDING TO WALKER'S ESTIMATES, TOTAL BENEFITS BEGAN TO SURPASS DONOR INVESTMENTS IN 1987, A PROCESS THAT ACCELERATED THROU HOUT THE 1990s. CURRENT NET BENEFITS, WHICH ARE SUMMARIZED ABOVE, ARE ESTIMATED AT U5$155 MILLION PE YEAR. TARGETS FOR CIP VISION As PART OF THE RECENT Cl p VISION EXERCISE, THE CENTER'S SYSTEMS ANALYSTS SUPERIMPOSED POTATO AND SWEETPOTATO CROP PRODUCTION STATISTICS WITH DATA ON POVERTY, MALNUTRITION, AND CHILD AND MATERNAL MORTALITY TO HELP PINPOINT THE LOCATIONS WHERE Cl P's RESEARCH IS MOST LIKELY TO HELP THE POOR. THE RESULTING MAP TARGETS EIGHT REGIONS AND PROVIDES COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT RESEARCH INVESTMENTS IN WEST AFRICA SHOULD BE GIVEN HIGH PRIORITY. • PRIORITY AREAS • OTHERS Fuglie notes, however, that previous CIP locations where it makes the most sense to focus priority-setting exercises had important limitations. on a particular type of research." Center researchers acknowledge, for example, Anderson notes that in CIP's 2003 visioning that CIP's priority setting has historically been exercise, geographic information systems and a somewhat one-dimensional, with targets selected special algorithm developed by the Center's principally on the basis of expected varietal systems analysts were used to overlay World adoption and the resulting crop production value. Bank and FAO data with on-the-ground information provided by CIP regional scientists DISAGGREGATING THE DATA and national cooperators. The study compared "What happened in past planning exercises," adds four poverty indicators: income (under Pamela Anderson, CIP's Deputy Director General US$1 a day), child and maternal mortality rates, for Research, "is that our priority setting was and persistent hunger. based on global aggregate data. We didn't have The end product was a poverty map (see the mapping and modeling tools we have now to above) that has been overlaid with CIP's crop disaggregate the data, let alone pinpoint the maps to show where the Center's research is t ir r .,,. r !l1 z I 11 u 1---J 0 0 w CIP SCIENTIST RECEIVES 2003 DEREK TRIBE AWARD CIP virologist Luis Salazar received Australia's 2003 Derek Tribe Award for research that led to major increases in sweetpotato production in three Chinese provinces. China, the world's largest sweetpotato producer, was the first country to benefit from advanced technology that eliminates virus diseases from farmers' planting materials. Use of the technique, economists say, led to a 7 percent increase in world sweetpotato supplies and added some US$550 million to the Chinese economy. "Dr. Salazar developed the detection technology needed to make the system work," says CIP Director General Hubert Zandstra. "It was Lucho's research that made the process feasible, and China's determination and organizational skills that made it work on such a large scale." Salazar, a Peruvian national, joined CIP in 1973. Before that, he was a member of the team that adapted the ELISA technique for virus detection in plants. ELISA is a standard tool of clinical immunology and is commonly used to screen for HIV and other viruses in humans. "Derek Tribe was a great friend of CIP, and China is one of our oldest and most important partners," Zandstra adds. The Derek Tribe Award was established in 2001 in recognition of Professor Tribe's contributions to international agricultural research. Sponsored by the Crawford Fund, it is presented biennially to a citizen of a developing country. This is one of the many activities undertaken by the Crawford Fund to raise awareness about the links between food, environment, and the world's poor. The Fund also assists in the transfer of agricultural technologies to developing countries. It was established by the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in honor of the late Sir John Crawford, one of the founders of the CGIAR and one of CIP's early champions. The award was presented to Salazar by the Honorable Tim Fischer, Chairman of the Crawford Fund, at a ceremony in Canberra, Australia on December 4, 2003. c 0 20 I likely to do the most good. The map, Anderson says, will be the principal working tool of the Center's Impact Enhancement Division, one of six new research divisions specially designed to contribute to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The Impact Enhancement Division's long-term objectives are to increase the effectiveness of the Center's targeting tools, to monitor the impact of CIP research as it evolves, and to set mid-course corrections. Staff assigned to the Division will continue to focus on identifying priority geographical areas, populations, and systems. Thus far, 33 countries in eight regions have been targeted in this way, though Center researchers acknowledge that more work is needed to filter down to specific locations. While many of the sites identified are already hosting ongoing CIP research activities, initial analyses also indicate the existence of pressing needs and new opportunities in areas such as West Africa, where the Center has not worked since the early 1990s. BUil T-IN SAFEGUARDS Anderson notes that once the Division's first set of targeting exercises is complete, most likely before the end of 2004, the Center's social science team will conduct participatory needs and opportunity assessments to determine the types of knowledge and technology that will most quickly achieve results in each location. "Safeguards are being built into the Divisio 's procedures and policies to avoid missteps that might adversely affect the poor or damage the environment," Anderson acknowledges. "The unintended consequences of new technology an easily have negative consequences for farm families already at high risk," she explains. CIP Director General Hubert Zandstra adds: "Scientists don't like to be taken away from th ir research, but this was an exercise that needed to be done and it is already providing benefits." he Center's visioning and priority-setting exercise, he notes, has met with support from a range of partners and donors. World Food Prize winner Pedro Sanchez, a statement to the participants attending the CGIAR 2003 Annual General Meeting in Nairo i, stated that: "CIP has taken leadership in assessing and realigning its program to meet the Millennium Development Goals, setting an example that can be followed by other(s)." Sanchez, together with M. S. Swaminathan, is Coordinator of the UN Millennium Developm nt Project Task Force on Hunger. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES READIED FOR POTATO AND SWEETPOTATO PRODUCERS IN AN EFFORT TO SERVE THE POOREST AND MOST VULNERABLE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY, (Ip SCIENTISTS-WORKING SIDE BY SIDE WITH RESEARCHERS IN AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA-ARE PAIRING GENETIC DIVERSITY WITH THE TOOLS OF MODERN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO A SERIES OF LONG- STANDING PROBLEMS Public sector donors and private foundations have provided support for new initiatives that should set the stage for a dramatic reduction in the use of agro-chemicals and provide increased market access for smallholder potato and sweetpotato farmers. After nearly a decade of research, for example, CIP and African scientists recently concluded that the development of a transgenic sweetpotato may be the only way to control one of Africa 's major crop pests: the sweetpotato weevil. Despite concerted efforts over a ten-year period, scientists have been unable to identify sources of genetic resistance or develop integrated pest management practices that provide even minimal control. Weevils pose a significant burden to Africa 's sweetpotato farmers . Production losses can easily reach 60 percent because even slightly damaged roots are unfit for the market or for human consumption. The impact of such losses is particularly devastating in Eastern and Central Africa where sweetpotato is grown mainly for household subsistence. "Our intention is to incorporate into sweetpotato a gene derived from a bacteria that acts as a natural pesticide," says Marc Ghislain, head of CIP's Applied 22 I Biotechnology Laboratory in Lima. Known as Bt, or Bacillus thuringensis, the bacteria is widely used as a bio-insecticide by organic farmers. Crops containing Bt genes are the second most widely grown transgenic plants, and most importantly, they are considered safe for human consumption. "At least that's the consensus within the scientific community," Ghislain says, "although critics of transgenic crops may still choose to challenge that view." A recent report from Africa's leading potato and sweetpotato research network, PRAPACE, acknowledges the advantages of the Bt sweetpotato. PRAPACE is the French acronym for the Regional Potato and Sweetpotato Improvement Network in Eastern and Central Africa. "Frankly, we have little choice but to use Bt," Ghislain says. "There appears to be no other way to control weevils. If there were a better way to achieve the same result, we would certainly pursue it." Because the types of weevils that attack African sweetpotatoes are not present in South America, where CIP's biotech team is located, the research will be conducted in the United States and in Uganda. The initiative, budgeted at US$850,000 over three years, is expected to start up in 2004. CoNSUMER-FRIENDL v GENES Ghislain notes that the project will be the first to make use of a new technology that should reduce consumer concerns about the safety of bio-engineered food crops. Developed at CIP with support from the Rockefeller Foundation, the technology involves the use of a tobacco gene as a "selectable marker," which provides the vehicle for transformation, instead of the antibiotic resistance markers usually used in genetic engineering. Although extensive studie have demonstrated that antibiotic resistance genes are not a threat to human health, consumer concerns persist. The new selectable marker provides a means of reducing these fe rs. To address other important biosafety conce ns, researchers plan to insert the Bt genes into ea ily distinguished, non-flowering varieties of sweetpotato. The use of such easy-to-identify plants should help farmers to recognize the transformed varieties, while the fact that the plants do not flower will prevent the moveme of the Bt gene to other sweetpotato varieties nd weeds. In addition, scientists from Uganda's National Agricultural Research Organization wil screen all the transformed plants in special facilities to ensure full confinement. The best- performing lines will be field-tested as soon a national biosafety regulations are in place. 810SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR AFRICA'S TRANSGENIC SWEETPOTATOE · By 2009, African scientists and CIP researchers plan to deploy genetically engineered sweetpotatoes to address two priority productions problems: weevil infestation and virus diseases. Although the new plant types will offer substantial benefits in the form of food security and fam ly income, lack of knowledge about how foreign genes (also known as transgenes) will combine with traditional farmer varieties could present important obstacles. "It is highly probable that genes from genetically engineered sweetpotatoes will eventually spre to Africa's traditional varieties unless steps are taken to establish regulatory and monitoring procedures," says Dapeng Zhang, a former CIP sweetpotato breeder now with the United States Department of Agriculture. The spread of transgenes could be higher in Africa than in other parts of the world because the continent's sweetpotato fields tend to be small and are planted in close proximity, and because of he absence of formal seed systems, which register varieties and monitor their use. The fact that farmer mix sweetpotatoes with secondary crops, grow many different varieties, and save their planting material for the following year's crop further complicates the problem. Marc Ghislain, head of CIP's Applied Biotechnology Laboratory in Lima, and colleagues are developing plans to characterize Africa's sweetpotato cropping systems and assess sweetpotato pollination mechanisms. By developing knowledge on the reproductive biology of African sweetpota o varieties, they plan to help national regulatory agencies to develop policies and procedures that will allow them to safely introduce transgenic varieties. Zhang and Ghislain both emphasize that while biosafety procedures for crops grown from conventional seeds-such as corn or wheat-are well established, most of these are not relevant fo crops such as sweetpotato, which are vegetatively propagated in subsistence farming systems. "Regulations are needed to ensure that genetically engineered (GE) and non-GE varieties can exi t side by side," Ghislain says. 'The only way to do that is to have the technology and the policies in place that will allow for effective segregation." Ghislain also recommends the adaptation of methods for risk assessment and the establishment f monitoring systems to evaluate the long-term impact of transgenic sweetpotatoes on the environm nt and on farmers' conservation of agro-biodiversity. "CIP's role in the project will be largely advisory," Ghislain adds. "Our contribution will be to provide scientific expertise, increase local capacity through training, and serve as a facilitator between patent-holders, regulatory agencies, researchers, and civil-society." It is expected that the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Application's (ISAAA) Africenter for technology transfer will also participate in the project, as will the CABI Uganda Biotechnology Initiative, the UNEP Biosafety Project, ASARECA (the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa), and the Eastern and Central Africa Programme for Agricultural Policy Analysis (ECAPAPA), an ASARECA network that promotes regional economic growth through the application of growth-enhancing agricultural policies. NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR ANDEAN POTATO FARMERS In South America, meanwhile, broad-based international partnership will play a role in a project that will provide farmers with high-value, low-input disease-resistant potato varieties. With help from the German Ministry for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Germany, and building on past investments made by the European Union, CIP scientists are now working with partners in five countries to use a pool of newly developed potato hybrids that carry broad-spectrum disease resistance derived from genes found in wild Andean potatoes. The new varieties-which incorporate resistance to late blight disease and Potato Virus Y, both of which are priority problems in the high Andes-are expected to begin reaching farmers within three years. "The estimated impact of the new varieties is considerable," says Plant Breeder Merideth THE TOOLS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CAN HELP TO PRODUCE NEW CROPS, OFFERING URGENTLY NEEDED SOLUTIONS TO A PROBLEM THAT PLAGUES AFRICAN FARMERS: THE SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL. 2 0 z rr• :r I 25 )> z N 0 0 w ,.,- c 0 N c < ;;· z <( :..L u < z Bonierbale. "They should benefit at least 200,000 Andean farm families before 2009." Bonierbale is the Head of CIP's new Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division. An important feature of the project, Bonierbale notes, is that it will include extensive DNA characterization and identification of disease-resistant accessions in national and international genebanks. The data derived from this research will be incorporated into databases, helping partners to speed up their use of resistant wild species in breeding programs. The project will also use genetic maps to identify complementary sections of potato chromosomes that can be "pieced together," thereby building genetic combinations that will provide long-lasting resistance in farmer- and consumer-preferred crops. "Our intention is to adapt modern molecular tools to the needs of national breeding programs as quickly as possible," says Christiane Gebhardt of the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (MPIZ) in Cologne, Germany. MPIZ is a long-time CIP collaborator. Bonierbale and Gebhardt anticipate that project activities, which range from molecular genetics to participatory variety selection, will reduce the time required to test and release improved potatoes by at least five years. "The project will rely on social scientists to organize focus groups that will identify farmer and consumer preferences for potato varieties,' Bonierbale notes. Economists will also evaluate potential benefits of the new varieties in term of household economics, human health, and th environment. Some of the benefits expected, in addition to higher profits, are reduced fungicide use, improved market acceptance, and stabilized prices. The first group of potatoes to emerge from the project is expected to cover approximately 60,000 hectares, an area equivalent to about 10 percent of the combined potato growing areas of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Roughly 50,000 to 75,000 farm families should benefit in this initial stage. Project partners, in addition to MPIZ and Cl include Bolivia's Fundaci6n PROINPA, Colombia Universidad Nacional, Ecuador's lnstituto Nacion de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias, Peru 's lnstitu o de Biotecnologfa de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, and Germany's University of TUbingen. (IP SCIENTISTS SET TO BREACH AGE-OLD DISEASE BARRIER IN WHAT APPEARS TO BE A MAJOR ADVANCE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST BACTERIAL WILT DISEASE, (IP PATHOLOGISTS REPORTED IN 2003 THE LIKELIHOOD THAT HIGH LEVELS OF DISEASE RESISTANCE CAN BE FOUND IN A SMALL GROUP OF WILD POTATO SPECIES The identification of a potential source of resistance to bacterial wilt builds on more than 30 years of genetic conservation and plant pathology research, representing an important piece in a puzzle that has escaped solution by generations of scientists and the farmers that they serve. Bacterial wilt, which is second only to late blight in its impact on developing country potato production, affects millions of farm families in more than 40 developing countries. "The disease is not just a production problem; it has a profound effect on the environment and on poverty," says CIP Director General Hubert Zandstra. "By providing farmers with new technological options, anchored by resistant varieties, we hope to create a platform that will benefit not only producers, but society at large." The search to identify sources of resistance, Zandstra notes, was given new impetus in the late 1990s by the development of a highly accurate screening technique that allows researchers to detect latent forms of the disease. Armed with the new procedure, CIP plant pathologists spent nearly three years screening thousands of wild and cultivated plants for resistance. "We have good indications that their search was successful and that resistance will be confirmed in a th ird and final screening to be conducted during the second half of 2004," Zandstra says. '"" 0 0 N 2s I CL IN H UANUCO, PERU, FARMERS PARTICIPATING IN FIELD SCHOOLS HAVE LEARNED TO DIAGNOSE BACTERIAL WILT ACCURATELY AND TO USE CONTROL MEASURES- SUCH AS REMOVING WILTED PLANTS AND SPREADING ASH OR CHALK IN THEIR PLACE-THAT HELP THEM TO PREVENT DISEASE DISSEMINATION IN THEIR FIELDS. Many of the wild species screened in 2003 for bacterial wilt resistance were first observed by CIP Plant Taxonomist Alberto Salas growing in locations where potato farmers experience severe losses from the disease. "Salas' observations," says plant pathologist Sylvie Priou, "provided the first indication that resistance might exist in nature." The pathogen that causes bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum, is spread principally through infected seed stocks. Because disease symptoms are invisible in cool climates, where most potato seed is produced, even seed tubers that appear to be healthy can carry the disease pathogen. To control bacterial wilt, farmers have only two options: to purchase costly certified seed, or to eliminate the pathogen in their fields using crop rotations and other sanitation measures. In 2000, CIP economists estimated that the availability of a potato with bacterial wilt resistance would increase productivity an average of 10 percent across the developing world. Overall benefits were calculated at US$125 million per year, with the greatest impact in countries such as China, Bangladesh, Bolivia, and Uganda. HOPE FROM THE WILD To come up with these promising results, CIP scientists subjected more than 3,900 genotypes of potatoes from 111 wild species and subspecies to two seri es of greenhouse tests. he plants were exposed to a mixture of aggressiv • disease variants in a simulated tropical environment that combined high temperatures and humidity. A third series of tests will screen for the presence of the pathogen in its latent form in tubers derived from inoculated plants. The test. , which are believed to be the first of their kind to be conducted, will help to identify resistance i both the plant and its tubers. In the first series of tests, resistance to all variants of the pathogen was identified in four genotypes from the species Solanum acaule. T e search for additional sources of resistance will continue, however, throughout 2004 as six promising, but rare wild species become avail le for testing. Officials at the Conservation, Food, and He Ith Foundation (CFH), a US Philanthropy that provi · ed funding for the research, note that CIP's bacte ial wilt project demonstrates how private philanthropy can set the stage for important scientific partnerships. "Our expectation was that by investing in the research we could stimulate larger contributions by public sector donors, who would become interested once Center scientists had demonstrated that resistance did indeed exist in nature," explains Prentice Zinn, a CFH project officer. "Now that the research is close to completion, we hope that they will support the next phase of trials." Two other philanthropies, the Wallace Genetic Foundation and the International Foundation, also provided funding for the project. Sylvie Priou, who heads up CIP's bacterial wilt research team, notes that because the sources of resistance identified thus far are derived from wild relatives of the domesticated potato, it should be relatively straightforward to move resistance genes into commercial potatoes, either through conventional breeding or genetic transformation. 'The end product would essentially be the same," she says, "but a breeding program that uses non-adapted wild germplasm could take 15 to 20 years, while direct gene transfer might produce equivalent results in about half the time." MULTIPLE STRATEGIES Meanwhile, CIP scientists continue to work on and disseminate other control strategies, including moderately resistant varieties, pathogen detection, biological control, and management practices that help farmers eliminate the pathogen from their fields . "Right now the most effective way to prevent bacterial wilt," Priou says, "is to detect the pathogen on seed before it reaches farmers' fields." Industrialized countries, which also suffer from bacterial wilt, routinely screen large amounts of seed tubers using sophisticated detection techniques that are effective, but expensive. The CIP-developed detection kits are equally sensitive and are far more appropriate to developing country conditions. At a cost of approximately US$100, each kit can be used to evaluate up to 300 tons of tubers, enough seed to plant 150 to 200 hectares. CIP has also developed ultra- sensitive kits that allow researchers to detect very low populations of the pathogen in the soil. There is one drawback: CIP's kits, now in use in 13 countries, can only reduce seed infection rates if used in conjunction with an organized seed system. Such systems, which eliminate infected seed before it reaches farmers fields, unfortunately, are rare in developing countries. - d: 0 n m z )> ,. ".J 0 0 w 30 I While CIP continues to lend support for seed system development in its partner countries, the Center is backing farmers up by providing immediate, albeit limited, defense against bacterial wilt in the form of a new series of 15 disease-tolerant potatoes, which will begin shipping in 2004. To achieve sustainable yields using the A recent example came from Peruvian and Bolivian participants in farmer field schools. Working in highly infested fields, they succeeded in sanitizing their soils by following potatoes ith two successive crops of cabbage, onions, sweetpotatoes, or arracacha. (Arracacha, an Andean root crop, is a relative of carrot and is frequently used to produce high quality baby tolerant varieties, farmers will need to periodically food or as a starchy dessert.) The experiment as renew their supplies of disease-free seed and use measures-such as crop rotation-to eliminate the pathogen from their soils. Although rotational systems are an ancient Andean tradition, in recent times crop rotations have been severely reduced because of the pressure on the land resulting from population growth. Abandoning potato production for the four to five years needed to deprive the bacterial wilt pathogen of its food source is an unattractive option, especially if one takes into account the importance of this crop for the burgeoning Andean population. New cultural practices and control components developed by farmer- researcher groups in Peru and Bolivia are changing this picture. With funding from the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), researchers have identified simple rotations that will allow farmers to sanitize their soil while planting potatoes more frequently. so successful that the farmers were replanting potatoes within 18 months. The results of th trials were subsequently confirmed using CIP- developed testing kits. These hands-on solutions should help farm rs to keep bacterial wilt at bay. Priou notes that researchers continue to search for other crops with good market potential that can be used t further reduce rotation times while increasing family incomes, thereby ensuring greater food security for people living in marginal environments. Combined with other common- sense management practices, such as removin volunteer potato plants and weeds, the techniques provide farmers an affordable way f coping with a difficult problem. SPREADING THE WORD "Our bacterial wilt management program is no sophisticated science, but it is practical and ca ('() 0 0 N < ::i z 1- z < "' z c z make a difference to poor people who depend seemingly unusual practices such as sanitizing he on potatoes for food and income," Priou says. soil at planting time by applying bleach, chalk, She notes that participating farmers are eager to disease-free barnyard manure, or even ashes adopt the new methods and that many of the from cooking fires. participants are now teaching people in "Most importantly," she adds, "we research rs neighboring communities to use them. are learning how to leverage farmers ' knowle ge "It's not uncommon for highland farmers to not only so it helps others, but so that it prov1 es share their expertise. It's part of their tradition, feedback on the relevance of our research." P iou but it also makes sense. What happens in one notes that a number of studies to confirm the community affects those who live nearby. The effectiveness of traditional farmer methods fo pathogen that causes bacterial wilt can easily controlling the disease are currently underway spread from field to field on farmers' shoes and CIP's bacterial wilt farmer field school tools, or even in irrigation water," she says. project was conducted in partnership with Farmer field schools, based on discovery national programs in Bolivia and Peru; and learning, are ideal vehicles for spreading these with community development groups, innovations. "The field school concept helps nongovernmental organizations, national crop farmers to understand the entire disease and protection agencies, and PROINPA, a private crop production cycle and unravel large parts of a research and development foundation in Boliv a. complicated puzzle. Once they understand what's Lessons learned from the initiative are current y going on, they're usually willing to adopt various being compiled in a user-friendly field guide nd management options and to experiment with should be available before the end of 2004. new ones," Priou says. Among these are .. I NEW RESEARCH DIVISION INTEGRATES CROPS, ENVIRONMENT, AND HUMAN HEALTH CIP's NEW AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN HEALTH DIVISION, WHICH WILL BE FULLY OPERATIONAL BY THE END OF 2004, IS EXPECTED TO PLAY AN ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE (ENTER1S EFFORTS TO HELP REDUCE INFANT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY AND IMPROVE THE LIVES OF THE URBAN POOR In 2003 CIP became the first CGIAR center to create a research division that fully integrates crop and natural resource management research with human health . By merging a variety of on-going research projects, and by complementing the Center's traditional strengths in agriculture and natural resources, the division is expected to make important contributions to the health and well-being of millions of people who depend upon root and tuber crops for food and income. "CIP is consolidating a research agenda that merges health, environment, and productivity research into a unified package," says Pamela Anderson, CIP's Deputy Director General for Research. "The Center has done important work to improve human health, but, as in many other CGIAR centers, our projects have been somewhat scattered." Establishment of the new Division, Anderson notes, is driven by CIP's alignment with the UN Millennium Development Goals and takes its impetus from recent resolve on the part of various CIP partners to target child and maternal mortality in their national development plans. Tanzania and Kenya, for example, have announced plans to reduce child mortality by two-thirds before 2015. NEXT STEP: IMPLEMENTATION The decision to create the new division was made following CIP's 2003 visioning exercise and consultations with international experts in the fields of public health, toxicology, and nutrition. Next steps will include the creation of a task force, made up of Center scientists and external experts, to develop an implementation plan. The plan, slated for completion in 2004, is expected to have pesticide reduction in potato and sweetpotato cropping systems as one of its principal targets. This will build on CIP's strong track record in integrated disease and pest management, which has already led to significant reductions in the use of agro-chemicals. Anderson, who holds degrees in both entomology and public health, believes, nonetheless, that past efforts to cut pesticide abuse-by CIP and others-have rested largely on economic and environmental arguments. CIP plans to incorporate human health and safety criteria, and expects that these may have a major effect on research formulation, targeting, and effectiveness. "By incorporating the health perspective," she says, "we not only bring into play more powerful arguments for using integrated pest management. We also increase the likelihood of technology adoption by demonstrating opportunities for reducing risks to farm workers and increasing the safety of our food supplies." Expensive plant breeding programs, Anderson notes, are easily overturned by lack of consumer confidence in new technology or by government concerns about safeguarding their countries' export markets. The new division will address these roadblocks through a variety of food safety and biotechnology initiatives, including a new Rockefeller Foundation-funded project to remove antibiotic markers from transgenic crops (see Advanced Technologies Readied for Potato and Sweetpotato Producers, page 21 ). CIP's work in food-based solutions to nutrient deficiency-already well advanced through research with high beta-carotene, orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes to combat vitamin A deficiency in Africa-will form another central component of the Division's work plan (see Study Shows Effectiveness of Orange-fleshed Sweetpotatoes, page 36). "One of the lessons that we've learned from the Vitamin A for Africa program is that there are major benefits to be had from partnerships with colleagues working in the food and health arenas. To realize those benefits in time to meet the UN Millennium Goals, however, we need to have staff on board who can complement the Center's traditional strengths in agriculture and natural resources," Anderson says. For this reason, CIP will post a division coordinator with expertise in tropical public health and experience in nutrition and toxicology at Center headquarters. c r " )> z z N Q 0 w STUDY SHOWS EFFECTIVENESS OF ORANGE-FLESHED SWEETPOTATOES South African scientists working under the umbrella of the Vitamin A for Africa partnership (VITAA) have completed what is believed to be the first controlled study to establish the value of orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes in combating one of Africa's most important public health problems: vitamin A deficiency in young children. The study, which involved primary school students between five and ten years of age, showed that over a period of just eleven weeks, the proportion of children with adequate vitamin A liver stores increased 10 percent among those who ate high beta-carotene orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes. A comparable group that ate only white-fleshed sweetpotato experienced a 5 percent decline. "This first-of-its-kind study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the South African Medical Research Council and was conducted with the agreement of local authorities and parents," says nutritionist Penny Nestel. Dr. Nestel, who currently acts as Nutrition Coordinator to the CGIAR HarvestPlus program, previously served as a senior advisor to the VITAA initiative. VITAA contributes important experience to HarvestPlus with its success in using food-based solutions to combat micronutrient deficiency. According to Nestel, the bio-efficacy study was made possible through the cooperation of partners from many different sectors. "One of the unique things about VITAA is that it brings together professionals from the health, nutrition, and agriculture sectors. The partners include seven African countries, among them South Africa 's Agricultural Research Council, which supplied the sweetpotatoes used to complete the study." Major financing for the study was provided by the Micronutrient Initiative, which supports and promotes food fortification and supplementation programs throughout the developing world. Complementary funding was made available by the Health Office of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which provided resources for measuring the vitamin A status of the children and the retention of 15-carotene in cooked sweetpotatoes. 5WEETPOTATO FERMENTATION PROCESS AIDS p APUAN PIG FARMERS A (IP-DEVELOPED PROCESSING TECHNIQUE THAT HELPS FARMERS TURN SWEETPOTATO INTO NUTRITIOUS PIG FEED-WITHOUT COOKING-IS EXPECTED TO BENEFIT FARMERS AND CONSUMERS THROUGHOUT INDONESIA1S PAPUA PROVINCE AND EVENTUALLY SPREAD TO NEIGHBORING PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Pioneered in Vietnam in the late 1990s by former CIP researcher Dai Peters 1 , fermentation of sweetpotato to produce feed cuts the time needed to fatten pigs for market by up to two-thirds. The practice, which continues to gain wide acceptance in Vietnam, involves mixing sweetpotato roots and vines with other additives before allowing the mixture to ferment. This is a departure from the traditional method of producing feed from sweetpotatoes, which involves time-consuming chopping and boiling. Aside from relieving women of a considerable burden, the fermentation method is popular because it reduces firewood consumption and because the processed rc:iots can be kept for months without special storage facilities. It also boosts household income by increasing the efficiency of farm and family resources, and by increasing the number of pigs that can be raised in a given year. The project, now in its second phase, is financed by an A$1.2 million (US$940,000) grant from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). Key collaborators include the Indonesian Research Institute for Legumes and Tuber Crops (RILET), Papua's Jayawijaya District Livestock Office, and the South Australian Research Development Institute (SARDI). DIVERSITY AT THE CORE Papua, formerly known as lrian Jaya, occupies the western half of the island of New Guinea and covers an area nearly twice the size of the Netherlands. The region is also SUKENDRA MAHALAYA, PROJECT ASSISTANT IN THE CIP-BoGOR OFFICE, AND L UTHER KosAY WORK TOGETHER ON THE CIP-A AR PROJECT TO ENSURE THAT SWEETPOTATO WILL CONTINUE TO IMPROVE LIVES FOR PEOPLE IN P APUA. Ar LEFT, KOSAY EXAMINE AN UNUSUAL SWEETPOTATO FROM PROJECT EXPERIMENT FIELDS (MIDDLE). BELOW, KoSAY AND M AHALAYA CONFER ON PROJECT IS ES. home to some of the world 's most unusual niches. In some cases, the island's sweetpotat sweet potatoes. can be found growing at 2,800 meters above ea "The traditional varieties grown in Papua don't level, considerably higher than those found in always resemble what we think of as South America. In the central highland Baliem sweetpotato," says Keith Fuglie, CIP Regional Valley, where the project activities are located, at Representative for East and Southeast Asia and least 1,000 types of sweetpotato are cultivated the Pacific. Fuglie, who is based at the CIP office by farmers and a single field may contain in Bogor, notes that local farmer varieties come between 20 and 40 distinct varieties. in unusual shapes and colors, and serve a variety "We're conscious of our responsibility to of uses. Some are used for food, some are safeguard biodiversity as we introduce improv d grown for pig feed, and others are used varieties," says Fuglie. Farmers are involved ea r. y specifically for ceremonial or religious purposes. in the evaluation process and are encouraged o Through natural and farmer selection, New incorporate promising new varieties into their Guinea's sweetpotatoes have evolved into unique production systems to complement, but not local varieties that thrive in isolated ecological replace, existing varieties. Local varieties and farming systems, Fuglie link between farmers and scientists working in notes, underwent meticulous study before the the pig feed project. introduction of new varieties began. In the early "Luther is invaluable," says Fuglie. "He is our 1990s, CIP led a 10-year project with funding principal liaison between project scientists and from the Swiss Agency for Development and local farmers and is an outstanding technician as Cooperation (SDC) to conserve and characterize well ." Kosay's contribution to the project, native "landraces" of sweetpotato. Over 500 nonetheless, goes far beyond this important role. varieties were collected and studied, and CIP He has provided important information on the helped to establish an in situ conservation site in Papuan sociocultural and belief systems Papua. For safekeeping, the Center maintains a associated with sweetpotato and pig raising. duplicate collection at an Indonesian research "Without his help we would be working with station in Java. little knowledge of local customs and almost no ability to communicate with local people," LUTHER KosAv: A TALE OF TWO WORLDS adds Fuglie. Project researchers also pay special attention to Rural sociologist Dai Peters conducted the farming and social structures in New Guinea extensive interviews with Kosay and recorded his to avoid working against the grain of local experience and insights. "Luther was born practices and principles, many of which are ldoakoba Kossy of the Witawaya clan of the poorly understood by outsiders. In this regard, the Hubura tribe," notes Peters. Although Kosay did cooperation of locals such as Luther Kosay, a not know the date of his birth, he was certain member of the Hubura tribe in the highlands of that he was born sometime before 1962, when the Papua province, has played a major role in Indonesia obtained sovereignty over the region the initiative's success. and began registering births. "He stated with Since November 2001, Kosay has coordinated precision: I must be between 40 and 50 years the CIP-ACIAR project's on-station and field old," adds Peters. research. In the course of an ordinary day, Kosay "The changes Luther underwent in his life manages an array of complicated field trials, parallel the change of the Hubura in general," collects socioeconomic data, and serves as the notes Peters. "Their macro changes can be vividly n "' 0 0 UJ ,.,., 0 0 N cc: z w u .:: < understood by way of the micro changes that he underwent." According to Kosay, although diets have become more diversified in recent years, sweetpotato remains central to the tradition of the Hubura people, or Dani, as they are now called. Not only are the roots appreciated as food; sweetpotatoes are also fundamental to local pig production, and pigs are at the core of Dani social, cultural, and economic values. Kosay's knowledge comes from firsthand experience. Until entering primary school, sometime between the age of 15 and 20, he spent most of his time caring for his family's pigs as they roamed the forests in search of food . Sweetpotato was fed to the pigs twice a week, meaning that considerable time and energy was spent finding and transporting the firewood needed to cook enough roots for dozens of pigs . Because he did not know how to count, comments Peters, Kosay kept track of his pigs by repeating to himself: "I have a brown pig, a black one, a white one, and a black and white one; and I have two pigs with ears cut." He told time by observing the shadow cast by the sun. Exposure to mission schools changed this. It also changed Kosay's name-and the course of his life, which included 14 years as a primary school teacher before join ing CIP. l'J!Jfi fffl!J l'Jj_;'f _:;; }\J'J!J ;.\11J 11J!;.\L :;r:J.:11HEiT; TD ll~ li>i tUV 'frlEJit "Through people like Luther Kosay, and with help from ACIAR, CIP hopes to boost the efficiency of a traditional crop in a way that complements local traditions and increases people's ability to compete in a rapidly changing society," concludes Fuglie. SECURITY FOR THE FUTURE Introduction of the sweetpotato fermentation technology comes at a particularly important time as Papua undergoes rapid population growth. By some estimates, the province will double its population by 2010. The project will help to offset food shortages and malnutrition, problems that are prevalent throughout the highlands of New Guinea; especially in isolated communities such as those in the Baliem Valley. In 1997-98, for instance, famine was reported after an especially severe drought associated with the El Nino phenomenon. According to Colin Cargill, a SARDI animal scientist who is leading the second phase of the project, the initiative is not focused solely on sweetpotato fermentation, but also works to promote better management practices, reduce animal diseases and parasites, and provide training to community leaders and extension agents. Thus far some 300 farmers, as well as staff from the Jayawijaya Livestock Office, have be trained in parasite detection in pigs produced or human consumption, in pig feeding, and in modified husbandry systems based on tradition practices. The modified husbandry system also helps prevent the spread of parasites among p gs, and from pigs to humans. An important concern, Cargill says, is that the process of improving feeding efficiency doe~s not threaten the survival of indigenous pig breeds or encourage people to move away fro locally grown crops. The objective, he says, is o make pig production more efficient, a process that should also have a favorable impact on the environment. 1 Peters is cu rrently based in Vietnam and is employed by t he Internationa l Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAD. A WATERSHED YEAR FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PARTNERS FROM NEARLY A DOZEN ORGANIZATIONS, WORKING AS PART OF THE CON DESAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM, SPENT MUCH OF 2003 PLANNING THE FIRST PHASE OF A NEW, COMPREHENSIVE EFFORT TO SAFEGUARD THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE UNIQUE ANDEAN ECOSYSTEM KNOWN AS THE PARAMO The Andean Paramo Project, which is funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), will provide US$600,000 for what scientists say will ultimately be a US$15 million, five-year initiative to reverse the loss of biodiversity in one of the world's most exotic ecosystems. The paramo is a high-altitude Andean ecosystem that stretches more than 2,000 kilometers from western Venezuela to northeastern Peru. Sometimes described as a grassland archipelago, it is home to nearly 5,000 plant species including 40 percent of the world's wild potato species. The paramo is best known, however, for its signature plant, a giant-stem rosette (Espeletia spp.) that can withstand the extreme cold, drought, and ultra-high levels of irradiance found at high altitudes. The paramo is also believed to be the ideal habitat for the highest growing tree genus on the planet (Polylepis) and the last remaining habitat for endangered wildlife such as the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) and the spectacled bear (Tremarctus ornatus). Both of these creatures, which are dwindling in number, are unique to the paramo, the only natural ecosystem where they roam freely. The paramo is similar in many respects to the peatlands of northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. "Over the centuries, decomposing vegetation has created a boggy layer of soil that is often more than a meter deep. The soil acts like a sponge, soaks up heavy rainfall, and gradually releases it over time," says Hector Cisneros, Coordinator of 44 I J CONDESAN (Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion). The biodiversity of the paramo is threatened, Cisneros cautions, by a variety of factors, including livestock farming and global warming, and because local institutions lack the resources and trained personnel to preserve local flora and fauna. They also face a major public awareness challenge. "The research community needs to do a better job of quantifying and communicating to the public the environmental goods and services that the paramo provides. In addition, we need to develop policies and economic incentives that support conservation, rather than hinder it," he says. An important step in that direction, Cisneros adds, will be to stop underestimating the value of traditional knowledge and practices of the local inhabitants, which are based on a comprehensive view of conservation. "What we need to do instead," he says, "is to start supporting them." THE ANDEAN PARAMO PROJECT To that end, cooperating researchers plan to launch the Andean Paramo Project early in 2004. Participating agencies will include Venezuela's RESEARCHERS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES ARE WORKING TOG THROUGH THE A NDEAN P ARAMO P ROJECT TO ENSURE THE CONSERV OF THIS UNIQUE ECOSYSTEM AND THE BIODIVERSITY FOUND COALITION HELPS MOUNTAIN PROGRAMS REGROUP Building upon momentum created by the United Nations International Year of Mountains, a new coalition of partners moved quickly in 2003 to provide the political will and financial support needed to accelerate research and development targeting sustainable mountain development. Led by Switzerland and a variety of UN agencies, the coalition held its first meeting at the Johannesburg Summit in September 2002. "Ironically, the Summit was criticized for not producing significant breakthroughs," says Hugo Li Pun, CIP's Deputy Director General for Corporate Development, "but from the perspective of the world's mountain ecosystems, it had an important and hopefully long-lasting impact." Li Pun notes that the CGIAR Global Mountain Program (GMP) is one of the first initiatives to receive coalition support. Established as the CGIAR's response to Chapter 13 of Agenda 21, the GMP was inaugurated in 1997 to create alliances among mountain research programs in Asia, Africa and Latin America. "We've accomplished a lot since the late 1990s, but we should be able to do even more thanks to a US$900,000 grant from CIDA-Canada," Li Pun says. For example, working through the GMP, a variety of highland projects in East Africa will be strengthened, building on the experience of CIP and other partners in the Andes. A new GMP steering committee was established in 2003 and includes representatives from the World Agroforestry Centre, the African Highlands Initiative, CONDESAN and CIP (representing the Andean highlands), the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (representing the Hindu Khush-Himalayas), the International Center for Research in the Dry Areas (representing Central Asia and the Caucuses), and the Global Forum on Agricultural Research, as well as INIA-Spain and CIDA-Canada. "We hope that this will mark a period of renewed interest and investment in mountains and mountain ecosystems," Li Pun adds. "We are at a watershed-a turning point in the evolution of this important program." 0 < z z -< I s3 )> / z > r N 0 0 Lv neighborhood consultations. Five formal Divisional better decisions that will benefit the populatio Workshops allowed local people to provide their as a whole," concludes Lee-Smith . input by commenting on existing rules and making suggestions for reform. NAIROBI TAKES NOTE "Gradually," says Lee-Smith, "we worked up The Urban Harvest activities in Uganda and the from the grassroots to the district level and reforms passed by the Kampala City Council a eventually went city-wide." The result is a new set part of a much broader plan that includes dive se of regulations that passed the City Council in related initiatives in neighboring countries. For January 2004. They are expected to be made into example, Nairobi 's Deputy Mayor Lawrence G. 0 law fo llowing a review by national authorities. Ngacha recently reported that the Nairobi City "The new regulations, which will be translated Council is working with the Kenyan Governme into local languages, will simplify or nullify to strengthen urban food security in Nairobi dozens of superfluous laws, set the stage for real through improved food supply and distribution reforms that will reduce health risks to farmers systems. He notes that the City Council is also and consumers, and improve the quality of life in developing projects to address urban waste the city," Lee-Smith adds. management and its links to urban agriculture. As a first step, the government is issuing The problem of waste management in Nair bi temporary permits to farmers working within the is a significant issue. Since the 1970s, the city city limits. The permits will legitimize their has tripled in size and has seen major increas s activities, helping to prevent harassment by in the illegal use of human waste for agricultu e. unethical officials and land developers. They also Nowhere is the issue more evident that in will allow for a period of public education Kibera, Nairobi's notorious slum that is home t whereby farmers, as well as milk, fish, and meat more than three-quarters of a million people. he traders and handlers, can upgrade their residents of Kibera, like many other urban poo , operations to meet better health standards. The grow a variety of crops and vegetables using city will also develop a database of farmers and wastewater tapped from the sewage pipes. traders, which to date is lacking. Scientists fear that the fields, and potential! "Basically the permits place urban agriculture the crops themselves, are contaminated with in an arena where the city can begin to make pathogens, such as Escherichia coli bacteria, a d u I- < <. z z intestinal parasites. Even so, no one really knows with any certainty the extent of the actual health risks associated with so-called sewage farming, and this creates a vicious circle of indecision: on the one hand, public health concerns would dictate that the practice be stopped; on the other, there is little scientific data available to support decision-making on instituting reforms. In an Urban Harvest study carried out in Cameroon's capital city, Yaounde, researchers from two local universities and three international centers came up with evidence that may help Nairobi officials to move forward. They measured contamination in inland farming valleys, and although the results show that water contamination levels at different points in the local drainage system are high, they also indicate that these may pose little risk to consumers who cook their food. Little, if any, food is eaten raw in traditional African cooking. Recommendations to ban sewage farming i inland valley areas, the researchers contend, m y therefore be premature. The health risks to farmers themselves, nonetheless, and the risks of eating uncooked foods require awareness-raisi g programs. Continued research is also needed t understand the complexity of disease pathway as well as other health risks associated with urban agriculture. The study was carried out by the University of Yaounde, the Ecole Nationale Polytechnique Superieure (ENPS), the International Institute o Tropical Agriculture, the World Fish Center, an · the World Agroforestry Centre, in cooperation with the City of Yaounde and Cameroon's Inst tut de Recherche Agricole pour le Developpemen , Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Deve/oppem nt, lnstitut Superieur des Sciences Economiques App/iques, and lnstitut National de Cartographi . HARNESSING THE TREND: A MILLENNIUM STRATEGY FOR AFRICA CIP's Sus- SAHARAN AFRICA RESEARCH PROGRAM MOVED QUICKLY IN 2003 TO RESPOND TO NEW INVESTMENTS BY PUBLIC SECTOR DONORS AND PRIVATE PHILANTHROPIES THAT TARGET FARMING COMMUNITIES IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS CIP scientists will use the new resources-totaling more than US$3 million over a three- year period (2004-2006)-to bring improved technologies to bear on the problem of food security, and on growing concerns about the health of agricultural workers. After nearly two years of consolidation, the Center is rapidly rebuilding its research teams in Kenya and Uganda, and strengthening ties to national programs through the PRAPACE and ASARECA networks. According to Charles Crissman, CIP's Regional Leader for Sub-Saharan Africa, CIP now has the staff needed to meet local seed requirements and to integrate important breeding and crop management projects with new initiatives in health and urban agriculture (see Partners Move to Bring Urban Agriculture Above Ground in Sub-Saharan Africa, page 50). "We're a small team with a big job," he says. "With the resources we're now receiving-and with proper targeting-CIP technology can harness many of the trends that are moving in our direction." Among those, Crissman contends, are high growth rates for Africa 's potato and sweetpotato crops (13 and 6 percent respectively according to FAO), numbers that far exceed population growth. Support for CIP's Africa projects is provided through unrestricted contributions made by CGIAR donor agencies (see page 89 for a list of CIP's core donors), along with restricted funding from the Canad ian International Development Agency (CIDA), the German Ministry on Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the United sa I Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). TARGETING OPPORTUNITY CIP's recent visioning exercise helped to pinpoint Africa 's US$50 billion domestic food market as a priority for on-going research and development, Crissman notes. Although Africa exports about US$7 billion dollars annually of commodities like cocoa and coffee, this export market is unlikely to offer significant opportunities for smallholder potato or sweetpotato farmers over the next five or ten years. "Africa's potato and sweetpotato producers can gain from exports," Crissman says, "but should focus on regional trade, and then only after serving the domestic market. Supplying local consumers will be a big enough challenge as population grows and as Africa urbanizes. Producers should focus on adding value in their home markets first and think about exports later." Traditionally, most of Africa's potatoes and sweetpotatoes are eaten close to the locations where they are produced. The dynamics of the market, however, are creating a shift in the trend. As more and more people move to cities, potatoes and sweetpotatoes are being transported to urban areas, where they fetch higher prices. Moreover, as urban dwellers become more familiar with the crops thanks to street vendors, people are gradually modifying their diets. "The African urban market for starchy staples is expanding and is potentially huge," Crissman sa s. "African farmers should go for the logical marke , and researchers need to help them get there." To that end, CIP plans to apply strategies developed through its experience in Latin America, in particular, a model provided by th Papa Andina project to help national partners create linkages between farmers, markets, and local manufacturers. Papa Andina works in the Andes to shift research and development efforts away from a strict production orientation, helping farmers to express their needs, access information, and develop business opportunities. BREAKING OUT OF SUBSISTENCE "We're not trying to push something new," Crissman says. "Smallholder potato and sweetpotato farmers are already marketing their crops to urban consumers. The question that researchers need to answer is: How can we simultaneously help farmers increase their profits, avoid oversupplying the market, and prevent environmental degradation?" Crissman believes that the answer lies in giving farmers greater control over their crops. "Right now, farmers have little shock absorption capacity. When something goes wrong, it does so in a big way." CIP's primary task, Crissman adds, is to deliver technology that will help African farmers manage risk and improve their return on investment. Sweetpotato provides an excellent starting point. Although the crop's biological yield potential exceeds 100 tons per hectare, African farmers usually produce just a fraction of that amount, and much of what that they do harvest is lost to weevils. "We haven't found a single source of genetic resistance to weevils and we've tried almost every imaginable management technique to control them," Crissman says. "Nothing seems to work." Accordingly, CIP-as part of its visioning exercise-has assigned a high priority to the production of a genetically engineered sweetpotato that can resist infestation (IP SCIENrtSTS ARE MAKING SrRIDES TO GREEN AFRICAN FIELDS AND PROVIDE FARMERS WITH URGENTLY NEEDED SOLUTIONS TO THEIR FOOD AND INCOME PROBLEMS. I sg ,..., c 0 N cc u < (see Advanced Technologies Readied for Potato and Sweetpotato Producers, page 21). Center scientists are convinced that the technology is safe and effective. "Transformation, in this case, is a last resort, but one that will save lives," Crissman contends. The project will be conducted under the auspices of the BioScience Facility, a US$21 million initiative financed by the Canadian International Development Agency. The new facility, Crissman notes, will be the first to specifically support the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) . Focus ON LATE BLIGHT "We'll also be giving a higher priority to potato late blight disease, but in this case we won't have to wait three or four years, or resort to hi- tech genetics to move ahead," Crissman says. According to CIP plant breeder Juan Landeo, national programs have already released some 60 potato varieties derived from CIP's late blight resistant breeding lines, and more releases are expected. CIP materials now cover about 10 percent of the potato acreage in countries such as Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Landeo, who produced some of Latin America's most popular potato varieties, anticipates that coverage will increase considerably following the introduction of a new series of breeding lines derived from traditional Andean varieties. The new lines, which are scheduled to reao Africa some time in 2004, were bred from the species Solanum andigena, a traditional type o potato that is widely grown in the high Andes but is largely unknown outside the region. CIP pathologist Greg Forbes, who heads up the Center's late bl ight program, notes that th andigena potatoes, which are excellent for processing and carry superior disease resistanc are being introduced at a time of growing concern about late blight. "In recent years, the spread of more aggres ive strains of the fungus-like organism that causes I te blight has led to dramatic crop losses and spark d a rise in the use of toxic chemicals," he says. Sub-Saharan Africa, Forbes believes, is the only region where older forms of the pathoge still predominate. "It's almost inevitable that n w disease strains will migrate to Africa's potato fields, and, when they do, the new andigena lines should be ready to help farmers to cope ' The new andigena potatoes will undergo extensive testing before reaching farmers, probably sometime in 2006. VITAA WINS CGIAR PARTNERSHIP AWARD Researchers and farmers from seven countries representing the Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) partnership were awarded the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research's (CGIAR) Partnership Award. The award, which carries a US$10,000 stipend, was presented by Ian Johnson, Vice President of the World Bank and Chairman of the CGIAR at the Group's annual general meeting in Nairobi. It recognizes the VITAA partners' efforts to combat vitamin A deficiency, one of Africa's most serious public health problems. Vitamin A deficiency-a leading cause of early childhood death and a major risk factor for pregnant and lactating women-does not kill directly, but rather weakens the immune system, leaving its victims susceptible to deadly diseases such as measles, malaria, and diarrhea. "VITAA offers a common-sense solution to th is major public health problem," says t~ Project Coordinator Reg ina Kapinga, "by providing community groups with new orange- fleshed sweetpotatoes that have high levels of pro-vitamin A." Kapinga, a Tanzanian agronomist, is based at CIP's field office in Kampala, Uganda. "Sweetpotato is a women's crop," Kapinga goes on to explain, "and women farmers have been fast to take up the new sweetpotatoes because they recognize the benefits for themselves and their children." VITAA is supported by the German Ministry on Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), the OPEC Fund for International Development, the Micronutrient Initiative, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Senior Family Fund (USA), and important CGIAR donors who generously provide unrestricted fund ing for CIP research. f NORTHEAST INDIAN FARMERS AND CONSUMERS BENEFIT FROM NOVEL SEED TECHNOLOGY POTATO FARMERS LOCATED IN INDIA1S POVERTY-STRICKEN NORTHEAST ARE BEGINNING TO REAP IMPORTANT BENEFITS FROM A SEED PRODUCTION PRACTICE THAT DRAMATICALLY INCREASES YIELD AND ELIMINATES THE NEED TO TRANSPORT TONS OF CONVENTIONAL TUBER SEED ACROSS RUGGED MOUNTAIN TERRAIN True potato seed technology, which some observers believe was once used by the ancient Incas, is helping to resolve a series of longstanding problems and is providing significant cash income to the rural poor in northeast India, an area sometimes referred to as the Seven Sister region. In Tripura, one of the Seven Sister states, women entrepreneurs working through self-help groups are opening bank accounts with the income earned from the sale of high-quality potato seed. Using TPS, or true potato seed (see True Potato Seed, page 65), Tripura's women are generating thousands of tons of potato seed each year and selling it to farmers eager to profit from yield increases that easily approach 35 tons per hectare, twice the national average. The quality of the women's product is said to rival the best seed available on national and international markets. In the past, Tripura's state government purchased about 1,000 tons of certified seed tubers each year from sources outside the state and sold them to farmers at subsidized prices. The imports cost about 2 million rupees (US$44,000) per year-a considerable sum in northeast India- but met only about 25 percent of the state's potato seed requirements. The TPS hybrids used by the women of Tripura were developed in the 1990s by CIP scientists working in collaboration with researchers from India's Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), a longtime CIP collaborator. Approximately 30 percent of the 90,000 tons of potatoes grown each year in Tripura are said to be produced using TPS. 'Tripura's success w ith TPS," says researcher Sarath llangantileke, "is largely due to the savings and profits it provides to farmers. At the same time, local production of TPS solves a longstanding dependency on expensive and difficult to transport tuber seed." llangantileke, CIP's Reg ional Representative for South, West and Central Asia, notes that TPS cuts production costs in half and is quickly finding a niche as a low-cost, high-quality alternative in places that lack the roads and the infrastructure needed to produce or distribute bulky tuber seed. FARMERS IN NAGALAND HAVE BEEN QUICK TO ADOPT TRUE POTATO SEED AS A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO COSTLY, DIFFICULT TO TRANSPORT TUBER SEED. "Nagaland does not produce potato seed," says llangantileke. "The fa rmers depend on outside sources for their planting materials." In the past, this has meant relying on tuber seed t ransported across 1,700 kilometers of mountain roads, from places as far away as Sh imla in the north-central part of India. According to Supong Kietzar, Nagaland's Director of Agriculture, the two tons of tuber seed needed to plant a hectare of potatoes costs about US$450, well beyond the means of most local farmers. THE SEVEN SISTERS Although the state government subsidized see llangantileke's description is true not only of cost s until 1999, those subsidies have since Tripura, but portrays much of the area covered by been withdrawn. the Seven Sister states. A classic example is To compensate, in 2001 the State Agricultu al Nagaland, a remote tribal region of 20 million Research Station (SARS) began experimenting ith people, many of whom depend on slash-and-burn TPS produced in neighboring Tripura. Kietzar agriculture for subsistence. reports that in on-farm trials, SARS researchers Among the 16 ethnic groups that reside in recorded yields of more than 20 tons per hect re, Nagaland's rugged mountain terrain, potato is a major nearly three times the amount produced by part of the diet. In recent years, however, potato fa rmers who planted their crop with tuber see ' . production has declined steadily because of the "TPS is well su ited to conditions in Nagala d," scarcity of quality seed tubers. comments llangantileke. "It's easy to handle a d rf) 0 0 N < -' move around, and it's virtually free of diseases and pests. Fifty grams of TPS contains about 80,000 seeds, an amount sufficient to produce enough tuberlets (see True Potato Seed, page 65) to plant a hectare." Farmers who use conventional tuber seed, llangantileke points out, have to plant approximately 2 tons of tubers to cover the same area. According to Kietzar, the results obtained to date in Nagaland are so encouraging that the state government has begun sending SARS staff to Tripura for training in TPS production. The courses are conducted with assistance from the CIP Regional Headquarters in New Delhi. In addition, the University of Nagaland recently announced plans to partner with CIP an effort that will focus on TPS, as well as conventional seed development and varietal tn Is. According to Dr. G. B. Sharma, the University's Vice-Chancellor, a CIP liaison office will be established on the University campus sometim before the middle of 2004. The partnership is expected to accelerate technology developme relevant to the needs of local farmers and promote better linkages w ith nongovernmenta organizations and community-based organizati ' ns. DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS The International Potato Center is grateful for the generous support of all its donors. The funding received helps CIP to develop high quality research and training that helps reduce poverty and achieve food security on a sustained basis in some of the poorest areas of the world. CIP's 2003 revenues were lower than in 2002. To offset the trend of decreasing funding for agricultural research, CIP actively continues to seek new partners and additional sources of funding. CIP has received promising signals that additional funds will be forthcoming in the future, directed to those areas in the world where CIP's work is being targeted to achieve maximum positive impact on the well being of people and the planet. Donors (ranked by level of contribution) (US$000) Unrestricted Restricted' Total Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) 94S 1,160 2, lOS International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank Group) 1,262 802 2,064 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 962 644 1,606 Government of Spain 48 1,SOl 1,S49 Department for International Development (DFID), UK 692 622 1,314 European Commission (EC) 1,2S4 1,2S4 Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) 937 137 1,074 Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) 798 40 838 Government of Netherlands 366 437 803 Government of Austria SSS SSS Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) 448 32 480 Government of Luxembourg 4S2 4S2 International Development Research Center (IDRC), Canada 420 420 Government of Germany (BMZ/GTZ) 233 1S6 389 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 177 lSS 332 Government of Japan 220 61 281 Government of Norway 278 278 Government of Italy 113 1 Sl 264 Global Environmental Facility (GEF) 241 241 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) I International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) 200 200 Fondo Regional de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria (FONTAGRO) I Red Internacional de lnvestigaci6n de Metodologfa de lnvestigaci6n de Sistemas de Producci6n (RIMISP) 1S9 1S9 McKnight Foundation 1S3 1S3 Government of China 110 110 Government of Belgium 106 106 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 94 94 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAD 78 78 CGIAR I International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 70 70 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 60 60 Government of the Republic of Korea 60 60 Government of France S6 S6 Swiss Centre for International Agriculture (ZIL) SS SS Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) S3 S3 Government of South Africa so so Government of India 38 38 Government of Islamic Republic of Iran 3S 3S International Services for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) 33 33 Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK 27 27 Government of Brazil 2S 2S Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund for International Development 21 21 Ministry of Agriculture - Peru 18 18 Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA) 13 13 German Agency for Technical Cooperation - GTZ 9 9 Government of Mexico s s United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Total 7,964 9,864 17,828 1 Restricted revenues are recognized if the funds are received and spent. For this reason, some restricted revenues may differ from the amount committed or transferred by donors. z -< m "" z )> ::::' 0 z )> -0 0 -< )> -< 0 n rn z -< m "" I a1 )> z z c )> r ;;lJ m ..,, 0 "" -< N 0 0 w "' 0 0 N ,_ a: 0 0.. w er: --' " ::J z z <( s2 I a: w ,_ z w u 0 I- " ,_ 0 Cl.. --' " z 0 ,_ " z a: w ,_ z FINANCIAL REPORT In 2003 the International Potato Center achieved a net surplus of US$ 0.9 million, US$ 0.6 million, or 183 percent above the amount budgeted. The surplus helped to increase the Center's financial reserves. CIP's total revenues in 2003 were US$18.2 million, 3 percent lower than 2002 revenues. Total revenues included US$7.96 million of unrestricted donations and US$9.86 million of restricted donations. At the end of 2003, US$43 million of grants approved (24 percent of total revenues) had not been released. CIP's donations are received in US Dollars, Euros, and several other currencies. In 2003, the US dollar continued to depreciate in the currency markets, which created additional revenues of US$ 0.5 million in unrestricted and earmarked activities. Though the US dollar was weak in 2002-2003, it is expected that at some time during 2004 the US dollar will begin to rise, affecting CIP's future revenues denominated in other currencies. Accumulated expenditures reached US$ 17.4 million in 2003, 10 percent below the 2002 amount. Expenditures fell in all categories, particularly in services, as well as international and local staff funded by unrestricted donations. This fall was mainly due to a reduction exercise implemented in 2002 and measures taken to improve operational efficiency, which took full effect in 2003. In add ition, steps were taken to improve direct and indirect cost recovery from ongoing and new restricted projects, which resulted in an increase from US$0.8 million in 2002 to US$1.3 million in 2003. By the end of 2003, CIP's financial reserves increased to US$4.5 million. The increase is mainly explained by the 2003 surplus of US$0.9 million, and by the reallocation of US$1.0 million from accruals and provisions to net assets. In 2003, 72 project proposals for US$41.5 million were submitted to donor agencies. During the year, 52 proposals were approved for total commitments of US$15.1 million. The approved proposals, measured in dollar terms, represent an increase in approved donations of 40 percent compared with 2002. The average donation approved per project climbed from US$0.212 million in 2002 to US$0.29 million in 2003. By the end of the year, the backlog of projects pending approval increased by US$13.6 million to reach US$ 33.1 million. Austere policies made it possible to keep indirect costs at 13 percent. CIP will continue to exercise prudent management, and indirect costs should decline as the Center expands its research program. The statement below summarizes CIP's financial position as of December 2003. A copy of the complete audited financial statements may be requested from the office of the Deputy Director General, Corporate Development, at CIP headquarters in Lima, Peru. Statement of financial position Year ending 31 December 2003 compared with 2002 (US$000) 2003 200 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalent 9,190 5,96 Accounts receivable: Donors 4,268 4,02 ' Employees 283 31 Others 316 23 Inventories 436 48 Advances 475 43 Prepaid expenses 261 18 Total current assets 15,229 11 ,64 Property and equipment, net 2,596 2,86 Total assets 17 ,825 14,5011 Liabilities and net assets Current liabilities Accounts payable Donors 4,290 1,06 Others 6,342 6,70 Accruals 61 1,20 Total current liabilities 10,693 8,97 Net assets Appropriated 2,596 3,73 ' Unappropriated 4,536 1,79 Total net assets 7,132 5,53 Total liabilities and net assets 17,825 14,50.3 ' REALIGNMENT OF CIP's RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM In 2003 CIP completed a Vision exercise that resulted in the prioritization of seven development challenges, which represent eight of the UN's Millennium Development Targets. These challenges can be summarized as: reducing poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing sustainable rural and urban systems; and improving the availability of new technologies. The CIP Vision Plenary concluded that CIP's research and development program can contribute significantly to achieving these Development Targets over the next two decades. The first step taken in moving towards implementation of this vision was a realignment of CIP's program. Realignment of CIP's Program As outlined in Challenge 1 of the CIP Vision (see www.cipotato.org/ cipvision.pdf), impact assessment studies have documented that improvements in potato and sweetpotato production systems through CIP-related technologies have resulted in significant gains to farm productivity throughout the world, especially in China, India, Central Africa, and the Andean highlands (see Advanced technologies readied for potato and sweetpotato producers, page 21). A fundamental objective is to increase the impact of our research across a broader array of challenges, as defined by the Millennium Development Goals and Targets. In order to enhance impacts on poverty and hunger alleviation, human health, and rural and urban sustainability, the realignment of CIP's Research and Development Program will reflect a pro-poor research and development (R&D) cycle. Pro-poor research and development cycle The cycle starts with impact targeting in order to identify priority areas, populations, and systems where CIP's Program should focus, i.e., where research and development activities should be prioritized.This is followed by participatory needs and opportunity assessments, with anticipated impacts, to shed light on the types of knowledge and technologies that need to be generated or adapted to enhance impact. These analyses will inform the research agenda. Research outputs will then be linked to development partnerships for more efficient and effective dissemination. Impact monitoring and assessment will establish indicators and, through analysis and evaluation, will allow for reorientation or redirection of efforts during the R&D process to maximize the probability of achieving the expected impacts. In order to make this R&D cycle operative, CIP has realigned its program structure (see next page). Research outputs have been linked to partnership programs for more efficient and effective dissemination. Through this realignment we expect gains in the efficiency, effectiveness, and flexibility of the program. CIP has a rich and successful history of creating, coordinating, and working in partnerships. Our partners should have a stronger voice in defining national and regional needs and opportunities, and in influencing CIP's research agenda. At the same time it is expected that these needs and opportunities will be increasingly resourced by partnership programs through contract research from the relevant research divisions. Simultaneously, partnership programs Target Areas Impact assessment Linkages for dissemination Research and development Poverty needs and opportunities assessment Poverty matrix z -I m ::0 z J> -I 0 z J> r " 0 -I J> -I 0 n m z -I m ::0 )> z z c J> r ::x:i m .,, 0 ::0 -I "'"' 0 0 w ......, 0 0 N l- a: 0 "- w c:r:: _J <( :::> z z <( "' w 1- z u 0 I- <( l- o a_ _J <( z 0 I- <( z "' w 1- z will serve as primary update and utilization platforms for research results, increasing the dissemination and scaling out of the global public goods produced by CIP and enhancing the development impact. The Partnership Programs included in CIP's realigned program structure are coordinated and hosted by CIP; development partnerships will prioritize these highly relevant programs, but not be restricted only to these partnership platforms. With in the research program, six Research Divisions have been defined. This revised structure should achieve more streamlined research management and be robust enough to CIP's program structure: In 2003 and as of January 1, 2004 CIP Research Program in 2003 1 Integrated management of late blight persist and maintain its relevance in the face of a dynamic external environment. New Research Divisions The Impact Enhancement Division will undertake research t develop improved methodologies for impact targeting and needs/opportunities assessment; adopt and validate a broa conceptual framework for impact assessment; identify impa indicators and methodologies for measuring and monitorin these indicators; and develop strategies and tactics to add v lue to CIP's commodity research. In essence, this Division will se e 2 Uptake and utilization of improved potato production technologies 3 True potato seed 4 Integrated pest management for root and tuber crops 6 Post-harvest quality, nutrition and market impact of root and lllbercrops 7 Biodiversity and genetic resources of roots and tuber crops 8 Integrated natllral resource management in mountain agrHcosystems 9 Gene discovery, evaluation and mobilization for crop improvement 10 Global commodity analysis and impact assessment of potato and sweetpotato technologies 61 SIUPA (Strategic Initiative on Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture) 62 GILB (Global Initiative on late Blight) Rl CON DESAN (Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion) as the compass for the Program, monitoring progress against desired impacts in each of the regional settings and, through research, striving to increase our impact. The Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization Division will manage CIP's non-negotiable core responsibility to maintain and characterize the collection of potato, sweetpotato, and Andean root and tuber germplasm that the Center holds in trust. The Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division will be responsible for CIP's efforts to better understand and enhance this germplasm for improved crop value. These two Divisions represent CIP's foundation, built and solidified over more than 30 years. They remain critical to enhancing our impact and meeting our challenges. The remaining three Research Divisions will conduct integration research. The Integrated Crop Management Division will undertake research to integrate solutions to production constraints (e.g. late blight, bacterial wilt, soil degradation) in ways that are appropriate for the region, the target systems, and the socioeconomic constraints of the target populations. The Natural Resources Management Division will conduct research to improve our understanding of production systems (e.g. potato, sweetpotato) within the complex agro- ecosystems in which they are embedded (e.g. potatoes in highland production systems), and will develop strategies and tactics for intervening in these complex systems that will provide valuable, long-term contributions. The Agriculture and Human Health Division will carry out research to clarify the linkages among agricultural production, the environment, and human health. Based on the knowledge gathered from this research, intervention strategies will be designed to increase the benefits and mitigate the risks of agricultural production to human health. This exciting new research division will allow CIP to institutionalize and carry forward the innovative research that we have been conducting, and to move beyond compartmentalization of research and development in the fields of agriculture and human health. It will be the first institutionalized program dedicated to agriculture and human health in a CGIAR Center. Research divisions and their principal activities 1. Impact enhancement Characterizing user needs and opportunities for agricultural knowledge and technology Assessing dissemination strategies, adoption, and impact Adding value to commodities through post-harvest innovations Institutional learning for pro-poor impact 2. Genetic resources conservation and characterization Collecting and conserving genetic resources Assessing genetic resources diversity Characterizing genetic resources Collaborating on genetic resources policies and capacity building 3. Germplasm enhancement and crop improvement division Enhancing potato germplasm and crop improvement Enhancing sweetpotato germplasm and crop improvement Improving root and tuber crops through transgenics Improving adaptation and variety use 4. Integrated crop management Integrating management of the potato crop Integrating management of the sweetpotato crop 5. Natural resources management Characterizing the sustainability of targeted agro-ecosystems Examining external disturbances of targeted agro-ecosystems Designing and validating resilient agro-ecosystems 6. Agriculture and human health Analyzing linkages among production, ecosystems, and human health Enhancing human health benefits from agricultural production Mitigating human health risks from agricultural production z -i m ,, z )> -i 0 z )> r -u 0 -i )> -i 0 () m z -i m ,, i ss )> z z c: )> r m " 0 ,, -i N 0 0 w CV) 0 0 N .... a: 0 c.. w er: _, <( ::> z z <( 86 I a: w .... z w u 0 .... <( .... 0 0... _, <( z 0 .... <( z a: w .... z TRAINING HIGHLIGHTS CIP's training program is designed to support our mission to contribute to the achievement of healthy and sustainable human development. It focuses on disseminating new and appropriate knowledge and technologies, and on enhancing institutional research skills to improve collaboration in CIP's research agenda. The program also targets farmers in developing countries. CIP leads training sessions and workshops, organizes and sponsors international conferences, and develops training materials. Participants from more than 30 countries attended the 16 main-group training events conducted across the world in 2003. These activities focused on research methodologies; tools and techniques for developing-country scientists; and on capacity building for sustainable production, Summary of training events targeted at NGOs, government organizations and development agencies. At CIP headquarters, individual tra ining was provided for participants from 10 countries. Cl · also supported training in distant locations by distributing publications and manuals, as well as via electronic media, including downloads of manuals, articles, and reports from CIP's training website (www.cipotato.org/ training), and electronic conferences and workshops. During 2003, CIP successfully completed a distance-learning project with Te as A&M University, USA, to develop a Web-based course on potato seed-tuber production. CIP continues to develop its website and interactive CD-R Ms to support training organized by CIP headquarters and regional offices, and by CIP-related networks. Group training & conferences Individual Training Total Events (number) 19 Duration (days) 110 Participants (number) 921 Summary of degree training Events (number) 20 Duration Participants (days) (number) 721 32 Events (number) 39 Duration Participan (days) (number) 831 953 M.Sc. Ph.D. Interns (B.Sc.) Total Total Male Female Total Ma le Female Total Male Fema le Total Male Fema 4 4 0 2 2 0 138 68 70 144 74 70 Principle group training events Event (number of participants in parentheses} External partners Participating countries Ill. International Workshop "Guatemala's potato tuber moth Tecia solonivora" (16) Workshop "Strategy development for the germplasm homologation of Andean roots and tubers" (5) Workshop "Introduction to the farmers' field schools methodology" (21) IPM training course (15) CORPOICA PROINPA, INIA Peru, INIAP, UNC PRONAMACHS Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, German , Venezuela Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru Netherlands, Peru Egypt Workshop "Integration of urban agriculture to the sustainable development of the municipalities" (45) Course "Participatory improvement and production of decentralized seed of Andean crops" (19) Potato production course for Asian countries (129) Workshop "Processing and export potential of potatoes within Asia" (300) Workshop "Analysis of the integrated management of the Andean weevil (MIP-GA)" (19) Workshop "Intellectual property and access to genetic resources" (69) Workshop "Research project on climatic variability and family welfare in the Andes" (27) Seminar "Access to phytogenetic resources in the Andean Region" (43) Workshop "Auto-evaluation of the collaborative program on ARTCs biodiversity" (18) Workshop "Day of the potato-improver" (12) Workshop "Strategies for the use of sweetpotato in human and animal nourishment" (25) Training course on potato production (29) Aguila, UNDP, PGU-ALC, HABITAT, Municipalidad de Lurigancho, Chosica INIA, Peru Rural Development Admin istration (RDA), Korea Central Potato Research Institute, India INIA, SENASA, PRONAMACHS, Peru Ministerio de Agricultura, Peru SENAMHI, UNALM, CIRNMA, PROINPA Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental INIA Peru, INIAP Ecuador, PROINPA INIA, Pern FONT AGRO Ministry of Agriculture, Afghanistan Cuba, Ecuador, Peru Peru China, Indonesia, Korea, Myanmar, Vietnam Australia, Bangladesh, Germany, Netherlands, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan Perl!l Canada, Colombia, Indonesia, Peru, Uruguay Bolivia, Peru, USA, Argentina, Belgium, Boliva, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Spain, Venezuela, USA Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Switzerland Peru Argentina, Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Nicaragua Peru, Venezuela Afghanistan z -; m ,, z )> -; 0 z )> .-- -0 0 -; )> -; 0 (") m z -; m ,, > z z c )> r m " 0 ,, -; "" 0 0 w ""' 0 0 N l- a: 0 c.. w er:: __, "" "" z z <( 88 I a: w 1- z w u 0 I- "" l-o a... __, "" z 0 I- "" z a: w 1- z SELECTED PUBLICATIONS Alcazar, J. 2003. Principales plagas en la producci6n de semilla de papa y su control. In Fortalecimiento def sistema de producci6n de semi/la de papa a troves de la capacitaci6n y fa transferencia de tecnologfa, Manual Modulo 1. Vol. 2: 39-66. Huancayo (Peru): lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaci6n Agropecuaria (INIA), Direcci6n General de Transferencia de Tecnologia Agraria. Antle, JM, JJ Stoorvogel, W Bowen, CC Crissman, and D Yanggen. 2003. Making an impact with impact assessment: The tradeoff analysis approach and lessons from the tradeoffs project in Ecuador. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 42: 189-206. Antle, JM, JJ Stoorvogel, RO Valdivia, and D Yanggen. 2003. Assessing the economic potential for soil carbon sequestration: Terraces and agroforestry in the Peruvian Andes. Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics, Montana State University Working Paper Series (09-2004) 26p. Antle, JM, D Yanggen, R Valdivia, and CC Crissman. 2003. Endogeneity of land titling and farm investments: Evidence from the Peruvian Andes. Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics, Montana State University Working Paper Series (08-2004) 23p. Bamberg, J, A Del Rio, Z Huaman, S Vega, M Martin, A Salas, J Pavek, S Kiru, C Fernandez, and D Spooner. 2003. A decade of collecting and research on wild potatoes of the southwest USA. American Journal of Potato Research 80: 159-172. Bartolini, I, and L Salazar. 2003. Viroids in South America. In Viroids, ed. A Hadidi, R Flores, JW Randles and JS Semancik, 265-267. Victoria (Australia): CSIRO Publishing. Bentley, J, A Paz, G Juanes, J Martinez, H Equise, QJR Rioja, 0 Barea, R Salinas, and G Thiele. 2003. El Taller Comunitario y la radio, una experiencia en Bolivia. LEISA Revista de Agroecologfa 19: 42-45. Bernet, T, and K Manrique, eds. 2003. Colaborando para fortafecer fa cadena de la papa. Logros def proyecto INCOPA con el enfoque participativo. EPCP. INCOPA Project. International Potato Center (CIP), Lima (Peru). [CD-ROM] Bernet, T, A Hibon, M Bonierbale, and M Hermann. 2003. Marketing approach to conserve agricultura l biodiversity. In Conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity: A sourcebook, 590-598. Los Barios (Philippines): CIP-UPWARD. Bonierbale, M, W Amoros, and J Landeo. 2003. Improved resistance and quality in potatoes for the tropics. Acta Horticulturae 619: 15- 22. Bonierbale, M, R Simon, D Zhang, M Ghislain, C Mba, and XQ Li. 2003. Genomics and molecular breeding for root and tuber crop improvement. In Plant molecular breeding, ed. HJ Newbury, 216-253. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Publishing. Bussink, C. 2003. GIS as a tool in participatory natural resource management. Mountain Research and Development 23: 320-323. Campilan, D. 2003. Bridging social and technical scienc s in facilitating local agricultural innovation. In Participato technology development and focal knowledge for sustainable land use in Southeast Asia, ed. A Neef, 171-1 8. Bangkok (Thailand): White Lotus Publishers. Campilan, D, and G Prain. 2003. Farmer management o sweetpotato diversity in a changing livelihood system: A case from Central Luzon, Philippines. In Conservation an sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity: A sourcebook, 245- 251. Los Barios (Philippines): (IP-UPWARD. Campilan, D, and G Prain. 2003. Using local knowledge to conserve diversity of secondary crops: The case of sweetpotato in the Philippines. In Conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity: A sourcebook, 97-101 . Los Barios (Philippines): CIP-UPWARD. Canas, CR, RA Quiroz, C Leon-Velarde, A Posadas, an J Osorio. 2003. Quantifying energy dissipation by grazin animals in harsh environments. Journal of Theoretical Biology 225: 351-359. CIP-UPWARD. 2003. Conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity: A sourcebook. Los Barios (Philippines): International Potato Center; Users' Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Developm t. 335p. (IP-UPWARD. 2003. Farmer Field Schools: Emerging issu s and challenges. Documentation of an international learn g workshop. International Potato Center; Users' Perspecti s with Agricultural Research and Development, Los Barios (Philippines). [CD-ROM] CIP-UPWARD. 2003. Farmer Field Schools: From I PM to platforms for learning and empowerment. Los Barios (Philippines): International Potato Center; Users' Perspe · tive with Agricultural Research and Development. 87p. Crissman, CC. 2003. La agricultura en fos pdramos: Estrategias para el uso def espacio. Contribuciones para e desarrollo sostenibfe de fos Andes, No. 1. Lima (Peru): CONDESAN, Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). 66p. Danielsen, S, A Bonifacio, and T Ames. 2003. Diseases f quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) . Food Reviews fnternatio I 19: 43-59. Devaux, A, and G Thiele. 2003. lnforme del taller de evaluaci6n horizontal de procesos de investigaci6n ent socios de Papa Andina sobre: "El enfoque RAAKS-Cadena implementado por INCOPA en Peru". International Pota o Center (CIP), Lima (Peru). [CD-ROM] Devaux, A, and G Thiele. 2003. La proyecci6n y los reto de Papa Andina para el futuro. In Compendia de Papa Andin , fogros y experiencias de fa primera fase (1998-2002), 13-1 Lima (Peru): Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). Devaux, A, G Thiele, and R Oros. 2003. Taller de sistematizaci6n de experiencias sabre el enfoque de cade a agroafimentaria y plataformas de concertaci6n con actor s. Taller de metodologfa de monitoreo y evaluaci6n de impacto. Papa Andina, Cochabamba (Bolivia). [CD-ROM) Douthwaite, B, T Kuby, E Van de Fliert, and S Schulz. 2003. Impact pathway evaluation: An approach for achieving and attributing impact in complex systems. Agricultural Systems 78: 243-265. Fonseca, C, R Zuger, T Walker, and J Molina. 2003. Impact study of the adoption of new varieties of sweetpotato released by /NIA on the Central Coast of Peru: The case of the Canete Valley. Lima (Peru): International Potato Center (CIP). 24p. Fuentes, S, and L Salazar. 2003. First report of Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus in Peru. Plant Disease 87: 98. Ghislain, M, A Lagnaoui, and T Walker. 2003. Fulfilling the promise of Bt potato in developing countries. In Bacillus thuringiensis: A cornerstone of modern agriculture, ed. M Metz, 93-113. Binghampton (USA): Haworth Press. Ghislain, M, DM Spooner, F Rodriguez, F Villaman, J Nunez, C Vasquez, R Waugh, and M Bonierbale. 2003. Selection of highly informative and user-friendly microsatellites (SSRs) for genotyping of cultivated potato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Published Online November 27. DOI : 10.1007/ s00122-003-1494-7 www.springerlink.com Gichuki, S, M Berenyi, D Zhang, M Hermann, J Schmidt, J Glossl, and K Burg. 2003. Genetic diversity in sweetpotato [lpomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in relationship to geographic sources as assessed with RAPD markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50: 429-437. Golmirzaie, A, J Tenorio, F Serquen, and R Ortiz. 2003. Cybrids and tetrad sterility for developing true potato seed hybrids. Annals of Applied Biology 143: 231-234. Grau, A, R Ortega, C Nieto, and M Hermann. 2003. Mashua (fropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav.). Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops, 25. Lima (Peru): International Potato Center and Rome (Italy): International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 55p. Graves, C. 2003. Potato, treasure of the Andes (in English, Spanish and Italian). In The custodians of biodiversity (Los custodios de la biodiversidad, I custodi della biodiversita), 41 - 44. Torino (Italy): Edizioni Angolo Manzoni, FAO. Graves, C. 2003. Un centre a vocation internationale. In Patate, 36. Paris (France): Flammarion. Gutierrez, DL, S Fuentes, and LF Salazar. 2003. Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD): Distribution, incidence, and effect on sweetpotato yield in Peru. Plant Disease 87: 297-302. Hijmans, RJ. 2003. The effect of climate change on global potato production. American Journal of Potato Research 80: 271 - 279. Hijmans, RJ, B Condori, R Carrillo, and MJ Kropff. 2003. A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the potential impact of new agricultural technology: The case of frost resistant potato for the altiplano (Peru and Bolivia). Agricultural Systems 76: 895-911. Hijmans, RJ, M Jacobs, JB Bamberg, and DM Spooner. 2003. Frost tolerance in wild potato species: Assessing the predictivity of taxonomic, geographic, and ecological factors. Euphytica 130: 47-59. Horton, D, A Alexaki, S Benett-Lartey, K Noele Brice, D Campilan, F Carden, J De Souza Silva, L Thanh Doung, I Khadar, A Maestrey Boza, I Kayes Muniruzzaman, J Perez, M Somarriba Chang, R Vernooy, and J Watts. 2003. Evaluating capacity development: Experiences from research and development organizations around the world. Hague (Netherlands): ISNAR. 165p. International Potato Center. 2003. Fomentando el crecimiento, la salud, y la prosperidad: Centro Internacional de la Papa informe anual 2002. Lima (Peru): Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). 112p. International Potato Center. 2003. Fueling growth, health and prosperity: International Potato Center annual report 2002. Lima (Peru): International Potato Center (CIP). 112p. International Potato Center. 2003. V/TAA - The Vitamin A for Africa Partnership: Paving the way for food-based solutions to undernutrition. Winner of the 2003 CG/AR Science Award for Outstanding Partnership. Lima (Peru): International Potato Center (CIP). 18p. IPGRl/CIP. 2003. Descriptores de/ ulluco (Ullucus tuberosusJ. Rome (Italy): lnstituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogeneticos and Lima (Peru): Centro Internacional de la Papa. 42p. James, B, P Neuenschwander, R Markham, P Anderson, A Braun, W Overholt, ZR Khan, K Makkouk, and A Emechebe. 2003. Bridging the gap with the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management. In Integrated pest management in the global arena, ed. KM Maredia, D Dakouo, and D Mota-Sanchez, 419-434. New York (USA): Oxford University Press. Kabira, JN, and B Lemaga. 2003. Potato processing: Quality evaluation procedures for research and food industry applications in East and Central Africa. Nairobi (Kenya): Greenwood Printers and Stationers. 24p. Kadian, MS, SG llangantileke, Moeen-ud-Din, N Wassimi, and M Lal. 2003. CIP in Afghanistan: Production of good quality seed to meet the emergency seed requirements. Journal of the Indian Potato Association 30: 55-56. Kapinga, RE, and EE Carey. 2003. Present status of sweetpotato breeding for Eastern and Southern Africa. In Sweetpotato post-harvest assessment. Experiences from East Africa, ed. D Rees, Q van Oirschot, and RE Kapinga, 3-8. Chatman (UK): Natural Resources Institute (NRI); Crop Post- Harvest Programme (CPHP); Department for International z .... m :c z ,,. .... 0 z ,,. ,... -0 0 .... ,,. .... 0 n m z .... m :c )> z z c ,,. ,... ::0 m " 0 :c .... IV 0 0 w M 0 0 N >-- "' 0 a. er: -' < "" z z <( go I w ,.._ z u 0 ,.._ < >- 0 0... -' < z 0 >-- < z "' w ,.._ z Development (DFID); l_nternational Potato Center (CIP); Ministry of Agriculture Tanzania. Kapinga, RE, and EE Carey. 2003. Sweetpotato breeding methodologies and targets in sub-Saharan Africa. In Sweetpotato post-harvest assessment. Experiences from East Africa, ed. D Rees, Q van Oirschot and RE Kapinga, 113-122. Chatman (UK): Natural Resources Institute (NRI); Crop Post- Harvest Programme (CPHP); Department for International Development (DFID); International Potato Center (CIP); Ministry of Agriculture Tanzania. Kapinga, RE, SC Jeremiah, EJ Rwiza, and D Rees. 2003. Farmer criteria for selection of sweetpotato varieties. 9-22 in Sweetpotato post-harvest assessment. Experiences from East Africa, ed. D Rees, Q van Oirschot, and RE Kapinga. Chatman (UK): Natural Resources Institute (NRI); Crop Post- Harvest Programme (CPHP); Department for International Development (DFID); International Potato Center (CIP); Ministry of Agriculture Tanzania. Kapinga, RE, D Rees, C Jeremiah, and SEJ Rwiza. 2003. Trader and consumer criteria for selection of sweetpotato varieties. In Sweetpotato post-harvest assessment. Experiences from East Africa, ed. D Rees, Q van Oirschot and RE Kapinga, 23-36. Chatman (UK): Natural Resources Institute (NRI); Crop Post-Harvest Programme (CPHP); Department for International Development (DFID); International Potato Center (CIP); Ministry of Agriculture Tanzania. Leon-Velarde, CU, and VH Barrera. 2003. Metodos bio- matemdticos para el andlisis de sistemas agropecuarios en el Ecuador. Boletfn Tecnico - IN/AP, No. 95. Quito (Ecuador): lnstituto Nacional Aut6nomo de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) and Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). 187p. Li, XQ, M Haroon, and M Bonierbale. 2003. EST-Based cloning and gene expression analysis of potato proteases. Acta Horticulturae 619: 59-62. Loebenstein, G, S Fuentes, J Cohen, and L Salazar. 2003. Sweet potato. In Virus and virus-like diseases of major crops in developing countries, ed. G Loebenstein and G Thottappilly, 223-248. Dordrecht (Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers. Nakitandwe, J, E Adipala, R El-Bedewy, W Wagoire, and B Lemaga. 2003. Interrelationships among potato traits and their significance in determining tuber yield. MUARIK Bulletin 6: 1-6. Obregon, C, K Manrique, and T Bernet, eds. 2003. La comercializaci6n de la papa en el Peru. INCOPA Project. International Potato Center (CIP), Lima (Peru). [CD-ROM] Ochoa, C. 2003. Las papas def Peru. Base de datos 7947- 7 997. Lima (Peru): Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP); Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM); Agenda Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperaci6n (COSUDE). 185p. Orrego, R, 0 Ortiz, and M Bazan. 2003. La investigaci6n participativa en las Escuelas de Campo: Selecci6n de clones con resistencia a la rancha. LEISA Revista de Agroecologfa 19: 40-41. Ortiz, 0, R Orrego, and R Ho. 2003. Colaboraci6n para I innovaci6n tecnol6gica y metodol6gica: La experiencia el CIP y CARE con las ECAs. LEISA Revista de Agroecologfa 19: 20-21 . Pande, PC, BH Girish, MS Kadian, and SG llangantilek 2003. Evaluation of true potato seed families for adapta ility and yield characteristics. Journal of the Indian Potato Association 30: 25-26. Ponce, AM, and JC Alurralde. 2003. CONDESAN complements mountain activities with an "Andean Visio " of water. Mountain Research and Development 23: 190-191 Ponce, AM, E Echeandfa, and M Briceno eds. 2003. E-Conference Vision def agua dulce en las Americas: Las polfticas y el marco normativo. lnfoAndina, CONDESAN; lntercooperation, Bolivia. International Potato Center ( Lima (Peru). [CD-ROM] Posadas, A, D Gimenez, and RA Quiroz. 2003. Analisis multifractal de la variabilidad espacial de la conductivida hidraulica en un suelo estratificado. Universidad Nacion Mayor de San Marcos, Revista de lnvestigaci6n de Ffsica 5: 36-43. Posadas, A, D Gimenez, RA Quiroz, and R Protz. 2003. Multifractal characterization of soil pore systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67: 1361-1369. Proano, M, S Poats, P Arellano, CC Crissman, and R Jaramillo. 2003. (Los pobres deterioran el ambiente? aso de estudio de la subcuenca del Rio El Angel, Carchi, Ecua or. In Pobreza y deterioro ambiental en America Latina, ed. G. Escobar, 61-84. Santiago (Chile): RIMISP. Quiroz, RA, CU Leon-Velarde, R Valdivia, FP Zorogastua, GA Baigorria, C Barreda, J Reinoso, M Holle, and H Li Pun. 2003. Making a difference to An ean livelihoods through an integrated research approach. In Research towards integrated natural resources management, CG/AR, ed. R. R. Harwood and A. H. Kassam, 111-122. Rome (Italy): FAO. Rasmussen, C, A Lagnaoui, and P Esbjerg. 2003. Adva es in the knowledge of quinoa pests. Food Reviews International 19: 61-75. Rees, D, Q van Oirschot, and RE Kapinga, eds. 2003. Sweetpotato post-harvest assessment. Experiences from Ea Africa. Chatman (UK): Natural Resources Institute (NRI); C p Post-Harvest Programme (CPHP); Department for International Development (DFID); International Potato Center (CIP); Ministry of Agriculture Tanzania. 125p. Rees, D, QEA van Oirschot, RE Kapinga, K Mtunda, D Chilosa, L Mbilinyi, and EE Carey. 2003. Extending r ot shelf during marketing by cultivar selection. In Sweetpot to post-harvest assessment. Experiences from East Africa, ed. D Rees, Q van Oirschot and RE Kapinga, 51-66. Chatman ( K): Natural Resources Institute (NRI); Crop Post-Harvest Progra me (CPHP); Department for International Development (DFI 1 ) ; International Potato Center (CIP); Ministry of Agriculture Tan nia. Reilly, J, F Tubiello, B Mccarl, D Abler, R Darwin, K Fuglie, B S Hollinger, C lzaurralde, S Jagtap, J Jones, L Mearns, LO Ojima, E Paul, K Paustian, S Riha, N Rosenberg, and C Rosensweig. 2003. US agriculture and climate change: New results. Climate Change S7: 43-69. Riveros, C, JA Zamudio, CE lparraguirre, and V Otazu. 2003. Manejo de invernadero para la producci6n de tuberculos prebasicos de papa. In Fortalecimiento de/ sistema de produccion de semi/la de papa a traves de la capacitacion y la transferencia de tecnologfa, Manual Modulo 1 Vol.1 : 21-36. Huancayo (Peru): lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaci6n Agropecuaria (INIA), Direcci6n General de Transferencia de Tecnologfa Agraria. Ruiz, M. 2003. El Tratado Internacional de Recursos Fitogeneticos y la Decision 391 de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones: Peru, la Region Andina y los Centros lnternacionales de lnvestigacion Agricola. Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental. Lima (Peru): Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). 47p. Salas, S. 2003. Quinoa: Postharvest and commercialization. Food Reviews International 19: 191-201 . Seminario, J, M Valderrama, and I Manrique. 2003. El yacon: Fundamentos para el aprovechamiento de un recurso promisorio. Lima (Peru): Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP); Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca; Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperaci6n (COSUDE). 60p. Sherwood, S, and G Thiele. 2003. Facilitar y dejar facilitar: Ayudemos a los participantes a dirigir las ECAs. LEISA Revista de Agroecologfa 19: 80-83 . Spetz, C, AM Taboada, S Darwich, J Ramsell, LF Salazar, and JPT Valkonen. 2003. Molecular resolution of a complex of potyviruses infecting solanaceous crops at the centre of origin in Peru. Journal of General Virology 84: 2565-2578. Sporleder, M. 2003. The granulovirus of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) - Characterization and prospects for effective mass production and pest control. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim (Germany). 206p. Swinton, SM, and RA Quiroz. 2003. Is poverty to blame for soil, pasture and forest degradation in Peru's Altiplano? World Development 31: 1903-1919. Swinton, SM, and RA Quiroz. 2003. Poverty and the deterioration of natural soil capital in the Peruvian Altiplano environment. Development and Sustainability 5: 477-490. Swinton, SM, and RA Quiroz. 2003. Relaciones entre la pobreza y el deterioro ambiental en la Cuenca del Lago Titicaca. In Pobreza y deterioro ambiental en America Latina, ed. G Escobar, 39-60. Santiago (Chile): RIMISP. Tenorio, J, C Chuquillanqui, A Garcia, M Guillen, R Chavez, and LF Salazar. 2003. Sintomatologfa y efecto en el rendimiento de papa de un nuevo virus transmitido por el psflido Russelliana solanicola. Fitopatologfa 38: 32-36. Tomlins, K, EJ Rwiza, T Ngendello, R Amour, RE Kapinga, and D Rees. 2003. The use of consumer tests and trained taste panels to assess sensory characteristics. In Sweetpotato post-harvest assessment. Experiences from East Africa, ed. D Rees, Q van Oirschot and RE Kapinga, 37-50. Chatman (UK): Natural Resources Institute (NRI); Crop Post-Harvest Programme (CPHP); Department for International Development (DFID); International Potato Center (CIP); Ministry of Agriculture Tanzania. Tourneux, C, A Devaux, MR Camacho, P Mamani, and JF Ledent. 2003. Effect of water shortage on six potato genotypes (I) : Morphological parameters, growth and yield. Agronomie 23: 169-179. Tourneux, C, A Devaux, MR Camacho, P Mamani, and JF Ledent. 2003. Effect of water shortage on six potato genotypes in the highlands of Bolivia (II) : Water relations, physiological parameters. Agronomie 23: 181-190. Trognitz, BR. 2003. Prospects of breeding quinoa for tolerance to abiotic stress. Food Reviews International 19: 129- 137. Valdivia, C, JL Gilles, C Jette, RA Quiroz, and R Espejo. 2003. Coping and adapting to climate variability: The role of assets, networks, knowledge and institutions. In Insights and tools for adaptation: Learning from climate variability, 189-199. Washington DC (USA): NOAA Office of Global Programs, Climate and Societal Interactions. Van de Fliert, E. 2003. Recognizing a climate for sustainability: Extension beyond transfer of technology. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43: 29-36. Van de Fliert, E, G Thiele, D Campilan, O Ortiz, R Orrego, M Olanya, and S Sherwood. 2003. The farmer field school as a platform for a variety of participatory research and learning activities in CIP-led projects. In Farmer Field Schools: Emerging issues and challenges, 385-405. Los Banos (Philippines): CIP-UPWARD. Walker, TS, YP Bi, PC Gaur, HL Li, and E Grande. 2003. Potato genetic improvement in developing countries and CIP's role in varietal change. In Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research, ed. RE Evenson and D Gollin, 315-336. Oxfordshire (UK): CABI Publishing. Wulff, EG, EV Gonzales, JA Ortega, S Torres, W Perez, R Nelson, and M Bonierbale. 2003. Comparative analysis of new sources of late blight resistance using phenotypic and molecular genetic approaches. Acta Horticulturae 619: 23- 29. Yanggen, 0, CC Crissman, and P Espinosa, eds. 2003. Los Plaguicidas: lmpactos en produccion, salud y medio ambiente en Carchi, Ecuador. Quito (Ecuador): Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP); lnstituto Nacional Aut6nomo de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA). 198p. z --< m "' z )> --< 0 z )> r- -0 0 --< )> --< 0 n m z --< m "' I 91 )> z z c )> N 0 0 w M 0 0 N t- ee 0 0.. UJ er: --' <( ::J z z <( 92 I cc UJ t- z UJ u 0 t- <( t- o a.. --' <( z 0 t- <( z UJ t- z CIP's PARTNERS AARI Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey • AARI Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan • AAS Acade of Agricultural Sciences, North Korea • ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research • ADB Asian Develop Bank • ADT Akukuranut Development Trust, Kenya • AFRENA African Resource Network in Agro-Forestry, Uganda • AFRIC Uganda • AGERI Agriculture Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Egypt • AGES Austrian Agency for Health and Food Sa Agricultural Research Council, South Africa • Agricultural Research Institute, Tanzania • AHi African Highland Initiative Pro East Africa • Ainshams University, Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt • AIAT-WS Agricultural Technology Assessment Institute est Sumatra, Indonesia • AIT Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand • Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia • Alexander von Humboldt Biological Research Institute, Colombia • Angola Seeds of Freedom Project • Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sci nee, China • APPRI Agricultural Plant Protection Research Institute, Egypt • APROSEPA Asociaci6n de Productores de Semilla de pa, Bolivia • Arapai College, Uganda • ARARIWA Association for Andean Technical-Cultural Promotion, Peru • ARC Agricu ture Research Centre, Egypt· ARC Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan • ARC Agricultural Research Council, South Africa • Csr Agriculture Research Centre, Seibersdorf, Austria • ARDC Agricultural Research and Development Centre, Uganda • EA Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, Yemen • ARI Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan • ARI Agricultural Res rch Institute, Tanzania • ARO Agricultural Research Organization, Israel • ASAR Asociaci6n de Servicios Artesanales y Rurales, Bol ia • ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa, Uganda • ASPADERUC Asoci i6n para el Desarrollo Rural de Cajamarca, Peru • ATDTP Agricultural Technology Development and Transfer Project, Rwanda AT- Uganda Appropriate Technology Uganda· AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan· Awasa Res rch Centre, Ethiopia • BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation • BAR Bureau of Agricultural Research, Depart ent of Agriculture, Philippines • BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute • BCNC Baguio City Nutrition Council, Philippi es • BEAF/GTZ Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte Agrarforschung • BIOGEN Biodiversidad y Genetica, Peru • AC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee • BRC Biotechnology Research Center, Vietnam • BRRI Bangladesh Rice Res Institute • BSU Benguet State University, Philippines • BTA Biotecnologfa Agropecuaria SA, Chile • BUCADEF Buganda Cu Development Foundation, Uganda • Bvumbwe Research Station, Malawi • CAAS Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences • AB International, Kenya • CAF College for Agricu lture and Forestry, Vietnam • CAPAC Cadenas Productivas Agricolas de Cal idad, P ru • CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Trinidad • CARE-Bangladesh • CARE-Kenya • CARE-P . ru • CARE-Rwanda • CASREN Crop-Animal Systems Research Network • CAU China Agricultural University, China • CavSU Cavite tate University, Philippines· CBC Centro Bartolome de las Casas, Peru· CCAP Chinese Center for Agricultural Policy, China· CECOA AM Central de Cooperativas Agrarias de Canete y Mala, Peru • CEDEPAS Centro Ecumenico de la Promoci6n y Acci6n Social, P ru • CEMOR Cemor Editores & Promotores, Peru • CENA Civil Engineers Network Africa, South Africa • Cendrawasih Univ sity, Indonesia • Centro de lnvestigaci6n Agricola Tropical, Bol ivia • Centro de lnvestigaci6n en Biotecnologfa, Costa Rica • Centr de Reproducci6n de Entom6genos y Entomopat6genos, Cuba • CERGETYR Centro Regional de Recursos Geneticos de Tubero as y Rakes, Peru· CFC Common Funds for Commodities· CFH Conservation, Food and Health Foundation, USA· Chiang Mai Univ sity, Thailand • Christian AID, DR Congo • CIAAB Centro de lnvest igaciones Agrfcolas A. Boerger, Uruguay • CIAO Center for lnteg ted Agricultural Development, China • CICA Centro de lnvestigaci6n en Cultivos Andinos, Peru • CIDA Canadian lnternat nal Development Agency • CIED Centro de lnvestigaci6n, Educaci6n y Desarrollo, Peru • CIPDER Consorcio lnterinstitucional p ra el Desarrollo Regional Cajamarca, Peru • CIRNMA Centro de lnvestigaci6n de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Peru • Ci of Yaounde • CLADES Consorcio Latinoamericano de Agroecologfa y Desarrollo, Peru • CLSU Central Luzon State Unive sity, Philippines • CNCQS Chinese National Centre for Quality Supervision and Test of Feed • CNPH Centro Nacional de Pesqui de Hortali~as, Brazil • CODESE Comite de Semilleristas, Peru • Comunite de Yaounde, Cameroon • CONAM Consejo Nacion del Ambiente, Peru • CONCYTEC Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologfa, Peru • Conservation, Food and Health Founda on • Consorcio Surandino, Peru • COPASA Cooperaci6n Peruano Alemana de Seguridad Alimentaria, Peru • CORPOICA Corpor ci6n 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Department for International Development • DGIS Directorate-General for International Cooperation, Netherlands • DINAREN Direcci6n Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Ecuador • Dinas Peternakan Wamena, Indonesia • Direcci6n Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal, Cuba • Directorate of Root Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia • OPP Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam • DPRK AAS Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the DPRK • DRCFC Dalat Research Center for Food Crops, Vietnam • OROS Department of Research and Development Services, Bhutan • DRUK Seed Corporation of Bhutan • EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (formerly IAR), Ethiopia • EARRNET Eastern Africa Root Crops Research Network, Uganda • EC European Commission • ECABREN Eastern and Central Africa Bean Research Network, Uganda • ECAPAPA Eastern and Central Africa Programme for Agricultural Policy Analysis • EcoCiencia, Ecuador • EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira 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INIAP lnstituto Nacional de z -< m ,, z l> -< 0 z l> r -0 0 -< l> -< 0 11 m z -< m ,, )> z z c l> ;;o m "" 0 ,, -< i'-.J 0 0 l>J IV) 0 0 N I- CC 0 "- w 0: 94 I a: w 1- z u 0 ,_ "" l- o a... --' "" z 0 ,_ "" z a: w 1- z lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador • INIFAP lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias, Me ico • INIVIT lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigacion de Viandas Tropicales, Cuba • INPOFOS lnstituto de la Potasa y el Fosforo, Ecuador· NRA lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, France • INRA lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique, Morocco • I RAT lnstitut national de la recherche agronomique de Tunisie, Tunisia • lnstituto Rural Valle Grande, Canete, Peru • INTA Ins ituto Nacional de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria, Argentina • IPAC lnstituto de Promocion Agropecuaria y Comunal, Peru • IPB In titut Pertanian Bogor Indonesia • IPDA lnstituto de Promocion y Desarrollo Agrario, Peru • IRA lnstitut de recherche agrono Cameroon • IRAD lnstitut de 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Research Institute, • Mianning Agriculture Bureau, China • Minister o de Agricultura, Peru • Ministerio Presidencia, Peru • Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores, Peru • Ministry of Agriculture, China • Mi istry of Agriculture, Ecuador • Ministry of Agriculture, Eritrea • Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Division of Researc and Development, Tanzania ·Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt· MIP Programa de Manejo lntegrado de P gas, Dominican Republic • Mitra Tani, Indonesia • MMSU Mariano Marcos State University, Philippines • Montana State University, SA • MPIZ Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research • MSIRI Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute • Municip idad Distrital Banos del Inca Peru • NAARI Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Research Institute, Uganda • Nanchong Agric tural Research Institute, China • NARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Pakistan • NARC Nepal Agricultural Research Co cil • NARO National Agricultural Research Organization, Uganda • Natural Resources Institute, United Kingdom • NCVESC Na ional Center for Variety Evaluation and Seed Certification, Vietnam • NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development • NIAH Na ional Institute of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam • Njabini Farmer Group, Kenya • Nkozi University, Uganda • NOMIARC Northern Min anao Agricultural Research Center, Philippines • Nomorionteetab Kibagenge, Kenya • NPRCRTC Northern Philippines Root rops Research and Training Center, Philippines • NPRC National Potato Research Centre Tigoni, Kenya • NPRP National Potato Res arch Program, Nepal • NUS National University of Singapore • ODER Oficina de Desarrollo Rural-Chalaco, Peru • ORS Oficina Re ional de Semillas, Bolivia • PCARRD Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Develop ent, Philippines· POL Proyecto Desarrollo Lechero, Bolivia· PDP Potato Development Program, Nepal· REDCAPAPA Red Estra ' gica para el Desarrollo de Cadena Agroalimentaria de la Papa, Ecuador • Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center PIA Programa de lnvestigacion Agropecuaria, Bolivia • PICA Programa de lnvestigacion de Cultivos Andinos, Peru • PICTI APA Programa Internacional de Cooperacion del Tizon Tardio de la Papa, Mexico· Plan International, Kenya • PNS-PRODISE Pro rama Nacional de Semillas del Proyecto de Desarrollo Integral de Semillas, Peru • Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador • PPD Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam • PPRI Plant Pathology Research Institute, E ypt • PRAPACE Programme regional de !'amelioration de la culture de la pomme de terre et de la patate douce en Afrique ce trale et de l'est • PRCRTC, Philippine Root Crop Research and Training Center • PRECODEPA Programa Regional Cooperativo de apa, Mexico • PREDUZA Proyecto de Mejoramiento para Resistencia Duradera en Cultivos Altos en la Zona Andina, Ecuador • PR NPA Fundacion para la Promocion e lnvestigacion de Productos Andinos, Bolivia • PROMETAS Promocion y Mercadeo de Tube ulos Andinos, Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Bolivia • PROMSA Programa de Modernizacion de Servicios Agropecuarios, Ecu dor • PRONAMACHCS Proyecto Nacional de Manejo de Cuencas Hidrograficas y Conservacion de Suelos, Peru • PROSHIKA, A ntre for Human Development, Bangladesh • PRP _Potato Research Programme, Nepal • RANTIK Ltd, Bangladesh • RAU Raj ndra Agricultural University, Bangladesh • RDA Rural Development Agency, Republic of Korea • RDRS Rangpur Dinajpur Rural S iety, Bangladesh • REFSO Rural Energy and Food Security Organization, Kenya • Regional Agricultural Research and Develo ent Centre, Sri Lanka • RIAP Research Institute for Animal Production, Indonesia • RIFAV Research Institute for Fruits and Veget bles, Vietnam • RIFCB Research Institute for Food Crops Biotechnology, Indonesia • RILET Research Institute for Legume and uber Crops, Indonesia • RIV Research Institute for Vegetables, (formerly LEHRI), Indonesia • RCRC-VASI Root Crop Research Center, Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute • RNC-RC Jakar, Bhutan • Rockefeller Foundation • SAAS Shangdong Academy of Agricul- tural Sciences, China • SARDI South Australian Research Development Institute • SARDl-UMCOR Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development Initiative-United Methodist Committee on Relief, DR Congo • SARIF Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops, Indonesia • SARRNET Southern Africa Root Crops Research Network· Sasakawa-Global 2000, Ethiopia • Save the Children (UK Ltd), Ethiopia • SCRI Scottish Crop Research Institute • SOC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation • SEAG Servicio de Extension Agricola y Ganadera, Paraguay • SEARCA Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, Philippines • SEMTA Servicios Multiples de Tecnologfas Apropiadas, Bolivia • SENASA Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, Peru • SENASAG Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria e lnocuidad Alimentaria, Bolivia • SENASEM Service national de semences, DR Congo· SEPA Unidad de Produccion de Semilla de Papa, Bolivia· SESA Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria, Ecuador • ShAAS Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • SHDI Self- Help Development International, Ethiopia • SiAAS Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency • SINITIA Sistema Nacional de lnvestigacion y Transferencia de Tecnologfa Agraria, Peru • SITIOS Servicios lnteligentes y Tecnologfas Complejas Superiores Ltd, Bolivia • SLART Sociedad Latinoamericano de Rakes y Tuberculos, Peru • SNSA Service national des statistiques agricoles, DR Congo • SOCADIDO Soroti Catholic Diocese Development Organization, Uganda • Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania • South China Agricultural University • South China Potato Center • Southern Regional Agricultural Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia • Southwest Agricultural University, China • SPDA Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental • SPG Sociedad Peruana de Genetica, Peru • SPPC Seed Potato Production Center, Yemen • Sukarami Agricultural Technology Assessment Institute, Indonesia • TAAS Tianjing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • TALPUY Grupo de lnvestigacion y Desarrollo de Ciencias y Tecnologfa Andina, Peru ·TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute • TCA Tarlac College of Agriculture, Philippines • TCRC Tuber Crops Research Centre, Bangladesh • Teso Community Development Project, Kenya • TFNC Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre ·Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam ·Thang Binh District Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, Vietnam •The International Foundation • The McKnight Foundation • The Micronu- trient Initiative, Canada • The Mountain Institute, Peru • The OPEC Fund for International Development, Austria • The Senior Family Fund, USA • Tibetan Academy of Agricultural and Animal Science, China • TP4 Tim Petani Pemandu PHT Pengalengan, Indonesia • UANRDEN Urban Agriculture National Research, Development and Extension Network, Philippines • Ugunja Commu- nity Resource Centre, Kenya • UNEP United Nations Environment Programme • UNHAS Hasanudin University, Indonesia • Universidad Austral, Chile • Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru • Universidad Catolica de Santa Maria, Peru • Universidad Central, Ecuador• Universidad Central de las Villas, Cuba • Universidad de Ambato, Ecuador· Universidad de Caldas, Colombia· Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela· Universidad Federal Rio de Janeiro, Brazil• Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann de Tacna, Peru· Universidad Jujuy, Argentina· Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Bolivia· Universidad Nacional Agraria, Peru • Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion, Peru • Universidad Nacional de Bogota, Colombia • Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru • Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Peru ·. Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizan, Peru • Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru· Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cuzco, Peru· Universidad Nacional San Cristobal de Huamanga de Ayacucho, Peru· Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru • Universidad Politecnica del Ejercito, Ecuador· Universidad Privada Huanuco, Peru· Universidad Ricardo Palma, Peru· Universidad San Luis Gonzaga de lea, Peru· Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial, Ecuador· University of Amsterdam, Netherlands· University of Asmara, Eritrea ·University of Idaho, USA· University of the Philip- pines-Los Banos • University of TUbigen, Germany • University of Wisconsin, USA • University of Yaounde, Cameroon • UNSPPA Uganda National Seed Potato Producers' Association, Uganda • UPM University Putra Malaysia • USAID United States Agency for International Development • VASI Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute • VECO/FADO, Indonesia • Vietnamese-German Technical Cooperation Potato Promotion Project • Virus-free Potato Tubers and Cutting Production Centers of Yunnan Agricul- tural Department, China • VISCA Visayas State College of Agriculture, Philippines • VSSP Vegetable Seed and Seed Potato, Pakistan • Wallace Genetic Foundation, Inc., USA • Wageningen University, Netherlands • Winrock International, Uganda ·World Bank· World Vision, Angola, Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda • WRC Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh • XSPRC Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, China • YPPP Yemeni Plant Protection Project • YPPSE Foundation for Socio-Economic Development, Indonesia • Yunnan Agricultural University, China • ZIL Swiss Centre for International Agriculture z -; m ::0 z > -; 0 z > .- -0 0 -; > -; 0 (} m z -; m ::0 I gs > z z c > .- :xi m " 0 ::0 -; rv 0 0 w M 0 0 N f- ee 0 0.. uJ ex: -' <( ::::J z z <( uJ 1- z u 0 ,_ <( l- o a_ -' <( z 0 .... <( z cc uJ 1- z STAFF In 2003, CIP made a substantial effort to strengthen scientific capacity. This was accomplished by hiring experienced international scientists for key positions, as well as young international scientists through Junior Professional or Associate Professional Programs. New staff also joined the Center through specially funded projects. At the same time, as a result of the recently completed visioning and program realignment, several changes in staff responsibilities were made in 2003. The research program now comprises Research Divisions and Partnership Programs. CIP's staff is a diverse group of highly qualified individuals DIRECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE Director General-Hubert Zandstra Mariella Altet, External Relations Manager Gladys Neyra, Administrative Assistant Deputy Director General for Corporate Development- Hector Hugo Li Pun Amalia Lanatta, Administrative Assistant Marfa Ines Rfos, Business Development Associate' Ana Marfa Secada, Head, Travel Office Haydee Zelaya, Administrative Assistant Deputy Director General for Research-Pamela Anderson Carmen Dyer, Administrative Assistant Bertha Ferreyros, Information System Analyst Charlotte Lizarraga, Plant Pathologist, Assistant Coordinator, GILB Lilia Salinas, Administrative Assistant Director, International Cooperation5-Roger Cortbaoui Rosario Marcovich, Administrative Assistant FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION Human Resources Lucas Reano, Human Resources Manager Monica Ferreyros, Auxiliary Services Supervisor Sor Lapouble, Auxiliary Services Assistant Gicela Olivera, Organization and Methods Assistant Martha Pierola, Social Worker, Supervisor William Polo, Compensation and Benefits Assistant Lucero Schmidt, Nurse Marfa Amelia Tavara, Bilingual Secretary Voner Varas, Compensation and Benefits Assistant Juana Zamudio, Auxiliary Services Assistant Logistics and General Services Aldo Tang, Logistics and General Services Manager Pilar Bernu i, Bilingual Secretary Silvia Cordova, Bilingual Secretary Hugo Davis, Vehicle Maintenance Officer Ximena Ganoza, Purchasing Supervisor Atilio Guerrero, Vehicle Programmer Jorge Locatelli, Security Supervisor Jorge Luque, Warehouse Supervisor Antonio Morillo, Maintenance Supervisor Gloria Selfs, Administrative Assistant with varied backgrounds and nationalities. This diversity is integrated into a coordinated effort to achieve a comm n goal: alleviate poverty and increase food security while protecting the earth's natural resource base. Each and e ery one of CIP's more than 400 employees worldwide-fro scientists to clerical staff to field workers-contributes o this mission through their various functions, and each is n essential part of CIP's working team. Because of space, we are not able to list all names in this Annual Report; nevertheless, we do recognize and greatly appreciate t e efforts of all our staff. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Carlos Alonso, Chief Financial Officer Martina Selfs-Rosas, Bilingual Secretary Accounting Unit Miguel Saavedra, General Accountant Edgardo de los Rfos, Senior Accountant Andres Garcia, Assistant Accountant Denise Giacoma, Supervisor Rodmel Guzman, Assistant Accountant Willy Hermoza, Assistant Accountant Eduardo Peralta, Accountant Cesar Tapia, Assistant Accountant Budget Unit Alberto Monteblanco, Budget Supervisor Treasury Unit Milagros Patino, Treasurer Sonnia Solari, Cashier CROP IMPROVEMENT AND GENETIC RESOURCES DEPARTME T Merideth Bonierbale, Senior Potato Breeder, Head*6 Walter Amoros, Agronomist, Research Associate Carlos Arbizu, Andean Crops Specialist' Jasper Buijs, Associate Expert in Bioinformatics - JPO' Hyun-Mook Cho, Potato Breeder Enrique Chujoy, Geneticist* Stefan De Haan, Associate Expert in Breeding/ Agronomy - JPO' Sander De Vries, Associate Expert in Breeding/ Agronomy - JPO' Anne Forbes, Plant Breeder, Associate Scientist (CIP-Qu to)2 Peter Gildemacher, Potato Breeder/Agronomist' Marc Ghislain, Molecular Biologist Michael Hermann, Andean Crops Specialist* Miguel Holle, Andean Crops Coordinator Regina Kapinga, Sweetpotato Breeder (CIP-Kampala)7 Jan Kreuze, Molecular Virologist - JPO' Juan Landeo, Plant Breeder* Rafael Mora, Visiting Scientist' Carlos Ochoa, Taxonomist, Scientist Emeritus William Roca, Plant Cell Physiologist*6 Alberto Salas, Agronomist, Research Associate Asep Setiawan, Sweetpotato Breeder (CIP-Bogor) Roland Schafleitner, Biotechnology Research Scientist'·' Kumari Vadivel Gurusamy, (GIS) Specialist - JPO' Dapeng Zhang, Plant Breeder, Bioinformatics Unit Head' Sammy Agili, Sweetpotato Breeder, Research Assistant (CIP-Nairobi) Jairo Aginyah, Potato Breeder, Research Assistant (CIP-Nairobi) Mercedes Ames, Biologist, Research Assistant' Jairo Anginyah, Potato Breeder, Research Assistant (CIP-Nairobi) Ida Bartolini, Biochemist, Research Assistant Carolina Bastos, Research Assistant' Jorge Benavides, Biologist, Research Assistant Gabriela Burgos, Biologist, Research Assistant' Rolando Cabello, Agronomist, Research Assistant Jose Condori, Research Assistant '·' Lorena Danessi, Bilingual Secretary Felipe de Mendiburu, Statistician, Research Assistant Luis Dfaz, Agronomist, Research Assistant Jorge Espinoza, Agronomist, Research Assistant' Catherine Espinoza, Research Assistant 1•3 Rosario Falcon, Biologist, Research Assistant Manuel Gastelo, Agronomist, Research Assistant Rene Gomez, Agronomist, Research Assistant Enrique Grande, Technician Marfa del Rosario Herrera, Biologist, Research Assistant Philip Kiduyu, Technician, Plant Quarantine Station (CIP-Nairobi) Mariana Martin, Bilingual Secretary Ivan Manrique, Research Assistant Isabel Mel, Bilingual Secretary Elisa Mihovilovich, Biologist, Research Assistant Sam Namanda, Potato Breeder/ Pathologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Kampala) George Ngundo, Chief Technician, Plant Quarantine Station (CIP-Nairobi) Luis Nopo, Biologist, Research Assistant' Matilde Orrillo, Biologist, Research Assistant Ana Luz Panta, Biologist, Research Assistant Giovana Perazzo, Biologist, Research Assistant' Leticia Portal, Biolog ist, Research Assistant' Daniel Reynoso, Agronomist, Research Assistant Edwin Rojas, Systems Analyst Genoveva Rossel, Research Assistant3 Rosa Salazar, Bilingual Secretary Reinhard Simon, Consultant, Interim Head of RIU Tjintokohadi, Research Assistant (CIP-Bogor) Fanny Vargas, Agronomist, Research Assistant Jessica Yactayo, Research Assistant' ·' Cecilia Ynouye, Research Assistant' ·' (ROP PROTECTION DEPARTMENT Luis Salazar, Virologist, Principal Scientist, Head Nicole Adler, Plant Pathologist (CIP-Quito)' Jesus Alcazar, Agronomist, Research Associate Paul Demo, Regional Potato Expert ' Gregory Forbes, Plant Pathologist* Edward French, Scientist Emeritus Segundo Fuentes, Plant Pathologist, Research Associate Peter Kromann, Plant Pathologist - JPO' Magnus Kuhne, Entomologist, Associate Scientist Aziz Lagnaoui, Entomologist*' Berga Lemaga, Agronomist, PRAPACE Coordinator (CIP-KampalaP.' Michael Potts, Sweetpotato Production Specialist' Sylvie Priou, Bacteriologist Marc Sporleder, Entomologist- Post Doctoral' Lod J Turkensteen, Adjunct Scientist (based in Netherlands) Elske van de Fliert, IPM Specialist (CIP-Bogor)' Yi Wang, Plant Physiologist, Liaison Scientist (CIP-Beijing) Ednar Wulff, Molecular Plant Pathologist' Pedro Aley, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant' Monica Blanco, Bilingual Secretary Veronica Canedo, Biologist, Research Assistant Jorge Caycho, Research Assistant1•3 Maria Gabriela Chacon, Pathologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Quito) Carlos Chuquillanqui, Agronomist, Research Assistant Soledad Gamboa, Biologist, Research Assistant Govinda Guevara, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Quito) Liliam Gutarra, Agronomist, Research Assistant Francisco Jarrfn, Pathologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Quito) Joseph Mudiope, Entomologist, Research Assistant (DFID-CRF Project, Soroti) (CIP-Kampala)3 Norma Mujica, Agronomist, Research Assistant Giovanna Muller, Biologist, Research Assistant Ricardo Orrego, Agronomist, Research Assistant Wilmer Perez, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant Magnolia Santa Cruz, Biologist, Research Assistant Jorge Tenorio, Biologist, Research Assistant Roger Torres, Research Assistant' Alcira Vera, Biologist, Research Assistant' Warsito Tantowijoyo, Entomologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Bogor) Julia Zamudio, Bilingual Secretary Octavio Zegarra, Biologist, Research Assistant Rocfo Zevallos, Research Assistant'·' PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Roberto Quiroz, Land Use Systems Specialist, Head*6 Sreekanth Attaluri, Sweetpotato Scientist (CIP-Delhi)' Coen Bussink, Geographic Information Scientist' Hector Cisneros, Coordinator CONDESAN*' Andre Devaux, Agronomist, Coordinator, Andean Potato Project (Papa Andina, Peru) ' z -; m :0 z )> -; 0 z )> -0 0 -; )> -; 0 (') m z -; m :0 )> z z c )> r m "'O 0 :0 -; i'J 0 0 w ..,.., 0 0 N >-- "" 0 0.. w er: -' <( :::> z z <( "" w >- z u 0 >-- <( >- 0 a... -' < z 0 >-- <( z "" w >- z Fernando Ezeta, Agronomist Sarath llangantileke, Postharvest Specialist, CIP-SWA Regional Representative (CIP-Delhi) M S Kadian, Agronomist (CIP-Delhi) Carlos Leon-Velarde, Agricultural Systems Analysis Special ist Elias Mujica, Anthropologist, Adjunct Scientist, CONDESAN3 P K Mukherjee, Sweetpotato Scientist (CIP-Delhi) ' Sushma Arya, Accountant/ Program Coordinator (CIP-Delhi) Guillermo Baigorria, Climatologist, Research Assistant Carolina Barreda, Agronomist, Research Assistant' Jimena Bazoalto, Research Assistant' Ghanashyam Bhandari, Accountant (CIP/ SDC Project, Kathmandu)' Musuq Briceno, Research Assistant' Mariana Cruz, Biologist, Research Assistant' Rocio Cruz Saco, Bilingual Secretary'·' Connie Hernandez, Bilingual Secretary' ·' Raul Jaramillo, Soil Scientist, Research Assistant (CIP-Quito)2 Jose Jimenez, Computer Systems Specialist (CIP-Quito) Henry Juarez, Agronomist, Research Assistant Marfa de los Angeles Laura, Bilingual Secretary, CONDESAN' Kurt Manrique, Agronomist, Research Assistant' Atif Manzoor, Accountant (CIP/ SDC Project, Islamabad)' L Mony, Secretary (CIP-Delhi) Ana Marfa Ponce, lnfoAndina, CONDESAN3 Adolfo Posadas, Research Associate' ·' Yasmin Raygada, Bilingual Secretary Zareen Siddiqi, Secretary (CIP/SDC Project, Islamabad)' Fannia Virginia Suri, Seed Technologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Bogor) ' Ivonne Valdizan, Bilingual Secretary' Siny Varughese, Program Associate (Publications and Documentation) (CIP-Delhi) Percy Zorogastua, Research Assistant SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT Keith Fuglie, Economist, Head, CIP-ESEAP Regional Representative (CIP-Bogor)*6 Thomas Bernet, Agricultural Economist, Swiss Associate Expert' Dindo Campilan, Sociologist, UPWARD Coordinator (CIP-Los Barios) Charles Crissman, Economist, CIP-SSA Regional Representative (CIP-Nairobi)* Ruben Dario Estrada, Natural Resources Economist (CONDESAN) (based at CIAn4 Gibson Guvheya, Agricultural Economist, Post Doctoral Fellow' Diana Lee-Smith, Sociologist, Urban Harvest Regional Coordinator for SSA (CIP-Nairobi) 1 Oscar Ortiz, Agricultural Extension Specialist, Special Project Coord inator6 Gordon Prain, Social Anthropologist, SIUPA Coordinator*' Sonia Salas, Food Technologist, Research Associate Graham Thiele, Anthropologist, Andean Potato Project (CIP-Quito)3 David Yanggen, Agricultural Economist, Associate Scient st (Montana State University)4 Regula Zuger Caceres, Agricultural Economist, Associate Expert Anamika Amani, Visiting Fellow, Information Officer, Urban Harvest Mylene Aquino, Secretary, UPWARD (CIP-Los Barios) Rini Asmunati, Socioeconomist, Research Assistant (CIP-Bogor) Carlos Basilio, Soil Science Specialist, UPWARD Research Fellow (CIP-Los Barios) Raul Boncodin, Botanist, UPWARD Program Manager (CIP-Los Barios) Nelly Espinola, Food Technologist, FONTAGRO Project' Patricio Espinoza, Agricultural Economist, Research Associate (CIP-Quito) Cristina Fonseca, Agronomist, Research Assistant Toteng Hidayat, Facil ities Manager (CIP-Bogor) Elijah lgunza, Administrative Assistant (CIP-Nairobi) Dessy Kusbandi, Executive Secretary (CIP-Bogor) Shi An Liu, Administrative Assistant (CIP-Beijing) ' Sukendra Mahalaya, Researcher and Information Manag r (CIP-Bogor) Luis Maldonado, Economist, Research Assistant Ana Luisa Munoz, Bilingual Secretary Rosemary Muttungi, Secretary (CIP-Nairobi) Mayette Nadal, Office Manager, UPWARD (CIP-Los Barios Kusye Nawawi, Accountant (CIP-Bogor) Emily Ndoho, Secretary (CIP-Nairobi) Mary Njenga, Research Assistant, Urban Harvest (CIP-Na irobi) 1 Alice Njoroge, Secretary (CIP-Nairobi) Simon Obaga, Accounts Clerk (CIP-Nairobi) Lorna Sister, Socioeconomist, UPWARD Research Fellow (CIP-Los Barios) Victor Suarez, Statistics Assistant Zandra Vasquez, Bilingual Secretary Xue Fei Wang, Secretary (CIP-Beij ing) ' Yuan Jun Yang, Research and Administrative Assistant (CIP-Beij ing) Pei Zhou, Secretary/ Accountant ((IP-Beijing) COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS DEPARTMENT Christine Graves, Head Jean Pierre Carre, Systems Development Support' Mariella Corvette, Communication Services Coordinate Ruth Delgado, Exhibits/Display Assistant Nini Fernandez-Concha, Graphic Designer Milton Hidalgo, Graphic Designer Cecilia Lafosse, Chief Designer Maria Elena Lanatta, Administrative Assistant Anne Moorhead, Writer-Editor, Publications Coordinate Paul Moncada, Webmaster Anselmo Morales, Graphic Designer Zoraida Portillo, Spanish Writer-Editor Alfredo Puccini, Graphic Designer TRAINING DEPARTMENT Thomas Zschocke, Head ' Patricio Malagamba, Head' Roque Alberco, Training Assistant Edda Echeandfa, Multimedia Developer Martha Huanes, Training Coordinator Mercedes Suito, Bilingual Secretary Library Cecilia Ferreyra, Head Librarian Rosa Ghilardi, Bilingual Secretary Griselda Lay, Library Assistant INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UNIT Anthony Collins, Head Liliana Bravo, Server Administrator Andrea Caceres, Systems Development Support Erika Orozco, Server Administrator Dante Palacios, Systems Support Giancarlo Rodriguez, Systems Support' • Project leader 1 Joined CIP in 2003 2 left CIP in 2003 3 Funded by special project 4 Joint appointment 5 Director for Development Partnerships as of Jan.1 , 2004 6 Division leader as of Jan. 1, 2004 7 Partnership Program Leader as of Jan. 1, 2004 Saul Rodriguez, Web Systems Analyst Edgardo Torres, Systems Development Administrator Alberto Velez, Systems and Network Administrator Roberto del Villar, Server Administrator Diana Zevallos, Administrative Systems Analyst' FIELD RESEARCH SUPPORT Vfctor Otazu, Head Magaly Aspiazu, Administrative Assistant (Santa Catalina) (CIP-Quito) Susana Barriga, Accountant (Santa Catalina) (CIP-Quito) Roberto Duarte, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor (La Molina) Hugo Goyas, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Su pervi sor(H ua ncayo) Carmen Lara, Secretary Ricardo Rodriguez, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor (Santa Catalina) (CIP-Quito)2 z _, m "' z > _, 0 z > -u 0 _, > _, 0 (') m z _, m "' )> z z c > .- :lJ m " 0 "' _, N 0 0 w ('V') 0 0 N >- a: 0 "- LI.J 0:: _, <( ::> z z <( 100 I a: LI.J >- z LI.J u 0 >- <( >- 0 0... _, <( z 0 >- <( z a: w >- z GLOBAL CONTACT POINTS CIP HEADQUARTERS International Potato Center (CIP) Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina P.O. Box 1558 Lima 12, Peru Tel : +5113496017 Fax: +51 1 317 5326 email: cip@cgiar.org Website: www.cipotato.org LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN {LAC) Regional Office Peru (same address, telephone and fax as CIP Headquarters) All regional matters except Peru Contact: Enrique Chujoy Geneticist email : e.chujoy@cgiar.org Peru Contact: Hugo Li-Pun Deputy Director General for Corporate Development email: cip-ddg-cd@cgiar.org Ecuador Liaison Office International Potato Center Santa Catalina Experimental Station Km. 18 Panamericana Sur Sector Cutuglagua Canton Mejia Apartado 17-21-1977 Quito, Ecuador Tel : +593 2 2690 362/363 Fax: +593 2 2692 604 email : cip-quito@cgiar.org Website: www.quito.cipotato.org Contact: Graham Thiele, Liaison Scientist Sus-SAHARAN AFRICA {SSA) Regional Office Kenya International Potato Center P.O. Box 25171 Nairobi 00603, Kenya Tel : +254 20 632 054 Fax: +254 20 630 005/ 631 559 IVDN: 660 4937 email : cip-nbo@cgiar.org Contact: Charles Crissman, SSA Regional Representative Liaison Office Uganda International Potato Center c/o PRAPACE Plot 106, Katarima Road, Naguru P.O. Box 22274 Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256 41 287 571 Fax: +256 41 286 947 email : r.kapinga@cgiar.org Contact: Regina Kapinga, Liaison Scientist SOUTH, WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA {SWCA) Regional Office India International Potato Center c/o IARI Campus, Pusa New Delhi 110012, India Tel: +91 11 2584 0201 /2584 3734 Fax: +91 11 2584 7481 email : cip-delhi@cgiar.org Contact: Sarath llangantileke, SWCA Regional Represent ive EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC {ESEAP) Regional Office Indonesia International Potato Center Kebun Percobaan Muara, Jalan Raya Ciapus Bogor 16610, Indonesia Tel: +62 251 317 951 Fax: +62 251 316 264 email : cip-bogor@cgiar.org Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org Contact: Keith Fuglie, ESEAP Regional Representative Liaison Office China International Potato Center c/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhong Guan Cun South Street 12 West Suburbs of Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China Tel: +86 10 6897 5504 Fax: +86 10 6897 5503 email: cip-china@cgiar.org Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org/cip-china Contact: Yi Wang, Liaison Scientist Liaison Office Vietnam International Potato Center 36A/48 Tay Ho Tay Ho District Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: .t84 4 829 0537 email : tnguyen@cgiar.org Contact: Thi Tinh Nguyen GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND SYSTEMWIDE INITIATIVE Andean Potato Project (Papa Andina) Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru Peru Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina P.O. Box 1558 Lima 12, Peru Tel: +51 1 349 6017 Fax: +51 1 317 5326 email: papa-andina@cgiar.org or a.devaux@cgiar.org Website: www.cipotato.org/papandina Contact: Andre Devaux, Project Coordinator Ecuador (same address, telephone and fax as Ecuador Liaison Office) e-mail: g.thiele@cgiar.org Contact: Graham Thiele, Participatory Research and Training Specialist CONDESAN (Consortium for the Sustainable Develop- ment of the Andean Ecoregion) (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) email: condesan@cgiar.org Website: www.condesan.org Contact: Hector Cisneros, Coordinator GILB (Global Initiative on Late Blight) (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) email : gilb@cgiar.org Website: www.cipotato.org/gilb GMP (Global Mountain Program) (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) email: cip-ddg-cd@cgiar.org CIP IN THE WORLD ANDTHE CARIBBEAN (LAC) Contact: Hugo Li-Pun, Deputy Director General for Corporate Development PRAPACE (Regional Potato and Sweet Potato Improvement Program for East and Central Africa) Plot 106, Katarima Road, Naguru P.O. Box 22274 Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256 41 286 209 Fax: +256 41 286 947 email: prapace@prapace.co.ug Contact: Berga Lemaga, PRAPACE Coordinator UPWARD (Users' Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development) Physical address: PCARRD Complex Los Banos, Laguna 4030, Philippines Postal address: c/o IRRI DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel: +63 49 536 0235 Fax: +63 2 891 1292 email: cip-manila@cgiar.org Contact: Dindo Campilan, UPWARD Coordinator SOUTH AND WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA (SWCA) ' EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA ANDTHE PACIFIC(ESEAP) ' SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA) • ~ I 0 LIAISON OFFICE • REGIONAL OFFICE I z -4 m ,, z ,,. -4 0 z ,,. r " 0 -4 ,,. -4 0 n m z -4 m "' )> z z c ,,. r :JJ m "U 0 "' -4 N 0 0 w M 0 0 N f- a: 0 Q. w a: 102 I a: w f-- z u 0 f-- <( f-- 0 a_ _, <( z 0 f-- <( z a: w f-- z FUTURE HARVEST CENTERS OF THE CGIA R CJP is one of 15 food and environmental research centers located around the world that make up the Future Harvest Alliance. The Future Harvest Centers receive their principal funding through the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a strategic global partnership of countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations. Working with national agricultural research systems, the private sector and civil society, the CGJAR mobilizes agricultural science to reduce poverty, foster human well-being, promote agricultural growth, and protect the environment. The Centers collaborate among themselves and with their diverse partners through numerous projects and system- wide programs. The CGIAR is also creating a series of independently governed partnerships among a wide range of institutions for high-impact research that targets complex issues of overwhelming global and/or regional significance. CJP has substantial participation in each of these Challenge Programs, and intends to extend this involvement to the Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program, currently being formulated. Over the past two years, three Challenge Programs have been established: .4.tG CGIAR Challenge Program on ' WATER & FOOD The Challenge Program on Water and Food creates research- based knowledge and methods for growing more food with less water. ~ ere HarvestPlus Breeding Crops for Better Nutrition The HarvestPlus Challenge Program reduces micronutri malnutrition by harnessing the powers of agriculture an nutrition research to breed nutrient-dense staple foods. The Generation Challenge Program (Unlocking Genetic Diversity in Crops for the Resource-Poor) uses advances i molecular biology and harnesses the rich global stocks o crop genetic resources to create and provide a new generation of plants that meet the specific problems an needs of resource-poor people who rely on agriculture f r subsistence and their livelihoods. For more information, see: www.cgiar.org • www.futureharvest.org • www.waterforfood.org • www.harvestplus.org • www.generationcp.org FUTURE HARVEST CENTERS ICARDA ICRISAT SYRIA INOIA WORLDFISHCENTER MALAYSIA z --< m :0 z )> ::! 0 z )> r -u 0 --< )> --< 0 IRRI (") PHILIPPINES m z --< m ' :0 [ 103 )> llTA z z c NIGERIA )> r ' ;J:J • .ti m "O 0 WORLD :0 --< AGROFORESTRY N CENTRE AND ILRI 0 0 CIP ln ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the World Agroforestry Centre Semi-Arid Tropics WorldFish Center PHOTO CREDITS Front cover: (clockwise from top left) L. Nopo, E. Mujica, R. El Bedewy, A. Balaguer. A. Balaguer, A. Balaguer, A. Balaguer, M. Hermann • Back cover: (clockwise from top to left) A. Balaguer, A. Balaguer, G. Medina, EcoCiencia-Archive, A. Balaguer, A. Balaguer, A. Balaguer, G. Prain, 5. Bo Fu • p 15 (from left to right) G. Prain-Urban Harvest, C. Crissman, J. Alcazar, H. Rincon, A. Balaguer, A. Solimano • p 17 C. Bussink, K. Fuglie, K. Theisen, K. Gurusamy • p 18 Prof. Bob Clements, ACIAR, Australia • p2 l J. Alcazar • p23 C. Lafosse • p25 (left) J. Alcazar (right) J. Alcazar (below) L. Nopo • p27 P. Aley· p28 (left) P. Aley, (right) S. Priou • p31 C. Lafosse· p33 (left) ECOSALUD (right) R. Kapinga • p34 ECOSALUD • p37 {left) D. Peters, (right) S. Mahalaya • p38 (from left to right) D. Peters, S. Mahalaya, D. Peters • p40-41 (IP-Archive· p43 (left) G. Medina (right) L. Suarez • p44 (clockwise from top left) L. Suarez, G. Medina, EcoCiencia- Archive, M. Garcia, P. Mena Vasquez, R. Hofstede • p46-47 CIP-Archive • p49 CIP-Archive • pS 1 G. Prain- Urban Harvest • p52 (clockwise from top left) G.Prain-Urban Harvest, D. Lee-Smith, G. Prain-Urban Harvest, M. Baumeister-ETC-RUAF, M. Baumeister-ETC-RUAF • p55 G. Prain-Urban Harvest • p57 G. Forbes • p58-59 (clockwise from top left) Courtesy of G. Forbes, G. Forbes • p61 V. Hagenimana • p62 C. Graves· p63 CIP-SWCA • p64 CIP-SWCA • p65 N. Pallais • p69 I. Manrique • p70 (left) L. Crespo, (right) CIP-Archive • p71 (left) D. Campilan, (right) 0 . Hidalgo· p72 G. Forbes· p73 M. Hidalgo, (right) INCOPA • p74 Urban Harvest • p75 (left) L. Nopo, (right) M. Ghislain • p76 (left) M. Hermann, (right) M. lwanaga • p79 P. Baca