CA~~ STUDIES OF TECBHOLOGt T!A~S~ER !U WEST AFRICA 
.. ~ICB~IA AND 3IE~nA LEO~! 
A • . T. feraz and I. C. M&tapatra* 
. add!tio ~ al ~uantit1e~ of ric0to satisfy local d~mand. In . 
'. , . 
. .1,'.9 7' .J,  ',1.-·1. <.~'.",.. ., ..".,.  •{•. ~ . prv"" d l.tc, ~ ,:•,;  5. 14 ~ r...·..C -"I. !.)...  0'0.8 l~: rO~!l. .?~ fQ)'/;+ ,_0 0''1J"\  h•'  ec t are.\s r ..  
. ~h{le r1~rra ' L~one ~~aduced ~~1,oOO ecnB f~om ~54~OOO h~c 
tare~. 1" 1972) Nigeria iDpDrt~d 6~001 to~s of.mille~ ~lee 
' ~Yh:tie g:~ ":):'7l"a LeonG :1.rnpe:cte-:! l{lt·,OOO tC:f;3 (2). ' ?\:f.ce is gfO~1n 
, . 
'D'y' as p .:n;-.!~\nt of S1.et'ra Let)tH~ ~;;.rmerf; and if!. the ,t.r.tple l 
· fo.od,cf !:i1e coun~ry (3). 11:\ Nlgerit'.. -ricQ ,r11:'nks ninth 
':t 
a~Qng !ccG ~ eroos, .n~ ~~eBl cou&unpt1on is below 1..- 1-~at 0· t 
t!P.lvAral · othl'!.t' :::tl1plcr~ (4) . ". ..... " 
":-0, 
.', .. .. ," . 
,til . I 
sp"i ta oft}!ese pr(HhH! t:lo::,_ 8 ta tis d.~s : the . discrepancy 
.1 
l1itwc~n production and demand and the trends in the . nea~ 
, •... 
.. 
~/ fU turo.in the t~.:o CO'.ln ti:' :les tinrr ant cri ttcal attention. In 
. I 
·. · · ~tig~'rfa, t'l',a anri'ual ' e. r()"(~tt-. rates of food production ace~l_~'" 
/ f~te8 ·at 2 percent while demand accelerates at 6.4 per~~ftt • 
.. __.. . ....-~_._.Io_._. ______. .... ~ __ ....... 
~ .Coordinator and ~lee Gpeciali&t~ nation,l Rice/Matze 
Centre, NAFPP, !ational Cereals Research Inctitute, Mdo~ 
Plan~aticnt !badn~$ Nigeria; and Project Leader a~d 
. 'Agronomist, IrT~/FA~ Sierra Leone nice:Vroject: 
~okupr. elerra Leone. 
-2 .... 
T h (. 11 i g e r ! a n F ~ cl e r III ~! i n. i G t r ~. 0 f A Cr ic u 1 t u r ~ and Nat 1.! r ~ 1 
dactic:n.ehould be increaaec1 to 11.5 !lercent to satisfy t.he 
1n~rc~sing demand (4). 
In Sierra Lenne, t~e ~rovth ratee of dernan~ ~nd product1o~ 
fo'!:' rice pres~!"t.t .;: sind.J.ar pr.obler.. Food !'i't\)ihtction nee-a--
of deman1 for ric~ accelerates at 3.~n perc~nt. The 
f 
i 
i 
! that t:h~ annual zrouth rate of rice production s~"ould {i(!-
i 
, 
I 
I 
I r-!70 APp~nACHE.S TO ACCELE?.A'.rr.UG ;'.tC}-: -pr-.n-DU-CTI-0~-! I 
I 
I To"overcome the ~1dening gap betycen rice ~~~duct!on rete 
I and ~~m~nd, Ni~er12 And Sierra ~eone~ havq i~it1nted 
\ 
I 
I. 
I 
!nDtitutG of ~ror1cal Agr1cu!tura (tI7A) is a~s1~ting the 
The t,"~o J?r.cjcctc are ta!::f.nr." Rdvan~aee of t!.~::: s1.~nific~nt 
r1c~ cultIvation durinf" th~ laet d~cede. 
r n :Jir: r:: ria, th,; 17 ~d eral L)epa r trv~n t of "!\I~rlc\11 t u rc l,a s 
in:tt:i.llt,~d tl:.c Hational /::"cC!elt~ratod 'Foo~! rror!uction. Proj ..~ ct 
~NAF??) ~lbich Qi~s to accelerate the production of rice and 
five other nAjor food r ·op~ (~nlza, ceSSRVR~ 90r~~um~ ~illatJ 
The CJpct"ation of the ~IJJ.FP~ is divi.dod into tt;·!O p~ase'l f 
nractiCQD ~r~ tested on far~~T~t f1il~s t~rou~h minltlt 
q, n d ry r 0 (f u c t :t 0 n k:f. tap pro a. c he.,. !J uri n {' t h. i s p ~~ a s c:: t h. e f :'11" fA 
eupport apeneies to cup~lj all the proGuction inp~~s' 
storage an~ ~ark~ting are al~o being d~veloped. Th~ 
p19ns developed duri~g th~ ~11ot pbaQo are to b3 rut into 
ac tion 1!i thr:: 1a t tcr 'tH.r t of ths 1 ~7 5 ·1 J8D ~cricd. ;)ur::'rLS?' 
of high vi~ld1np varietieG~ fertilizers, p~2tlcideBt 
Tho ~ajor activlti&s cover f~r~ tcstlne of now practices) 
~rai~i'~ a~rlcultura! off1cerc and f8r~QrRp ~rov!cl1nt 
£eedbac~ anj directio~ fOT new ~pplicd re8~arch n~e~s, 
It 
lind '.c.;lp1~? in ol"gard.zinp. sta.te at!'~ct'1r(r:' cOMrtitter:s JIInd farm 
.. 4-
1m~rovc d ma na BC!ll-= n t .prac t lee s such a 9 fer t i1 i zC!r appl!c!l t10n ~ 
plant~Bpac1ng or mGt~od of plantii.'Jg;. and hc:!rt.ie1d~ appli··· 
cation undc.r four types of rice cultur~~ dr:?land~ non-· 
I 
irrigated seasonally ~flooded s~amp (fadama or hydro~orph1c)~ 
irrigcted'rice, and deep-flooded s9Anp cond1tion~. 
!n Sierra Leone, the ~Al1 Sierra L~ona CO"ordin~ted 
Agro~o1t1ic Trials on F~rmer~ Fi~l::J.sH "HIO lJepun in 1975 
und2r t~~ joint 4uspicen of the II!A/FAO ~1erra Leone Ri~e 
Pro j ec t .and Hini E: try of l:'p,'r i ~ul ttlre :Jnd Na turnl ne s our'.: cs 
(HAnn).. The objec tives !;cre to test the recomBenrl~d 
varie tie" aea:!.ns t tf.·A lecRl 'larietles undel:" local anll 
improved nethodB of cultivation and tc develop £~rt11izcr 
r~co~mco1~~1on9 for various rice ~co~ystamo. An econD~ic 
componont t-7t\S adJ~d to thc::~ojQct in 197~ to for-m the "11.11 
the profit~hi11ty of th~ traditional v&rcuo ~~commcnded 
methoda o~ rice cultlvct~on. 7he 4B~CUO~~c trio!£ verc 
conducted 1~ four ~co~yst~~B~ ~rvlend, inland v~11ey 
covar the test~ng o~ var~otles 3nd eultur~l pr~ct!ce8. 
tr~inlng proj~ct extens1o~ ~ork~r8) providing effect!vo 
·fcc~back of 1nfor~3tion from the !3r~erst f1c!~s to the 
r~soarch st8tionc, ~nd reviewing the rosulta of on-f3rm 
tri!lle. 
... ·5-
!~B\.71E~.! OF C0N5TRA-I-;"-l-T.... _S-- ---T--O I!IC!t YIEL!: 
:c h e ~":.:1 j 0 reo n s t r n 1 n t c. t 0 h 1 r. h y i e 1 d f 0. C edt y t '~c· r! c c 
f<,11o-:·,s: 
1 • Po 0 t' so i 1 S com bin ci d ~d. t h nan - u & age o.f fer til ~. z erg 0 r 
~OOL f~r t 11 i ZQr ~[i8na&eMen t; ,, __ .~ __ , .. 
3 • P oar Hn ter con trol': ~ ad t"~gnngem~nt undor lovlaod 
conditionr.: 
4. ~~fgh Inbour input li1Ui tinp, all r,nod crop ht\sbondTY; 
5~ Ungvailobii1~1 or delayed ar~ival of inputs Buet as: 
. fertilizers. Fc~ticid~E, an~ credit; 
6. Inadequate land pr~?aration in swnrops~ 
7. !'~i}.1or eler.H~nt toxic!tie.s ~nd defi~ienciGs ~ 
3. Low plant po~ul~tlo~-duo to wide Bp3ci~R, lou sa~d 
9. fJi~eases nne insect pegts~ and 
project hnve been Reared towards testing rCBe~rch flndinc~ 
on ftlrmer~ ~ :1~ld3 to d~term1n~ hO~1 tr} OVerCOT.'lB the 
vorlntol Qn~ ~ona~~rl~l constraints 119t~d ~bove. Thus. 
the s n p r ().1 e c t s a i n to d 2v el 0 ~ A -f ! c 1 d - t '.H~ t e tl J e con 0 mi  e all ~, 
vi~ble onckae~ of pr~ct1ccs for ~1ffcr€nt ecosyat~m8 in 
··6 ~. 
-t'N-I(-)tJ'E- -~~-r:-AT-UR-lS- -O~ THE Tn'\) }'~-O.-.1E-CT-~ 
'T"o importrl'Ilt fea tures clistit\~uish th~ ltigerif1 nnd ~iorre. 
~rid extension. These feature~ are: (1) an ~ffectivQ feed-
Lack of informat, ion linkf~g researcherc t exten31o~ workars 
oth~r ~rnct1ce8, nnd (2) ~ crop-oriented trainine co~ponent 
for participating staff. 
(3 sing Hi p,cZ' is t s ~'lAF!=~ trli n 1k i t. ~!Hld !' rod uc t i on ki t .n ppro~c hi 
or Sferra Leon~'s coordinstod on-fRr~ trinls~ the testin~ 
In both cas~s. the trlQl~ nrc 3U~~ODC~ to b~ clcsnly super 
viaed by extension agrnts from the Minintry of Arricultur2 
and Natural 1esources who have raceived intensive trai~1nE 
on the ito pl· 0 ve d me tho d S 0 f ric apr 0 due t ion. 0 n . ~ f n r m. t r i n 1. :3 
'provide researchers wit~ 4 direct view of the pr~ctieebility 
or 1mpractic~b11ity of their reGearc~, which is most useful 
as feedback to 1nfluenc~ their further rea~~rch. 
The key dlff~~onco between the ~rogrnms of the :uo count~!es 
1s that in ~tg~ria .th~ on-farm work both tests a package ~nd 
at the s~me tirn(~ !,romot~.s it. Hhcl'c<ls, in S1crr~ Lcoue, 
the on-farm t~stin~ iF, pri~arily research-criented, w1t~ no 
-.•, ­
organized promotional component. Thus: in N18eria~ package3 
are dcv~lcped on oxper~ment stations and taken directly 
into f~rrn ~1nikits And production kito in a two-step 
?rocess. But in Slerrl L~one there are three steps to the 
process~ which are; (1) experiment station reoe~rch~ 
(2) on-far~ research; and (1) promotion of on··far!n tested 
reaearch findings. 
~here fire advantages to both a~~roaehas, Lut where cxpari-
ment ~tations do not ~apresent tho for~ eieuation. the 
danger 1~ that promotional attempts are made with ~nckages 
~ 
~hich 8r~ not sufficiantly sup~rior at the farm loval. This 
in ~i~~ria. A180 in Sferrn L~ane the on-farm trials ~re 
revealing thct no si~ple package is good for 311 nre~s and 
th.'!t considerably mor~ oll-.·fnrn rE!search t.asting is 
requir(;; ..~  _ T!le fin~.in8 th.!J.t experimc.nt·. . at~t1on dr.yland rice 
Tcsnarch ~~comm~ndnt~o~s arc net readily useable at the 
farm level is a major posit1v~ co~tr1bution from the 
tech~oloey-·transfer Bctiviti~9. Already this has r~sultcd 
in rc-examinotton of research necdD And th~ development of 
nQW a?rli~d researc~ ~ct!vitias ,c3red to sclv1nr the ,~roblDres 
limiting dryland rice fnrm yields (7, 8). 
·,8-
n'lck~gcs of r~'t"r..ct1coB we.re found superior unclcr ic.rtJ con-
ditio~s and are genareting cons1dctnblo farn intoruct. 
Tbe Nigar~an NAPPP Rice Progran bas com?l~ted three Y~Brs 
o f e Co t i v i t 1 c S \1 hie h 17 ~ r c : 
1. tast~ng of varieties, fertili~Gr lcveJ,sJ ~lant ~'3clng 
or me tho d-o f --plan ting and herb ic id 0. npp li. C~'" ti Dn 
throu~h n1nikit trials iu 15 st~tea~ 
"4.  • testing'of maximum yield of s31ucted minlkit cultivar 
in production kit plots; 
3. training of NLFPP extension workorc end fGrmcra; 
4. ~ro~idinR f0adb~ck an~ directio~ for new ~pplierl 
resBtl!:ch nocdG; 
5. ~atting-up and guidin~ state qteer!~g corn~ittee: 
6. reyie~i~g th~ re~ults of th~ ~AFPP trials at th& Dnd 
of crop S~~Gon and assisting th~ st~te~ in ;~lBnning 
t~~.:;ir programs: 
7. engaging in limited mult1~lication of seeds of mini­
klt-v~ri~t1~s: nnd 
8. h~lping in organ1z~tion of f~rm ~upport systems. 
Durin,. th~ lezt thre~ ~eers, 1974 to 1976, 29 rico vori~t16s 
u~re test~~ in ~51 variety ~in1kitst The tot~l includeg 13 
-9-
sw~~p rice varieties ~nd 16 uplan~ vBrieti(s.Bieht of th~ 
swno~ v5rietiea were ttcatcd under irrigBtad nnd non"irr1ga~ed 
w~re tested on deeply-flooded swamps. 
qitb the c~aati6n of new Nigerian stctCB in 1976~ the 
nUQbcr of p~rtlcipetin~ fl~ates increosed f tnm t our to 15 
(t6tal of l~ otates). In 1976~ three new type3 of min1-
kit vore develo~ed *nd addod, n~~ely f~rti l 1e~r. Bp8cin~ 
trials conducted from 1~74 to 1~76 6~ow~d that four 
swamp rice vBri~tiest ros 7a~ ' IRO s TOS 42 &ud FAllO 15, wer~ 
superiorin ,most locations to thD !tandard variety 
. SHY.. 140/10 (Ta"!:;; l.~ 1). Th~ .. trit'.ls ~,t (:ro ,c.t1nd.u.c. ted under 
irrigll.t(~t:1 a~ld ncn-1rrigaterl B 't'~11o~q flo(~d 'i! cl f,~damss in 
Of . the~ip,h ~ vr.!' 1e ties tos ted under deep '-ilooded s'VHlmll 
conditions :f.n 1~76, FARO 15 out··y~.elded t1?e stan~ll.r(t 
variety FARO ~ (MAR 2401) in seven loc6tiono in one 
river1rie state in the aout~. 
In the 1971:··7:-· (try SElcscn varie~y tninikit t 'rials conductc,:t! 
und6r irr1~~ted condition~ IRB nnd TOS 78 ag8in out~ 
yieldad ~ta. 140/10 ,."h11e in th~ 1975··76 d.iy sasson. I'R~ 
~ I . 
.. 10 -
'l'able 1. Average yields (kg/ha) of promising va,r1eties tested 
in 363 swamp rice ,variety m:"n1ki t trials in four 
Statr..s ,in N i g e r :t a, ,19 7.4 ,t 0 1976. 
No_ of SMt 
d~v,t':'" Ne. (!)f TOS' T08 IR IR 140/ FARO 
sions trials '!R ,til' 
0 '4'2'.  ' 7'J ", ' ZO ~~ 10 1~ 
1974 
Bt?::nue-
Pl~teau '5 105 3947 3798 3781 3496 3274 2783 1: * 
1975 
B~Ull€-
1"lut.eau 7 75 4809 4279 5151 4341 4516 4730 * 
K-;:T:!ra 5 72 3752 3600 4114 3550 * 3758 * * 
19'7(, 
E'~nu(:: 4 37 .-; 3342 4000 3202 3413 3866 4081 ;I; 
Pl.9, teau 4 18 'I: 4166 52,33 3718 4187 4367 5176 * 
Kv!ara 5 44 2719 2511 3363 * * 2512, ~526 * 
Ni!?;E!l' 2 12 I; , '3'O'lS '3195' 31'45 * 3084 3600 
'*-\1 3.rl.ety not tested 
and tR 20 out-yielded the atandard variety in one of two locations. 
The !1rst 20 rice production kit trials conducted in 1975 generated 
g~eat ent.h'Usias!l among farmet.I &. eon'll'inc.iD8 the.m. of the economic 
superiority of the improved pact~ge of practl~e~. farmers 
obtained average paddy yields ranging from 3.8 tons/ha (TOS 78) 
to 4.5 tons/ha (TOS 42). 
T~e 1. 916 res u1 ts frofll .#4 prt)duc'tiofJ k.± t trials, conduc te.d ~n th.r'ee 
states UDder irrigated and non-irrigated shBllow~flooded fadamas 
confirmed the economic superiority of the NAFPP swamp rice package 
of techuvlogy. Farmers' yields in two irrigation 9chemee 
averaged 3~9 to 5.2 tODs/ha while under non-irrigated fadamaa the 
average yield ranged from 2.5 to 5,6 tODs/ha (Table 2). 
-11-
Stl1tc/ 
LOC3.tion ' 
Pleteau 
D~p Irr;1u~ 5 584 ... 440 523 127 f 9 10B.8 
Lonk:l t I rr'1 R 40 5 511-145 399 96.6 77 .. 5 
S~andaitl FtHianB j 5 582-32.8 4 /tO lOG.6 ~7.5 
L.s.ngtang Fadana 2 588-534 561 135.7 llG.6 
-Bc-nu-e 
Ka~s1na-Ala 7 635-184 389 73.8 54.7 
Gboko 3 540-201 325 61.8 42.5 
Makurd1 S 464-177 290 55.1 35.~ 
Oturk~o 3 364-1~6 270 51.2 32.1 
K~ar~ 9 610-100 254 127.1 llCJ.7 
~--Pr1ce of pecdy per kg wes 24. 2r~ in P 1'1 tea u, 19K in"' if:.::"it"u-e-,---
and 50K ~n K~nr8. 
** Gross ~ar8in - Gross raturn lesa cBsh expenditures 
totctl1ng Nl~.03 In Plateau and Benua~ and N7.38 in 
I<wara. 
The two varieties te~ted in the fert111?er minikit, 10S 7~ 
and FARO-15. showed positive resrons~ to increcsing nitror.~~ 
fertilizer levels up to 120 kg N/ha (Tabla 3). (The 
curren tly r~ commended fer til! zer rn te is 80-30--30). 
'fable 3. Grein yields (ke/ha) of l~OS 13 ar~d F,~RO· ·15 of rI 
1.f.. :3 W ~m p ric e fer t i J. i z e r min :1 k:l. t t ria 1 sin t h :: e e g tat c s !' 
i:~ner1aJ 197~J \-Jet season. 
:~o. of 
St-3te t:r1a.ls o··o~·o hO··3J-30 80-30-30 .. 120-30"30 EntriG.s 
Pll1teati' ---s- ~315 3092 . 3318 4652 -r-O$ -j7j 
Benua 5 3466 4838 5321 6459 TOS 78 
_G_o_n~f'_o.,-,1_a_· __6_ __2_4 ....;..3._7 ___2_ 7~88 3697_ 4113 F ..1 .RO -1 50 
The 8wamp rice method-of-pl~nt1n8 ~in1k!t ?rov1dea farmers 
the opportunity to·cocpara the traditional method of dibblin€ 
saeds at randon ~p'~1net dibbling in straight ro~s and 
Rgeinat·trADsplantlnR seedlings. Results showed that hieher 
.;- .:. 
-12: 
~i&lda "were obtained by uBing tho two ne~ method~ of planting; 
~he hi~h~et ylalds uere ~htalnA~ fro~ trans,lanting 3874 kg/&n 
.. 
fol1ow~d by dibbling seeds in stralyht rOWB 3331 kg/hat 
.tibbline ot random g~vo 2279 kg/ha yicld~ 
The ,high yields ~hlch farmoTs cnn attain by grewing rice on 
.bydromorphic soils were cleerly demonatrstad durin~ the 
,1 S 14 .H t :. FP P t' ice p l' 0 ~ r n. tl t>7 he r e IR.2 0 a v e r t.l g e d 581 Q kg I h e and 
'SML '140/10 QVerSRsd 325~ kg/hn in tsn loc~t1ons in tho 
former Uc.stern State. ~\. sre.Elt ~ctanti(ll ~xistf':l for increasi'!ig 
rico 'prodtiction 1n Nigeria by bringing under cultivation 
larger tr~ct$ of untapped hydro~orph1c lands (9). 
Upland Rice, Rssults fTcm 1~8 upland variety minikit 
trials conducted b~tween 1974 and 1977, in seven nigeri4n 
:b~9t ~~lend variety. H~wever) in n feu locatlons~ FAROX . 
. •: t...:1:..· 6 ,'1,1·' ·. ..H.  ."· r~ --'1~ '('\ S 
J. .."~ ,rJ.,'  iC;.)... ). .:J:. ~o 0-,  402 'u~ dna" 
0 1'OS 2576 Rr.. . ve higl,c't yields 
.1than ~a..s.6 .• ',The .re.sulta of the 11174 upltlnd min1k.its in the 
::f:O'.rmC::."'t,:~·r.o.s_tern 'S.t.:1te incicate thnt TOS 2.300 t:as Bli~htl:1 
~8'"t.~p'ar'io:r to ,05.6 ',in some loco tlons • 
1Rasu1.:t8 .'"0:'£ :f.our 'upland rice fe.rtilizer minikits in t1.l0 st!1tea t 
'aanu:e :nn.n ~Bende:l·t shoued thl1 t the higbee t yields 't.1ere 
w:ta±nc.il -.ui,.th ".tbe mQdium fertilizer level tC9 ted, I}O-20 ··20. 
l-l:o:t:e tt!h.T..::.t xhi's :18 .31st') the NAFPP reeoJ!loell..ded fert11i~er 
-13"-
In the rainfurest zone of !2ir.eria, th~ ;--lllnt· ~pac.ing t"ccor~,~ 
sin1kits 6onducte~ in P€~ue, C~un an~ Dndo ~tatcG ccnfirne~ 
t ~l a t t h i 3 S P ~ c i n e t1 a co;, t -i Til U m fer {J S 6 i n t 1j ett -, 0 s t lJ. t C:!J , 
I 
Cgun and Ondc I which are s1tu~tcd 1~ tho rainforest zOne. 
J 0 "J ~ ve r t h 1 g her y i e 1 d s ( 4 0 0 k g / h a o"r. m0  r e) . \'1 e !' e ': 0 b .t a in e d a t a 
closer s?4cing of 25 C~ x 25 ern in Benne State. !he hy~~o-
n'.vr~)hic nr!tu!:~ of SOf.\~ of the uplanti ric~ areas in Benu~ may 
cx~loin t~e hi~her y101d3. These results ~nrrant further 
testi.ng. 
Th~ herpicido ~inikit trialA w@re introduced to determine 
the suitability of ccntr~llin~ weeds ~n upland rice usinp 
(8ranular SATURU-G). :lmited inforEation ~as obta1ne~ from 
the trials as a majority of thum w~re p13nt~e late an~ fnil~~ 
due to ~rolonp.en clrcught ant due to the ~ag~ ~ovarnant ~f 
extension staff rel~tod to th~ c~Gat1on of"n~w otates~ nn~ 
to lor~sticc rxoblems of clel~v~rin8 In,uts from the state 
h~edqu2rters to the ~gricultural wor~cre. However, from 
our demonstration ,lots at Moor P14ntation~ W~ found th3t . 
pro,anl1 effectively ccntrnls uplnnd rica weeds 'which 
. 
conf1r~ th3 results obtnine~ by rice neronomiat9 at the 
r~se~reh st~tlon. 
-14~ 
Dctwcon 1972 and 1976~ 3~ key ?e~Goncel completed e1th~r 
tll c rice prod 11C t ion sp.e ci H.lis ts 0 r the sun erviso!'D tr.a i:l1ne 
ductu1 by I • 
fo~r r~search institutes. the Int~rn~tiDn61 
Institute of Tropical Agriculture. the Int9rn~tic~el Rice \ 
'~.~!se!",~ch Institute, tb'a ~Setional Coreals P,e8~c,rc:, Institute 
(for~3rly the F~der~l DepartMent of Agricultural Research). 
~~j recen~ly th~ West ~frica Rice naveloprnont Associatione 
ht the state level, 518 fiQld Gxtensicn workers And 
su~arvisorR from 15 states nare tr!lned on lmprov~d rica 
pro~uction technology. Ten three to five day tra1nin~ courses 
vcr cor g II n i zed bet ~ c. e n 1!J 74 un d 19 7 (, t n v Ii rio U 0 6 t ,r: t c . 
tr~inine c~ntraB bafoie-~~he stert or each eror~inp se~90n, 
At the end of 1976, more tha~ 3,500 rice farmers were 
introduce~ to improved technoloRY by means of farmers) 
conducting Ofl~ r..f more than 673 H.lU'''PP trials ;cornplet·,;:::Q to 
dll te • 
Rene~rchcra £ro~ Nation~l Instltut~s an~ State ~inistr1cs 
of Agriculture an~ llatur~l Resources, Universities, ~nd 
.IITA have v1.Bitcl.~ ~·lli.Frp trie.ls ~o hal, identify the • 
. conGtrn!~tc t~ hl~h yiel~ in the r&co~mondod pac~ace. 
units ,nd froM tL~se rneeclnrs. 15 nev ~pplied research 
projects werod~velopcd to 3at1~fy thG prncticaln~~~~ of 
thA program. These inclu~e trials on planticg Bathcd~. 
&PQcinds ~neding~ fertilizer, econoMics of production 
mct~'= cHl~s' so'il fcrt:J.lity det(!J:mii"1~. t:ton1J of m:tnik'.t f' :1tG!~i~ 
p9rbQil~ns mathods; and consu~er ~teferenca (7). TheRe 
projects vora rsvleue~ in 191~ to no~1tDr th~ prO~r6 G~ 
maue. 
fnrmera' trialo J an~ ~f important iescorch find1~~s tD 
w0~kshors were 9ucce~6fully con~letc·~ ~ the first Nhrr~ 
1"~,  . .I,   ('. '-ii, ~ 1: ~
.. I.':" '."..  t h" ... (1 i "1 " r.. C 
_ .i., '. . :. , '..... .~""  -~r1. ) .a.'."   .~..  So 1:-~~'  7 "~ ..  $I G'"  '.:"..z.  .t•" 1  ~.....  .'.".,  '~".' .":  • ."..: ;.. t' <> •• <, c· " r1 '" r. 
(rio , .. 1' ' . 6.) "r L L!.!;:." 
fully conductotl ,'1 thrQ;l"'~!1y-·orient.at1on 'liTt1 rkshop' 'ZClr. t,".'\.  '-~I "!.-t . .. 
ri10t states in JulY5 1975. 
~ . special rec~~d beck for Each mi~ikit 'and ~roduct1on kit 
trial ~eGdovoloperl and ?rinted. Thege rocord bo~ks, writt~n 
i~structions on how to conduct thn trials Dnd whet iato t~ 
-16", 
-S t- E:.~.~....  Rt. tEO ~1E 
-----~ 
Inoreer to test the performance cf varieties and GuitAb111t y 
,...... T",  ,t" ') r• o ,r1' ,u c ti 0 n t.•- "~.. "1 -",.- "L'. 0 Ie'  ec.;.y  I.~.' '''.;'0'  "\,7 ''""  lo~I. .·", '. .'.t..  ."" 1."  t' .. 'l,l~",.  '-P.:!',. ,".. 1"."  ':.~."'""  ~,"~  ,-~,"._ '.('.' (~_1'1 
Station ae ~~kHrr on £srmers~ fielJ~~ four bndlc ty ~Q~ of 
di8trictc of Blerra Leona. These wer~; 
1. trials to study the ~Qlativc p~rfD~mance 6£ ~ec 08~0n~oi 
ri~e var1~tiGB in different agro-acolo~ic~l rat ions 
. under local aud irn~rcved met~0d s of eult{vstion , 
2. trisln to study the rcopou58 of riee to nitrogen at 
l. trials to stu~, the respoD8o of rice to potaBsiur e: 
optinum level of nitrogen~ Rnd 
4. trialb to study th~ re~pons~ ~f rice t~ nitro~en; 
rhos~horus,atd rotassiufu in combination , 
•. 1 1 n i ' "1 ) l ' 
_,;"~:,o ;,' _.:=n_( _L'~ _cc• . . ; !.·. ~"tv V-  
in farneTG a fioldR~ The iD?rOved practices ,.coniiot6d of 
'•1.  7".) "\0TI"' / ' ) I Y,1 ,"-, .~ 
. GCn.~}' 
wcedinB and protactiva ~06Dure8 againat pe3te and di~~eeos. 
~t a site near ~~kupr. tha avercg~ yields in both years 
··17 -. 
{ithers II 
In the sacond yC8r~ there UR O B r~dact i on in yiel ~ of 511 
the vnrieties un~~r beth ~racticeo. T~ ia may h~ve ~eetl 
due to d e pletion in 90il fertility and~raatar ~e ~ d7 p ent 
and ~ieG~aa prob12ms. Truditi6nal prae t1c ~ in the 
tive incroasQ with irn~rovad tcchnolo8Y~ 
'£I11,1e IF. ~-:1.e:;'d (kg/he.) ·of u:-:~. a.n.d ricevlJ. t"ictiet, nrH.!.er 1 0(; :11 
Bnd improved netboda of cultivction grown on the D a~ B ~ ~t~ 
="P..o: . . .......s ·,,..cr, .... sion i: or tva "c~rs "r." r. '::'.c t , 01.; ~'.d···l·" · ' . 
~:-:~!~:I~  __- =---~.--.:.~:..--.~ .J'.-._.It- lot? .... ':"~!WI h w ....,  -t-..,,:. • ~ -f.... .. ! :~:..!.:':"!'.,~ _ ... ~ •., _ .-.. _. ......... ,.. ....' P... ...... ,..-. ......P ._, _. .. ,. ... .. .. , 
Bush 7allcu -Rice, 1~75 Rica · ~ i cap 10J 5 
Tradit1o~a l !m~rovcJ Tr~dit i0hnl !m~r~v~d 
'h1r:tet~r ·~-ract;ic.c:: '"'rac""cr::' "rpc.·-'i '~ " · ~·' ·· ~·cti ' .... r, 
j~ 0 1-: l~:.L--"--~·i- "6 ij i-~~~--""-' _. --"'~2 ,; ~~-5 ~ ..: ;:~.-----.-~,--"'~ i·.d~.:; ,;:: ':'-" .~, . ,~ .. ".. ,. , .-,:~;,.~ 0 :j':;;rl':;.~ ' ::' 
Rn !t 2 1 0.1 ~ 2 1 Z 3 1 S e }. S 5 7 
n.oi·~ 3 41)<3 19/~5 
080 771 32S6 7ei 
1..~c .. 23 14~ 14G~ 
A. :: ?cGL..:L_. __1 _'!)5 .~ ______. .;;.2;..;;9.,.·;::5~~_ ___  --l-~E..  1~33
~ .... ... -.... ---.- ... ~ ... -......- "-........ ..,.---.", ,, ...... _-
u~lan~ rice ~a~ieti6G u~der in~r0ved 
rice cultlvdtion, ihrn~, rCh001~ 
~radition91 I~~rcved 
y.1ti ty~ .._ ._ __ ~~ E.!..~S:_~---=:.;'!_':'c _t:. i_c~  ____. 2Le  c t ~.,~_~_ _.  _____ }.!:~ ~ _1::., ~~.:::.~ • . 
l.oesl 450 1.132 222 · · ~<'l 
D.ck 1 310 1·j4G 450 105:;4 
~{';k ;: 310 121~(, 311 It;u0 
RO~t 3 389 · 1.151 542 1721 
1.i".c.~·23 442 lBfJOlilC, 1!H7 
;T!::6£ir-;,t-c!:"o!,'-cf-~::' co ~,U r! no t reC:l:! ivean~;-f er t~.IT;'-0r;;-:~----'·- ._ ... -_. 
plent ~rotecti&n meesuru~. 
\.  
Averate yields for bo~~ systems under ~mproved prscticea were 
mere than· 2_00 percent '~higher than thOflQ obta:tne~ under tradi· .. 
tio,nal p-cactice. Vari,ety LAC~"23 gev~ all average yield of 
1300 kB/h~ in the first year and ICOn kg/ha in the second 
yaar due t t) incidence of the ne1,.1 C r i nkl ing disease • Va r1.e ties 
nOR 2 and ROK 3 nlso yielded well. The results obta1ne~ \ 
\ 
undBr Bush Fallow-Rice ~yGte~ 1~ different locations are 
pre~ented in Table 6. Performance of different var1etiea 
under i~pro~cd,pract1ce was ~uperio~ to that under tradi­
tional practice by more than 100% in 30nthe. 
Table 6. Yield (kg/ha) of uplan~ rioe varieties under 
traditional and improved 7T1.ct.hods of cultivation. 
n0ntll~, i9'75 ~Of 191& K~neinlla~ 191. .~  
~raditional im~roved 1~pr0ved improved 
Cultivar p ;- .tl ...... t ~_c; e li0_c t ~" c e c u 1 t 1" l! r p 1: a Co tic e c u 1 t i vat' ~ t' J) C t tea 
Local 750 1175 Loc~l 2123 Local ~.l.77 ,- ._--
~or( 1 1050 29'JO - j'-!oro-· j"-loro·· 
:~I) r: 2 850 '23(0 ~erekan 2565 ~ere~an 1920 
·10K 3 1215 2750 ~ox 2 2345 n~~ 2 129~ 
CS6 325 1675 ~1E 3 2705 rrc~ 3 2023 
~n ·the other t,,;~o di"Btrict~t llhlllt!ly Eo and Ken~!lH~ the. perfor·" 
"monee of all hiBh, yielding var.1eties ·~7QS supe::":1,or to t!:t.Ll t 
~df :loca!'var1ety. ,The reaulta ~nd1cate ~ha~ RC! 3 yields well 
:111 :Jill :regions. 
:sppl1ed At .ind1v.idue..! aites .i,or .t~'o years.. -P.1.thout ~,! 
!~;,)Ijl1catior. :the ·y-i.e:lrl :levels .dee-lined in .tl1e sec-ond year by 
:-rlbout :33:. ~r",espon~e.s .to ,ni.t:r.oge.n ar"r.l-ieA.t1..On ,at levels 
··1;J . 
~20 to ~J.)O' i~ the first yeaT ranged between 658 k~/ha for 
\ 
'. ,·_" ~ar •u. T .L..." .·." :e "' .'J~ ·\ I'· .·..·. l" - .1•,   .",', ~... '~:;.; ~. (le"<' -;;> than 50% of those in first year). 
This m~y have bu e n Sue to the higher incidence of 'crinkle' 
p"··d'.  ... 
I'I"\ ~,.. ~. , 
( J . ..• ' •. t e 
.1 • •' 
[ ice as 20 ce~ts ~er kg and that of nitro~en es 40-45 cents 
1E 10 applied a " mill dDS~ of 20 tr 60 ke of nitrO!Bn ~er 
f able 7. ~asponAB of upland rice (ke/h2) to different 
J ~~l ala c £ ni t i.e g: en u. ode r bus h fall c,V' "r ie <:l (~'FR.) ~ r 1, c ~ "r:~ c e 
( ~~) Rnd rice-rice-rice (~R~) croppi~R aystQms.Wot ~uRBon: 
._-_._ . -",,--,,, .-~---'.---
\... Ava. 
Crop- yield ~8Dponse to nfpliud 
~ o_f nt ~uO.. "OJ:  e. t . .H • on:'l.  t.::r.og.:!n at 
S J ,; t ~!" e.en_=---.?_e_a__r _t_ r:..~ 1 ~_ Va!' i ~ t Y~ .!~~L~1_~1 ~::' t.: ~L:~i!L. .. ~J 6 0_-.. ~~ Q ... 2:;.90 ,_ 
Pujohun 1;.'7~ 4 r.o K :3 3; 9 3'w ,52? G7  J ~ ~, 9 ;. G5  
'3cnthe 1~71) 2 ROK 3 529 23f 311 52~ 5nl 450 
. R!1i:. Rol:upr 1976 5 ROK l 1261 343 651 666 774 e3G 
' --r~~~* Ahmadiyye 
School 
Roku~r 1976 4 ~OK 3 766 353 772 1101 1~~6 14~2 
,: ~P2.H. H~.1~06S::t 
[ ~c~u?r lry71 4 LAC-23 817 427 cae 796 9'0 1236 
n"Fil.'st cr-c"pofr{ce~;~ero~va ~itr:oUtf'OrtTU.zc;:- ... .~ --'- .'-..- "-' 
~ * Fertilizer ~a5 unifotcly np~11od in prav~ous two S~B90U9. 
~Dte: PhoD~horus and potns~iun woru a,pliod uniformly to oll th~ 
~tt.:..'lt"Uento 0 (J) ke J:' -::';t:/hn l'.ri~GC kg K alba to f.:r.r ·gt era;' of rtcu 
~n~ @ ao ~R P20S/h3 ~na 80 ~R KZO/ha t3 the aucc~spiv~ cr~?s. 
'J, 2.0 t ', 
h1~:har~ ;t"t:>n(;ing frOt1 J.1 tc 17 kf; 7er lq:. cf n '1?~~lic~ at '.: ..., ,, 
"._ 'J 
could be mRintainod by ~ ~pplic9tion ~ftd the t~adit1on~ 1 
cati~n would be pf the order of 200 pBrc~n t. 
~ho results Dbtalfte~ in ~ombali !iBtr~ct show'Gi8ni ~ ic8~ t 
incr~~BB in r&S~Onee8 with increasina lavel" of ni tl cyan . 
I~ ~onthe .district incr ~6 sine 
correspondln~ responses ~hich ranRed . betw~ ~n ~1~ kr/h~witb 
( 
n~",.A"  and 569 k3/~a with ~";. The raDultD arG ex~l~j n Qd in 
. ~ .: ~ . 
tha 11Sht of the fsct thRC 
fcr.t::le in ~~c!'tthc dist:r:!'ct than in Bc!nba.li district. 
The resulte for b~8h· fg,ll.o~:r:··rice. ' , rice-rice· .<!pd rice " 
yQ~r, t~a responses · t~ f~rt11iz~r lc~cl~ ~8rc ateedy or QV~G 
··21·· 
hi8h~r. 
".. . .u... ~.,3 ;";1'J (]O:--80:'~'''i".,:,..\.j  .. l'';'.V~~f ':, h
... ~ i.,~.l;·'.''·.~, .r ~., 4 ..'  .
1,.1'.1 .... ~....  l''r''1r.;.': r/ha ,..,. "'
4.;110 ;.4.1. i'.'' l·. e I.1..n  tt..·· · 
,. . 1\"; 
~ocond YOftr compared·tc the first year. With third ye~r 
rice. althou8hrBs~ons~5 to diffor~n~ fertilizer lcve:a 1e·­
cli~edJ the.total rteld , renained hi8h with n;rr~~riate 
fert.~.2.izati(1n "snd ndonticn -::.t inpt'cvli!d cul t l.!l"al r-:r~~tlCC"L 
. It i9 belioved t~at rico ~rDductivity on such u~l~~d 801.19 
?FR··tc -3--" ';) r~ f" -
til' '.j ,; ~7~j ' "50i) 1407 13(-.3 C31 ~;-;.~ 1,r·;·-~~ ~rr-f,.\,,;~,;····r0 7:.t~· 
 ). ~ •• ;). . .•.. - ~ ,. '.~ .... . I ..• 
!3F;:{ . 
rtckupr S ~~ 5:~ ~j (, 3 E·: .~ f! ~a17 "IIi 1 7/+~ r~31 317 lJ.S~ 11(- .':'  
?R* 
.t~ rl III :.~ d .. 
Gchool 70~ 8!2 ~21 . 1210 1614 991 1516 111~180~ 
'l. 'I~ ....f..). . ** 
i:':!'. k a e !'3 a 4 i 3 4 3.8 0 6 5 2 5', r: :; l~ 4 7 3 f. 7 ,2 5 7 :; l~ 9 8 5 U .;. /. 
\'~ J.r . c~c~. ~(;-:: . :cL:.-e-;;:w- a~o~i;'i1--:;;i"thout fe"rtil{,:-orin tl~.~·' !l-r~;r;;'\-;i- '" 
ye:!r. 
** Pertilizor ~3S applied uniformly i~ prev1pus two aea50~s, 
all·cult1.~Tllre ~'lere if.OK 3 (~:i!:(:2pt i..!:. . C 23 h{:!re. 
tio= of eo kg of the nutric~ts per hectare in form of rr 
-2.2-
response, of. 889 kg/ha J about 300 kg/1'l.:\ mo'te than th!lt 
obt~lned to N,OP,O' ~bile in ~o N40'40 gave 8 %csponse of 
# ' ' 
1700 kg/hi. 750 kg/hn so~e than obtained with Nao . In Port 
, 
Loko application cf Nao W3S as good ~8 N40P40 giving 8 re-
sponse of the ordar of 1200 k~/h~. ~imilar results vera 
also observed in Kam~1a ~nd Donthe, but the magnitude of 
resp~nseG w~s lower, about 200 to 300 kg/he. 
It WQS also observ~d that Q total of 120 kg of nut~ienta 
!\pp11ed .'\3 'UeO P,4!l in Bombali and lC.smbia gave better' resultb 
than ~bt~ined with N40'40K40' th~ responses belnR 1080 and 
914 kg/ha res~ectively in th~ two districts. In west~rn 
area, a dOSQ of H40P40K40 gave a response of 1323 k~/hQt 
about 800 kg/be more than ~bta~nCd with NaoPso (508 kS!bn). 
'" 
~he results also show no ~lgni£lcfint differential r~8pon3as 
"ThG. 'results also .:;ho"W' th.1lt ~ba np,plication of ,11,.0 gAve It 
bi~h r~sponse of 1030 kgJha in Bo followed by 720 kg/ha iu 
P'O'rt 1..-oko and sbout. 400 k2/ha in 30mbali I~nd Ka~bia.. In 
1:he r.t'her d1a"t'l'ic.ts r~nponse8 were low And n.ot oignific.ant. 
:Increase in -the lGval of nitroscn_ to 8~ kg ~l/h.'l did not b~ne·· 
f.it :i.nBo. '?ih1.1e iu 3r.)1l1b31i the response "e.s doubl<:d .(289 
kg/hal and increas~d by SOO kg/ha in Port LQko. 
.. ·23-
The study of average yi~lds obtnin~d ~ith different 
varieties BhQ~ that improved ~ethod of cultivation as 
compnred.to tradition~l method ~ave significantly high~r 
yields of alnosb nll tha yeriatlas tried in ~a11~~uni 
Kono: Bombali and So districts. The additi0n~1 yields du~ 
tc improved practiccn in var1Qu~ districts ~cr ~iffQrent 
14 () 0 1). n d 2 0 Q0  kg I h a in 1< 0 no, 7 00 n n d 1 n0  0 kg / h II i !} 1> 0 Til b '11 i 
nnd 7aO and 1600 kg/ha in &0. It ~as ~lso obsorved th3~ 
both undor tr~dition81 practices an~ improved prq~tiCGD of 
cult1vntion. The etud7 of yields of individu~l v~r1eties 
D..H2 gave !':'.ore or lQSS ~1mil(\r order of yield.; (2000 Ilnd 
2150 ks/ha) but out·-yi~lded the loc~l variety by nbout 300 
k~/h8. Ir.L Kono, undf',r ir'l'Prc;v~d nethods of cultiv:'!tion: 
v~riet1eG CF4 , ROK 4. RO~ 6 and the lccal vore more or laes 
v.:\ ric tv RH  2 f 0110 W c; del 0 sol y g 1 v 1 n.:~ an s v {! r ::\ roo f 5 8 00 k 8 / ,h ~ I 
HiGh~st yield of 2935 kr/hn followed by 2373 kg/ha vith 
RCK 4 and 1822 kr/hn with CP4 ~~s obtnincd in »o~beli dis'·' 
trict. In ~~ district th~ varieties CP4 and ROK 6 g~ve 
, 
ev~t~~e yields of the ord~r of 2600 kr/ha followcl by 2200 
Application of R~"PJO ~as sicnificantly Gup~ricr t~ Nno in 
~.,l. , (J 
i 
Kailahun only wbere th6 responses to the tW0 d~~~~ were 937 
l'esi'0nf.'l(~ as h1 sh illS 1:~ ,53 k~/ha. abcut 700 k?/h ,~ :r!fn~ than 
obta.il'lcd with NgO,but the inct'''!3~itci 'was not sig'i"\ific ,~r'.tt' 
. :- . -1 . _• . .,,, .. I... . 
Application, of NeoP40 a~d N40P40R40 did not show ~ny significant 
differential ~e5pDnse in any district. However. tte~a was 
an indication in BDmbeli~ that ~3~P40 may provo moie 
effective th~n N4DP.~E40' In Kal1nhun a small dose of K40 ' 
3dded~ON~OP40 improved the yield s1enific~ntly by 467 
kg/h.'l '::- toe response tt> !fOOP 40 being 12.40 ka/!1il. :?otar::td.um 
. nt Be kr K20/h ';l <l.ddG~t to NeoP ao also helped 1:1. improvine 
the yiold et~n1ficantly.~y mora than 450 kg/hn in ~o. 
-' ", 
Application of nitronen at N40 alq~e gave a hi"h (but not 
sigriificant) r~sponso of 866 ks/ha in Bomba!! followed by 
psienific~nt reD~onsn of 490 kg/ha in Go. In ~ther 
diet~ict6 tho responses were low and not aienlficnnt. 
" . '. 
Increasinp, the 'level of nitrogen to 1180 gave A significant 
reapouse ~f 309 kg/ha in Kailahun while no change was 
. ohserved in Bo. 
;- !:l{\lilan!! 
All the varieties tri~d in Kcnome; Kono and Tcnkolill 
Rave significantly higher yields under iM~rovcd methods of 
,.' 
cultivnt10cs thou obtained und~r tr~ditlonall methods of 
cultivation. T~e differ~ncc in avorage yields under two 
... 25-
practices [or different v~rieticG vnri~d from 700 to 1300 
kg/h~ in ~enemn, from 2100 to 2300 kg/ha in Keno nnd fron 
1150 t~ 1450 kg/ha in Tonakal!li. It wa~ als~ cb~~rved that 
thr.,; local va"ricty wa.!'i as· gced as come of the improved 
, 
varieties und~r both traditional as ~ell ~s improved Acthods 
of cuI ti va -=iOll. The study 0 f thl: megni tude of: aver u g'-! 
yields for different vnrieti~s under im?~cvad methods of 
cultivation show ~het in Kencm~, average y1~ld varied froM 
1860 k8/h~,w1tb NBchin 11 to 2341 k~/ha ~ith the local 
v3riQt~. In Kano, the vnri~ty CP4 gave the highest yield 
·of 59401 k~/h~ whila Nachin lIt ROK 5, and the loc~l 
yialded betuq~n 5300 and 5500 kg/ha. Tho variety CP4 in 
Tonksli1! else rave the hi~hcat yiG]~ of 2263 k~/ha as 
compared to other varieties, such ns BD2~ ROK 4~ Nnchin 11 
end the local, These varieties yielded b~twecn 1800 and 
No sienificcnt d1fferentiBl rQspons~s to NSO and N40P 40 
. toT ere 0 bs .::..--r v e din n n y dis t r. i c t ~ I ;.~ Ko ri 0 tl n d Tonk r) 11 J 1 
:-and /;/57 kp:/h"! r.:;;~nectivcly ever that of ]80P.~C which r evc 
'!r.e.s.pcnSi; of ~~~03 ancl964 kr.!i.\.!1 r~~f'ectivcly in the tHO 
:..d1:s'tri.ct8,. ·Potas.!Jillr.'! n~J!,,1.ic~.tion in conjunction with 
• 
:h:1J~~er levels of 2{ ~nd P enhancad the yields si~n1f1cn1\tly 
-26-
response to NaOP40 in Kambi~ was 1323 k3/he·~hich incr2cncd 
to 1703 kg/ha with th~ addition of K40 and so qlso ;! 
response of 754 kg/ha was chanced to 1379 kc/ha in Kenema, 
542 to 123} ke/ha in Kono and 507 to 1003 k~!ha in Tonaia111i. 
, 
Similar bonefit was ~bservcd when K~O was added to NsoPaO' 
The application of nitroecn alono ~t 40 kg Nita did, not 
shou siBn1ficant respcnses in any district e~c~pt Kamhic 
(4Q7 kg/hal. However, when the levels of nitrofen ~~c 
increased ~o NSO,.except in Tonkal!1!. Binnificaot bue 
moderate responses between 400 and 600 kg/ha ~~re observed 
in Kambla. Keneron nnd Dornbeli. In Kono, reS~On5Q ~as 
slishtly higher. being 932 kR/ha. 
~ANGROVE_SW~M~ 
All the varieties tried in Mayamba district ~nve hi3hfr 
yields under 1mprovod cult~ral prnctic~s as com~ared 
to yields obtained under traditional farmcrz' prJct~ces. 
Tbe add1tion~1 g~in in form of er~ln wcs of the 0~~~t ~OO 
to lOOOkg/ha for the local and ROK 5 '~r1et1es while SR-
26 and, ~OK 4 recorded ~ddit1onal yields of the order of 
1400 kc/ha. These two varieties also gave the hirhcst 
yields of the order of 2000 kg/ha under improved l~Qthods 
of cultivation ~s compered to those obtained under tredi-
tional practices. 
-27-
~Bnt difi~rcnce in responBc~ to HSO and N P
40 iO' ~ddltion 
of pot;p ~lum to nitrogeh ~nd phospharus enhanced th~ yielda 
81gnir~~ 8utly. A dose of £40 added to NSOP OO increAsed the 
~.,'.1 "t'·'·'l·,· 1 ""J ;"l '} Out 1100 k('~jh..·; ~ 'f,1i :n@K:>OAddedtoNnop o O incr£Hlsad 
..:L. ~ ~ .... ''''., ' , ~.. ., D II 0 
" IIr {" } 0 1"'t' 'Gb  / }~ .".•'--: .~ .. #I" ., .. Responses to the two 
:"-. --', .. .- :-.... ~ -,"-
.:.·".·.',\r ;~ '.• .~ r_,: .. ........ .I ;.:)':  ,.":,/ ."• F ~/"5'J',~' 'if~_c ~~.'" '.. ;~.'~ i..' '  l.'_P~S.· bOl,. ~-Jj  c=,..... ~. 
. '
.."
;'
. -"
~.
.... .
 
-. 
" 
,,, .;..>. ~
.
..
\ 
.. -t.
•l " , . ~ ",. i '"' C J' . .- ~ . • ,.,' n· ... · ~";"', f ''5 ~ ~ C 1 tit i 
.,.. ,· ...... . '. .. " . ,U. .m'O~,·~ ,. ,d1. j;.' __ ar. ... ·J~(~.a n ..,  ... c ... t! va 011 • 
~ . . .~ .. ...... ,. '.' .'"':.d_:.:;:.JC...,. ........." ,. , ... .... ~.,.;._~ .-.. _____ ..... ,;..-.·,.., '"""'.,~ __. .... ...--._a. ... ...,. ... ~· '111.· There 
.. , ................ _ 
is n~ ~~"bc that & r~p!d wnyto incraaserice produ~t1on 
f~rti~~ ~0r applicatioD to respoDoive cultivara. Rowevet p it 
t.t~..~..·..  ~ .',~ 4"."" " .;" •,•.. - "h.  1~";"_"'  <L' a !)·f.; .,. o)~·" , . ·tt, Q" 'b..'e.. ". '<'h 'e.,; <Co...- ur''';''&'4'..'.'  "'-'' n t..l.t~. S investment. It 
. two would be r~quired befora an Afri~an farmer might ado~t 
improved measures. An economic study of data c611~ct~d from 
~n-farmir!als , is ~eported here. For calculating the 
K20 was taken aa .40 Laone canto, 5~ c~nt$ and 25 cants s ' 
respectiv~ly. The price of o~e kg of rice paddy wac taken 
as 20 cents, the averR@e procurement price of rice by 
the 'Rica Corporation in Sierra Leone. The cost of in~uts 
of fertilizers was deduct~d from the gross r,turn (in forre 
.. . / 
: of extra paddy) to obtain the incremental gross return. 
-28 ... 
Th~ re~01t9 presented ill Table 9 show that under bush 
from 2.4 - 6.3 by adopting the improved ~2 thods ofcultiystion. 
The r3ti~· ~n~reased ~i~h· adoption of r~~0mmended cultivars. 
Re9ul t8 ~ : )~ O ciedrly i~dicated that it was highly profitable 
to gr ew a s~c Qnd cro~ · of rice in the ~~~s aquent year. In~ 
second y & ~ r under ric~-rice ct Dpp inG system should be· evan 
h1~hGr t~~n that ohtained in the firs t yea r. Among the culti-
vars. LAC 13 showed ~hQ highest benefit coat ratio of 5.4 
Laones fe r every LeoDe invest ad in the firs t year. This 
return W~8 80 centDlass in the secon~ year. 
Table'. Eccnomic~ of improvad technological practices over 
tr.a.ci:itio n.:?l practices uuo.<.!t' bu~~h fal1o'v--ricu and rice·-rice 
£!.£..E p 1 ;:lK. __.~; ]!i.!:~ tlH3 t _~_i.:;:..E~:.!L r.. o_o_n_S:~L_!.?]_6 ~ ___ ...._ _____" ~ __- -,.. ___  
~~sh t~_.!ls-::~ri£E. Rice-ri ~ a 
Addit. 
yield IGR* yl~ld IG~ 
{;~llt1-va;.:: .Jkg/ha ) _,~c:.~.~~~~~_ _ 1.CR** (kg/he) L(.;ones BeR 
I.ocal 732 104 2,1. · ':i3!1---Y06--- 2 :5 -.----
ROK 1 736 · 105 1..5 ).-244 207 4.9 
ROK 2 857 129 3.0 15~9 . 263 6.3 
ROK 3 llBO - 194 4.6 1179 l~~ 4.6 
I.AC 23 1353 . 230 ._5~'..;.4_--",1187 195 I, _~2--___ _ 
'-*-1:~-mental gross return 
** Benefit/cost ratio 
*** On~ Leone - U.S. $0.85 
Table 10 sbo~ that undBr the prosent pricestructur~) even n 
.... 29-
small dose of 20 kg H/ha. applied ia. anyone of th~ three 
cropping systems enarled the farmer to obtain a net ~eturn 
of fivi Lacnco and above for every Leone invested in 
nitrogen application. The trend continued with higher levels 
of nitrogen. Thu, e, the benefit cost ratioo varied from 3 
to 8.6 fer ~40' ftom 3 to 1 for ttg'"O Ciilti- from l' to 6 for 
H100 • In conclusion, it can be said that farmers are 
bcund to get 8 profitable return on improved r~cQmmended 
'pra~t1cea even if rice 1a grown succecs1vely and even with 
as small a 'dose as 20 kg H/ha. 
Tabl~ 104 Economics of nitrogen ~pp11cat1on to rice under 
bush fallow-rice, ri~e-r1cc and rice-rice-rice eropping 
____. ~ys te~..l...1..~c rr a. Leon£! 197 {; • 
LP..!cl of N1t~,'ogen (k~/ha) 
N U N60" N80 } -- N
Add. 20 Add. 40 Add. Add. Add. IOe 
~.~ ~ • Yd. , , Yd. Yd. Y d : 
kgl kg/ kg/ kg! kgl 
ha IGR BCR ha IGR BCR ha -, !CR nCR h.l lOR .Ben ha I CR :'~Cj", 
BF !l *~ - 3 0 9 5 3 (j • 7 IT) 1"08 6. 7 6 7 3 110 4. 6 649"-" . 9 7 3. 0 9 B .9 157~'J,,9 
tBFR 238 39 4.9 317 47 .2.9 529 81 3.!: 582 84 2.6 tf 50 SO 1.1 
BFR 343 60 7.5 651 114 7.1 666 109 4.5 774 122 3.8 836 121 3.1 
RR* 353 62 7.8 772 1::J8 e .. 6 _:101 196 B.l J2.~6 /.2,) 7.0 '4l2 242 f-~O 
RRR* 4~7 77 9.6 603 105 6.6 796 135 5.6 999 167 5.2 U36 207 5.1 
... ~~ .. ---
~BFR da ta are, in or<t'=r s fr'()f; Pujenun: 197 S; Bon the and·' 
Rokupr~ 19]6; RR 1s from Rokupr, all with ROK 3~ RRR is from 
Rokupr with LAC 23. 
~conom1cs of b.~lanced sill! ca tion of li, rand K. The 
results obtained vith d1ffQrent levels of ~, P and K 
, 
applied alone and in combination ~re presented In Table 11. 
Nitrogen alone gave an incremental cost benefit ratio of 8.7 
under RR system as compared to 5.3 under BFR system in the 
! 
... 30-
R0  1:.. up r II rca • The dose of U r W~3 ii good Aft N~~ except 
4·0 40 uti 
in RRn. system. Application of ~40P4QK40 gave 8 minimum BeR 
of two as compared to N P40 which gave lese than two in 
SO
the"flrat and third yeArs. With othnr fertilizer levels 
although ~e8ponsc was high t BCR Was comparet!vely low. It 
could thus be concluded th ~ the most suitable doses to g1v~ 
a- minimutn BeR of two are Z140 whore P snd K are not deficient, 
s dose of N P where K is not deficient and a do~e of 
40 40 
~40P40K40 wbere all three are deficient. 
Table 11. Ec i)fl.om 1c s of b~18nced application of nitrogen, 
E-hosE~'lorus and _....P..~i'!E!...P_.E:.Eland ,_ Sierr'3 Leone. 
Bush fallow-: "Bueh fali~w--aice-rice R. ice: rrce:ri-;-C~-
ric ___ .. ROK .3 rice, ROK 3 ROK 3 1oforob erek.rJn 
BOt 1975 Rokupr, 1916 Ahmad. Hakaeaa, 1976 
School '76 
L~vel-e ---
of fer t. ' Add. Add. Add. Add. 
applica.- Yd. 1c. Y cl • Yd. 
tion kgl kFt/ kgl kgl 
I 
h?z/ha ha IG!{ BC!1 ha lGn. BeR ha IGR. !lCR h.n lOR BCR 
\'" 978 1 7 9 11.2 503 84 5.3 7~2 1/;. CJ 5 .. 7 330 -60--3:-7 
.~ t. a 
N8 :) £ "588 85 2.6 5S8 lOS 3.3 862 140 t• . 3 652 98 3.0 
H40P40 lla.07 245 6.fl 817 127 3.5 921 1/.8 4.1 546 73 2.3 
N80P 40 1365 221 4.2 7~·7 97 1.8 1218 191 3.6 544 56 1.0 
NooPao 831 94 1.~ 740 77 leO 1614 250 3.4 736 75 1.0 
~40P40K40 1215 11j '\I"  4.2 8'.".J ... 120 2.6 991 152 3.3 725 99 2.1 
;!B\iP 40K40 133~ 2a4 3 .. 2 B27 103 1.6 1516 241 3.8 794 96 1 .. 5 
"'BOP 8 OK4'O ,1082. 134 1.6 11£8 157 1.9 1713 260 3.1 985 115 1.4 
~H~P~~lq~g 1675 243 2.6 1165 141 1.5 1809 269 2.9 832 74 0.8 
DISCJSSlt)N 
The Niger1~n NAFPP riee project has completed three yec~s of 
~ctiv1tics while th~ Sierra Leone Co-ordinated Agronomic 
Trials have been conducted for two years. D~r1ng the initial 
-31-
. t~stins phase, lmpo~tant infor~ntion has bee~ obt~ined wblc~ 
mft~ k~ ~~l~~~nt to cQ~lntrie9 in tropical AfricA contemplating 
uudert~kinB similar agricultur21 projeets. 
1. On·-farm trials ere: eeoential in providing ~ ct'ucit!l tost 
of the practicebillty of research station findings. 
, 
On-far~ tr1~ls results should on9ble governments to 
decide whether or not to launch accelerated production 
eampaitnn ; 
" 2." On-farn trials provide researchers feedback from farm 
reali~y to influpnce their research priorities, This 
is prob~bly one of the most valuable aspacts of the 
on-farm testing and promotion conducted to date. 
These ~ri81s effectively link r~~e4rcheTs, extcn£1on 
workcrs J and £armcrs~ 
3. Progresaive farmers ~ra provided opportunities to test 
on their farms the reccmmeaded cultural practicee 
devaloped at research st~t1ons. In turn they tbem-
other farmer~ field-proven culturnl prac~ices. 
Resistance to ad~pt1on of new practices is rp.duced~ 
and convincing farners to p~~tic1pQte 1n ~ny futur~ a~ce-
lornted food production c~mpcign8 becomes easier; 
" \ 
4. To ,rasurE:. the success of lllul.tilocat1on massive on-
farm trials, there is a need to develop good planning. 
organ1z~tionnlt budget aupport, and above all polit1c~1 
support and com~it~ent; 
- 32--
5. On-farm te£ti~~ research should be developed~ financed 
and con [roll~d by a l."'lHH:Ul rell or gnni:c:.:) tlo,"l and no t be 
dependent upon multiorgan1~ational agreements and 
committ~~~~ 
6. The de~ree of success in obtaining accurate results 
I 
depends upon the agricultur81 cxtenGion workers being 
wel1-tr~inod and dedicated. In addition he must be 
able to devote full attention :0 the project. As W~8 
experienced, most extension workers were not ~ssi~ned 
on full·,time b."\si~ i;.nd f.'lOS t ""~ere respon~~ible for many 
proj e.c ts. The fol1otv: .. through to prop€!rly handle (t,n{l 
supervise on-farm trials was ofte~ luck!ne; and 
7. Intensive crop-orient~d courses are a nec~ssary 
only theoretical ~spcct but also pract1c,1 aspect of 
how to cO;lciuc t tl~c trial nne wba. t sel~c ted agronomic 
d a tilt 0 t" a c. c 'l:' ~ .. 
-33-
LITERATURE CI~ FD 
; 
1. ti·,, Q ,:;l' 't ~Al. fr)'.  C (; 1."»\ . -~4 .,...,.  ,'"~  D t· .V"'1
A ~;. J- 0 .!-.I. .,1· 1 E,.  n t j-·,.. "~," ~ , '..,..'. .".  "!.1", <'-1· 'I.,. J,Ii. .'. "'.o J • 1975. "tt:tce 
2.~ dH Hoor e P. .; (; , 1974~ Ric ,:\ dev~d:/r:'~;;'~:lt :l, T.; ~·jj'..;~~t AtTic::!. • 
Pro(;(';~;'dirtgs Proj t: ct 11"H1 C:.f)"~·':: ,$ ;"1€:;::r:}'::l8:, Febr~~i,n~y 
.ft - fi~ 1914. N~f!t A£l:~,r;". lI~~; l)t;.,,>:·:: ·_~ ,(~ p\;lf;ntr: 
Ae~0~j~tlDn~ Monrovia, Lihc ~ le. 
3. Agri.c.t.lltt:,. r -:·:.1 ~;t:,~ t1st;"\:--':l 1. SUY- 1 ~~:~y ._~,,! S:!:'~ ':.:~.~ iC. ·GEO np.~ -:;.970/71. 
Ce  ii r I,' ~·. L 2 ttl t i H t: i. (; s 0 f f i '(; 'i~ ,:. -~J. ~r; 2 , 
.. ~!.~ r ~t .c u~: t ~J·~,c.l d ~;;; 't;.~ . :;. J. .....,  ~v ~;1~:t~n t :~ '!? F,'l g: (i r i<!, 3. ~" 7 3~· 
LaGO S, NiBc~~A. S:S pp _ 
.; • 11.~" n:!. s t .:y ::, ,:: t ;,·~'~te 1. 0 pmr~;;l ~~ ,:!,n d I~ c n t!.Ct',~:!._ c; ? :,:, ',,~ i):L ~l g ~ (: e n t:!:' a~. 
U.nJi, ~·ll~t:icnal D';:"~7~'11·}·pr',:.; ·;! ~~ \iJ,::;,·n,. ';,:'~7i:}/15 ~ . 7$/79 
lY f'/: ~ Go? ert1m ~'t~i: j:~t il""t :~- ':<~ n~,.pt:n~ ::{'i. ~ ';:". t~ Sl ~ t'ri:'l 
L(', ,' •. '<-'.: • 
6. P~Tez, A. t., V. L. AsnGni~ L.G . fnthney. J.Y.C. Jegede, 
A,. ·l,~i li' ..~ (:~a~ ~. . ; A. .. C~ l:.~1.:!'f&r~ ·:~:' ~-; ::.:'.·:)~(i I.;;J~, J?t:~t !ubt..'\, 1976 '. 
H/,,{" ,\'!" ~ An in t c. g!.' 1.;' i:Gd (-.-f· ( ':. : .. <::;. ~:: h ';:,~I i: i,~ ';! 01 e r .'.1. t:1, n g 
Pl~Nh:: ~;:tJ.on of l:':.lC8 (!nd i:l:;~.'~""' 1.11 \ :h·:~ i~~:d, nf0ref3'i: 
~Oi:':~ cj' H:.tg"aY.'in. P:CQs t~:t.'d:{,d t. t tb~'; ~;Yl"l,. p!jSiUill on 
/. ?'t., ..... ", 'f" '.- .i~: ...., ' '" ~ p ......... ".'. ., 1\ ,.., " ~ "'.' .. ... " '" ~ '-, ".' .... ... ,~ ,~ F 0 , ... ? 
.. .... .:, j",' ",~,,~, ..... ' ':'' •. .<':J.,.,~ ~.- .. .~ (.f_t..J\.·,l. . .. wQ l . f. • " ,", !;!.r....;."->; •.) ~ .~ ... ." '.;: •.•- I ,_\... VIwt. 
Pr.(~t.;.\::. ;:.~. . tt cl1 in 1:1!.t.! :~t :::~ inf (~:t~,c.:~·t. Z~)f:~ ~~ ()f ~'!iRei:ia" 
6~ r~rez~ A,T. };76 . Appli e d " rGB~~r~b n ~0cl 0 of NAFPF for 
rice. Pr aaented ~t th Q a0c~n d NfFF? N~t1onBl Rice 
Bnd NQi2S Worksho? hel~ an Ja~u A ry 12 to 16, 1916, 
Moor E16DtRtion p lbadan • 
. 
S. F:l f th . S (;lifl i. ··!:. ~muI11 Repo~. . t to th e F ood T.m~. A;~r ieal tur e. 
Or8eni~~tion of the Unitc d Nations qn Implemcn­
. ·tation of the Fre-rrojocr Activity in Support of 
,'. . the R:l..c~? R e$e.n.l~C h S ta t;1. on ~ Ito k up 't'~ S i er ra Le cne • 
1976. Intern. lost. of Trop. Agric. Ib~dan • 
. ' Aprll :J.916. l1irnGo Doc. 144 pp. 
9. Moormann. F.R.~ A.!. Perez, and W.J. Veldkamp. 1976. 
Potantla~ of hydromorphiG ~ice cultivations'in 
Nigol':i o. • Pres E:H;. ted at, the SC cond HArp!? Ne tional 
Rice aud Mai~e ~orkGhop held ·on J8nua~y 12 - 16, 
1976, Moor Plantation. !bndun. 
, I 
10. Kohapntra. !.C. 1916. Field m~nuel far experiments on 
f:t;;'m'~':oll :i('J,dtn.g. !tic~ Resell 't ell Station, Rokupr. 
+! f " 
.~.. :~J p • 
11. Per~~J ~ .Z. 2976. Highlights of activities and 'T~­
l:iJi2':illJ of tlq·" NAFP1~ lUc.c Program during the initial. 
y~c~s. ~~~0ented at thQ Second NAlPP Nationnl 
-nita Dod HRiz a ' Work5 hop h~ld on January 12 - 16, 
1:!::r6; 1'-:[;0<;\j:' l~ lo.nttlt:to~)~ Ibadnn.