可 nHM nRM AEE RUM A 內 呵 tphL V 旬 ， ，•• 叫 t •• 3、 d J 。 V W ∞ τ z 。2E1-77 f September 1978 心 -,." 、 」 h HHlHaP\ TJ -EnH nUw iu pp tL ‘ 斜 COlE(C\。其 " Annual Report 1977 d益， crff BIBL10于;三CA 付清明古 日!SLIOT正CA Centro Intern恥ionaI de Agricultura Tropi棚1， CIAT Apartado A垂reo 67.13 C泌Ii， Colombi眉. S. A. 、 Contents XIIl FOREWORD A.) BEEF PROGRAM A勵3 ProJl&盟 Organ立atÎon 部被 Strategy A刁 Impact Ar揖 Survey A.IO Plant Introduction A.J3 F orage Breeding A.29 Le息揖硨 Agronomy A.30 Seed Production A-33 Plant Prot扭扭on A-3岳 SoiU在i叮'obiology A-43 Soil Fertility A.56 Plant N utritìon A-60 Pastu自 Es祖b區sbment and Main扭扭nce A-{j6 Pasture U tiliz揖昀n A-70 A位mal Management A-87 Animal Health A-Iω Economics A.110 Training and Re品onal T附1. A-1I3 Publications B.I BEAN PROGRAM B-3 Br開d間串 B-IO Pathology 8.20 Entomology 8-28 Physiology 聽-41 Microbiology 8-50 Soils and Plant Nutrition 話-57 Agronomy B-70 Econom時S B刪77 Appendi制措 草包車4 Publi帥tions r C-I CASSAVA PROG法AM ‘ C-3 Physio1ogy C岫 13 Patho1ogy C-26 Entomology C-33 Varieta1 Improvement C-41 Agronomy C-S3 Soi1s and PIant Nutrition C-61 C帥sava Storage c“65 Internationa1 Cooperation D刪i RICE PROGRAM 0-1 lnternationa1 Cooperation 0-10 Br鴨ding 0-15 Tr棚ing 。-17 Ri帥 T鵬對nology Adoption E心 SWIN單 UNIT 藍衛1 Internatio糊1 Cooperation E吟 R輔總rch E-13 Publi棉tions F-1 G囂NETIC RESOURC草SUI可IT F-S SPECIAL SτUDlES UNIT F-13 HEMO翰車CTOPA益ASITE UNIT o喻: 紋。絲露TRlCS U!哇衍 G-13 STATlON OPERATlONS 0-15 CLlMATOLOOY “ lNTE浪NATIONAL COOPERAτION -1 H-3 TRAINING ANO CONFERENCES 闕-3 T閥混絨轟 的-19 ConIeren棚 H備23 CIMMYT-CIAT REGIONAL ANOEAN MAIZE UNIT H-29 L1BRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES 1-1 FINANCIAL REPORT 、 Board 0' Trustees Luis B. Crouch (Chairman) Apartado 77個2 Santo DQmingo, Domini.c帥 RepubHc JOM A. Pino (Vj，帥、“ chairmanJ Director (tf Agrkulture TIlef是 ockefeller Foundation I f33' Ave, of the Ameri帥a New York, N.Y. H揖3兮，野草A E盟iIio A單ure r這. Rectoτ U甜時"，如d Nadonal de Colo朋b磁 Bogo唔，訟，告， Cúlõ酷樹在 Paulo de T. AI塾，輛 。lrector C開tro de pesqui組s dú C翩翩-CEPLAC Caìxa Postal 7 Itabu峙。 8..'\. Braúl Almiro Blurnenscheìn EXe(:utive Direetor Empresa Br抽ileira de Pe叫 uClsa Agropec岫ria (EMBRAPAl Palacìo do Desenvolvimentú Edificio Venanc間.2叫沁- Sala 904 90. Andar - Caixa Postal 1316 70.“回 Brasilia. D.F.. Brazíl Norman Collim Program Adviser The rord Foundat lOrl 55ιodv Eslate !\iew Delhi. lndia 1峙。如 ?閥割hi"l\' Dagg fhe Ford Foundattûn :\ew Delhí. India I 紋埠。3 J05t路 F...肘 。揹聞自za DlTeC穹or General In絢tulo Colombiano Agropeçuario (ICA) Apartado Aéreo 7984 Bogo絡。 E.. Colom制a 濁。.吋斜斜'ustees v F Alvaro Gómez Hurtado 國 Lawyer and Director of ‘'El Siglo" Calle 37 #15-52 80go峙. D.E. , Colombia Leobardo J iménez Sánchel Professor Colegio de Posgraduados Escuela Nacional de Agricultura Chapingo, Mexico Mario M.甜n自 Director General lnstituto de C旭nCla y Tecnologia Agócola (lCTA) Edificio “ EICo此ez" Sa. Ave. 12.31 Guatemala, C.A. , Guatemala John L. Nickel Director General Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropi叫 (CIAT) Apartado Aéreo 6713 Cali, Valle, Colombia Lui. PU Siln Luis F. Villaran 383, San Isidr。 Lir阻， Peru J. A. Spence Dean of Agriculture Faculty of Agricu1ture University ofthe West Indi，自 St. Augustine, Trinidad, W個t Indi間 Howard Steppler Agronomy Department MacDonald College Quebec, Canada W叮ner Treitz Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation Friednch-Ebert.Allee 114- 116 S3 80nn 12, Den. , West Germany Joaquín Vanín T ello Minister of Agriculture Carrera 10 No. 20.30 80go尬. D.E.. Colombia VI '977 CIAT Annual Report 、 Personnel (As 01 31 December 1917) CIA T General Direction Fran晶帥品間m詛妞， A峙，啪啦如悍的1甜d血2 (M配hani且1 Shops) S~fllor $tafl IOOn L. 削暐吭 PhD. Di間çtor Ge揖捕i P甜C鈍，弱的墓 AI...od...G閥b酬，室~PhD， A揖揖iate Dìr甜甜 F軒糊撼。 p揖揖1l.MS‘至4甜4 G開軒剖， lntem踹瞞alC∞扭扭扭2 .監d醉rC揖攝誨. BS.H時d Ker棚....0. 單據喵試 PhD.A揖祖祖，te Dit甜峙g Peuy de Castro. Administratîve As斜斜a剖 Gener試車揖揖掛 M耐恥。 Lóp現今 Administrative A輛滿臨別 Dlo，o 揖崢札 Admi.nistrative A輛也tant Other profttS翩翩I stiiff 憎ubén Trujülo. BS. Administrative A甜Istant Ced國ia Ac，喝風 Adm.in臨別ÎveA歸結臨耐 。mct of the (:0削roll盯 Adm誼18甜甜lon Senior s間ff 。甜甜 of 曲.Adm岫istrative Dh'ision Andrnr V, Urquhar言1 FCA. ControUer Senior stiJff 甜甜" professional sraff J晶晶 A別關10C牌llar， MBA. Exe叫“ve JoffJ時 A. Gueπ軒0， Assis值ot Co臨時Uer Adm扭扭紋醋。r 'Volaod. F軒蹲甜甜. Accoun組討 兢甜rido Lo.l&帥. MBA、 Administrative Ass描繪te Othu profi帥的.na/ stiiff E軒arM肘甜O~ CashÍer H曹揖n vtn.J.珍海囂.Adm臨崩rative A獨tstant H.,. .給 dO~.\l i麓't IntcrnaJ Auditor BOlOt益。紛前 Rkardo CaStañed.. Aòminitt間剝開 A輯紛.tant B帥nP叫囂，制" C前詛呵咽 Station Senior staff Fernando Bernal, MS. S恤tion Superîntendent Aart 愉悅 Sch-帥愉悅蝕， PhD. Entomologlst {Coordinato吋 Food and Ho闢絢麗 'C起..1軸 A ， Francis. PhD. Agronomtst Ed:岫nlo F叩開晨.H捕d 5叫lletlíto G融V棚， PhD. 民噁甜nal Coordin揖or f肘 C帕拉在1 A甜erica (stationed HumanR揖ôurc自 的$晶晶蟬. Cos臨 Ri臨} Cark沼且.V......I詣，話臨d Pet輯錯.G時h.桶， PhD. M ícrobiologist Edpr Ee缸，酬，. Lawyer. P，粥棚咐。級研 (on study leave) ..量e包Jtardt Howeler. PhD, Soìl Sdentisl 揖﹒扭扭翁扭曲 Stnkes Do疆軍t國Lall嗨， Ph口， Physiologist Ala路aodro Ferra鈍， Sûperiß緣份dcnt S矗材。。甜甜0， Phq.Plant 8reeder 制縷的。 C甜甜鐘.A鉤的個甜 Superintendent (Attached to lCTA、 Guatemala) (Elee賀龍aI Sbop.) Marv扭扭扭扭n， A歸istant Superi叫開dent ... Left during 1977 {Motor P帥" ** Assigned to two programs 俑，帥nnol VII / Jo蜘Sarul楠. P hD, Econornist WiIIlam Fènstèr, PhD, Soil Fertîlit;' S但c血list 司 囂。..前 d Schwart:z. PhD. Plant Pathologist (l FDC Phúspbate Pro-j問時 Sbr閥割n&h， PhD, Plant Breeder John [, Ferguson, PhD , Agronom帥， s妞穹間 r....p峙" PhD, Plant Breed訂 Seed Produètion 。.".騙。 Voy甜~t! PhD. Agronomist Bt'la Grof. PhD , Legume Agronomist KUU/縫ro Yosh麓. PhD, Pian! P到holog關 Jake Hallìd的. PhD , Soil Microb叫。glSt (auached to lCτ九 G臨'er協lal C. AUan Jon臨. PhD. Grasscs Agronom削 10&0 Kleînbeislèrkamp, PhO, Animal Scientist. Ví.r帥，管 screnust 、i叫ag遂ment Op. .甜 蜜eybu益。 τodo Edje, PhD. S研d tuis Alfredo 主扭扭， Ph口， Soil ChemÎst Phys:ìoiogill l!I正DC ?hosphate Projectl CP攝ríck 海哩。01e， PbD, Animal Sω.entl滋 鈍')stdocwralfello問 (Stationed in Bras這îa. Brazîl) Jertmy O.~Îs. PhD, Ag間位。祖p .Cushnu 辨。ul骷﹒ PhD. Veterin.ary P剖hoìogist -Fred Eskafi. PhD. Entomology Gω儡§斜2雄a穹oA. N‘峙。g站， PhD , Agric啦ui鈴t臨u穹a討站lEεonOI鳴賀鴛"&闊2鈴 'Y個hihÎk.o H'yllka~a， PhD, Phys助log)' o昕剖do Pa益“§.旭遜d畫i益 Ri 13 12 lìl 806 Gra!l、es 3 4 13 20 33 i 琴是 lotal 多58 84 5941 i 之36 325 64 55 58 502 J400 .w-"， ropuNu.咧. I惰的帆，Iu' "n !.l fl穹"" C"lop<.J伊紛阱""間“抖，“mn凶恥的階，"->岫品，"，枷他《叫i耐，她 1，阱，ω忱。，(};，.，，:<1， (f1I，u羽 ùrd，gojé!a. 1.';./叫瞞你1 otÞt>1進一 得 !>!u， 41 acç峭的“"'削的 "nl~ 吟gel.llÍve matenal w馳的訪叫cd and ~hlt'h a詢問細舟 u祉I ,,,CJ ,Ilcl ,",l>>è '" LMH民甘、、 1 叫 !r" 糊糊咄必 P叫r..!lìiI í,k Gado dt ('orte 之帥抖。fande， ~.l 恥 ， 斗4 ，戶一--一…一一­ F 3 的1.: J 吾 orágt' plam gc帥叩i恥m j; UflW gt'rmp川、Hl ,u:qUlH'd 111 19句7 !hat 4 j" und í.'r inìtíal 叫:t'\t ìncr電4、t' 11' 77 that I 、 u !Hkr p.l'Iimrll遍n fìdJ for maínlt'IHtlH: 1' lI ud '<1' orldng evalualillP III ( IAt-()酬lìrh述。 coll t'l'lion ;"Ü , l)! \D.ol 子'pt'cies aççe生告U‘"， (， cnt:川 a(;ce~ ;，mm Zorni., ~pp 55 "\'fl fO.\ill1! lt們 342 ,Vaao {J fl1iwn g:o呻 31 De.\moJlum I 三 j Aô(h\'nomf!l1t' 年pp 26 /onWJ ('t'nrrU;'d:rìla spp 14 4 <，-\1'1，. 11 川11('1/<:' 5ü 石:，y{mamhes capl!Qra 10 t1t" rapt!ÍiuIII ιHH.p 99 Ct'f;!rO,\Cmu 47 1 ，守tal lJó UO/ iH IIU )1 ..j，-tJι 111\ 針指ch. They are b軒ng tested a車ainst the ;.，.1;~c 也 !Ian l!ou詣 k位umt'" 170 most outstan“ng accessíons of previo腦 Gra、;ses三 峙 collections (τable 4) lotal 1026 H.:， r.你""“阱，旬l"_I!-， !i"，'，nJ 酬。 划、，.ι01 prcllfl\lI\M~ ~，叫川1\)'1. ，以 lw.f1~ ，'.11叫 ""1叫l]cl ，'" accessíons from earUer intro社uctions (1971 “ 1976 車自mplas賄)， inítial seed 悶悶 cr咱自 of 60 percent of the 1會77 materials was 1口l !Iate吐 under screenhouse con垂îtions atCIAτ-Palmira and in the field at C1 AT­ Quilichao (Table 3)‘ Furthermore~ maintenance of non-see心 producing 草E九sses was ìnitiated 吾y es總 tablishin車 a living collection of 28 ac浦路ions in CIA T -Quilichao PRELlJ\告INAI主Y EVAL t:ATION OF GERMPLASM Preliminary evaluation of some of the potentially most prornisin車 1977 le車urne germpl品m was ìnÎtiat泌的 CIAT­ Ouil時hao. N ew access的ns of the Macrop­ tilium group, Zomia spp川 A剖chvnomene spp., Cemrosema spp. and Stylosanthes capltat札 all of which originate from acid soil savanna 甜島ions， and of which suf­ 1 IgU!C 4, ~a知ph' \Jf fur論~l' ~ ... 曹刑pl.、m ficient 盟ed was avaìlable, were established l.')'II{O美Gnlhe治 cupitma). 輪訓1 hrid" dt'、{èriptiun and mmtro桂uction plots with 24 spac旭d plants CoUf'ctìon data, in OA 1 、 referencc herb.uímn A-12 1977 CIAτAnnual Report DEVELOPMEl'>T OF A 錢EFERE:'II CE rab; c: 5 Sptí.'Ìmen!> oftropical for續ge plan的 and HER轟AR Il'M 、a‘ ann:a、 egctation in n 丹、τs rdercnce ht'rbaríum, a~ ()( ;0.. 0、t"mber 1, 1977. ln cooperation wíth CIAT 's Genetic ?這 0.01" 叩eCl臨ens Resources Unit, development of a 甜lerence herb盯ium was inítiated , Her­ (j屯T foragεgermpla、m banum 啥叫Ime制 (hg， 4)01 a WI盛e range (Iramineae 20 of genera , species and ecotypes wíll IR)iw'unυsaó' 39 document the broad variat lOn of Iropical forage plants and enable identíftca lÌon and Sa、 aß l"la 、 egetatiun classification of new germplasm as well as t!rl1mmat- 叫ld C.l1;eraæae of native savanna ve單位ation ， Durin車 1977 ， !PKU!llinpsQ./' 208 specimens were assembled (Tahle 5) Olher famíhe" 1 叫ι缸 Forage Breeding In Ihe pasl , Ihe Beef Pro，矗闊的 has relied general promise wlt切n the impacl area as entirely 0 n Ùle evaluation of n品ive forage indicated by prevìous and continuìng legume ecotypes oblaíned from CIAT砂 experiences of the Beef Program, sponsored collecllfl車 expeditíons or from 草ermpl制m colleclÌons avaílable at olher 1n i lÌlally , the legume breed聞單 sect的n IS inslilulÌons in Ihe allempt 10 idenlify placin草 firSI priorily with the complex of suitable 肘。Iypes for commerciaJ pJanling Slylosanthes spec時趴 primarily S capilala , in the impact area. This rationale has been Secondary príoríty will be given 10 other sound because of Ihe many promisín車， promlslng genεra 一 Centrosema. natíve tropical forage legume 草ene峙， ρ'esmodium. .Macropfiliu阱， Leucaena and species within genera and eeotypεs within Zornia , tJ ntíl recenlly in缸。duced ecotyp的 species that have not been ad航juately of species of these genera have been more evaluated 10 aS5ess bolh Iheir direct utility fully fiel謹-evalualed and i Or a wíder genetíc in commercial prod uct如n and their base has been collecled, primary emphasis rea制biHly r or consideralÍon wilhin a plant will remalfl wilh SI ylosanth剖a breeding framework , Priorily emphasis is and wíU conlinuelo bc givεn to evaluatìng Specific bree謹mg 1flvestl車atÎons have newacces蝕。ns been initiate社 wíth Slylosanthes specíes, particularly wilh S得 capilala， The fherefore. the forage breedin車 sectlOn as chromosome number of this species ís pres甜t1y conceived has two major fun­ unknown. 1n itíal chromosome counts lÍons_ Firsl, breeders wíll parlicip剖etn made with S , capirata, usíng rool-Iíps evaluatìng ex ístin串串ermplasm in close 呵淵sh嗨， have b閱紅 inconsïstent. Some coordinalion wilh 的her Beef Prog時m ecolypes appear 10 have 2n = 20 scicntists to idenlify ecolypes suilable chromosomes, Ihe .am. as S , guianensis , eilh討 for dîrect. commercial 叫ìlilá1 tion or while olhers apparently are lelraploids as parentaltypes for use in crosses. Second, with 2n = 40τhe morphology of the Ihe sectìon wíll inítíale b悶eding ín­ chromosomes of these two specì帥， lfl vestigattons involvìn皂白的εforage Jegume addition , appears 10 be markedly dífferenl specîes whîch havc demonstrated the most 1"'" hg_ 5) which coul挂 indicate dif.編 Beef Program Ä-13 / A \ FI醉re 5. SomaUc喝romosom個d牌。 SJylo5酬thessp輯t輔. (A) S, guìanen.s訝，甜ttap扭盟。軍總lO);(B)S. α伊扭，ιm瞬呻枷騁。n= 喵); (C) S. guùme間β....祖硨揖街 (D) 瓦 caputJta， 據攝ph帥.. ficulties in making inter.specific 。rder to develop reliable fíeld 8C甜甜in車 hybridi1ations between these two spcci間， metho心 for identifying rc抽油8時 to hoth Pure line selections are 泌ing made problems. wilhin 棋。typ峙。f various 紋'ylo.揖11th卸 Plants of 晶。typ帥。f the 甜veral spec，肘 10 determine both intra峙的type 甜 Slylo蟬nthes spec'揖 with Ir.nown valuable well 揖 ínter唔cotypc variability for ccrtain ch缸acteristics have 齡冊的tablished in the 甘'aits. Laborato哼..greenhou蟬 scr騁的ng greenhouse and will be used for methods to identify r的揖臨甜ce 10 prelimin前y cro臨描 both wíthin and ColÚ1to/richum gloeo.學拇riodes (anthrac. between speci醋. These plants w滋揖rveto nose) are being 血。dified to even臨ally develop tbe most appropriate ∞ntrolled hand扭扭greg揖in串 popu1揖íons co帥的'g pollinization methods and the 冊sultin轟 from crosses. Experiments i n Cari撤agua， hybrids will provide a small, bul rep時揖n. 朋 cooperalion with the關omolo徊J were tative sample of揖車rega位ng popu1ations to initiated to characterize and separate the use 臨 apro胎typc for developing efficient eff，軒怠。f anthracnose and .tem borcr 抽 screening pr研制ur髓. A-14 1977 CIAT Annual Røport • Legume Agronomy The Program's legume agronomists are 間。5t promísing Cate草ory 4 and are now ín responsible for evaluatin轟轟ermp說sm grazing pr喝騙自 testing at either Qui1ichao believed to be adapted to 細d 糊i or Carimagt晶， or in both locations. Th時 如nditio酪 thr。可h a seri翩。f到epsran喜10g table shows that ac自嘲ions of Slylosanth甜 from observ品íon plotsωclípping an彗 capllatι Zornia sp. and Desmodium 星razing lrials‘。當目g 1977, 226 ac時晶帥ns ovalifolium are promisíng under the of 34 Specíi的 were evalualed al .ìx envíronmental st何時臨別 Caríma那站， locatio峙， includ朋g Ihe base sites al where tolerance to anthracnose and stem Q磁lichao and Carima草ua. The number of borer ís of paramount ímpo抗ance for accessíons under grazin車間 Carimag揖 Stylosamh則. The Cemrosema hybrids and 悶crea將益 from 6 捕 197略 10 30 ín 1977. the two Stylosamh自 guianens起 acc扭扭。ns are more prom臼ing for the somewhat ESTABLlSH島1ENT OF lower st扭扭 ec田ystem fo血者:i at Q盟lìchao， SELECTION CRITERIA partícularly ín 組rms of dise齡eand in詰ct attacks. The many blank spaces in thís A pro車ram Germplasm Co血mittee was table ur浴缸line 電話e need for further formed in míd-1977 wítb three f阻ctlOns: eval嚇tion ， partícularly persístence under (l) to establìsh selectíon objectiv輔 for g制ing and throughout the ímpact缸閻明a g間錦時 and le草umes; (2) to 臨lablish re車ional trials, before any cultívar can be promisin革開tegoríes and proj ect s甜d recommended for release. mcr臨時 priorítíes; and (3) to classify the prom認紡車 accessions accordíng to selec­ rable 6 Prelìr甜nan selectÎon criteria for CIA T tíon criteria into promisin草儲tegones. foragc Ic那闊的 The 1.草ume selectíon objectives are Criteria Sy臨bol show濃 in Table 6. The cri姆拉a will be reviewed and ψantified further 揖 new Adaptatíon to Ca口的agua information on toleran問s to the varíous conditîonsl YC 8tre歸路 b間ome available. The critería for Adaptation to Qu iHchao general a益aptation to opecific e∞logi胡l conditionsl YQ con“ iono are based on growth and vígor Adaptation to med坤鼎 observatíons. Although adaptat時n to mod位ate and hígh soíl fertility soi15 YM f，前tílíty conditions ís not pa肘。f tbe Pro革問間's mandate, AdaptaÜon to high promising a斜的制on. from the working rertility so ì1s W ωllection are identified for possíble u甜 Disea何如lcrance P 甜甜ide of the impact area 齡 well 帥 ín the ln，犯河 l toleran的 I pockets of hí草h fertilíly soils found within ~ itrogen flX叫ωn potenlial N the impact area τhe promising categoríes 5εed pr也luction pote酷地1 n呼 developed are shown in Table 7. Water streS$ toìerance W Aluminum and low CLASSIFlCATION OF LEGUME phosphorus tolerance SQPMA GERMPLASM :\:utritîona! quality Tables 當 and 會草roup 21 promisíng Persistence under gralmg ac臨時íons into the two most advanced Ea,e 01 闊的agement cat扭e嫁草咐OfI1惜e軒附紙惋$趴. 毛1謹鵑cri泌ba捕咚ni港草 1枷h岫e削irk口cn own reaction At甜3訕11泊制z怨1拇n踹朋朋玄"a剖祖弓1 P'吋O叫d恥呻uct t切。 伽th缺e 峙ωi闊蚓tí削。n叩 ο彷恢b缺喇姆.閃je闆c叫ω圳“ti鴨ve肥S脆. τw枷啥 --::-一………一…一 accessío臨 of five species are listed ín tIjé\怎酬ìbN lIl. Flj蜘 2啊 T.恤 26 ' Be.f pf穆gram A.1 矗 J 巳 i 可V , F l 的k i. PnHni.,ing \'ah:gor刷品rO 主 r forage leg儲備..扭扭slOnsar叫 hnpli聞電io揖f肘肘aluation and輯甜 mcre..、缸。 Pfornl、;η搓 Sccd prl治u吼叫n 、aíêl!υ了、 Level of cvaluatlon ~tages planning Initial 蛤leran自1哲專 司 A-16 1977 CIAτÄnnual Report 可 I T品-le 9. CIAT 10阿g.'略"蹄e 都師輔扭揖￡扭曲ifïed 酷診間珊騙綺麗 C.t吋珊y3 輛紗，fNQ電紛前er 1977 Sel軒tion critenaJ (blanks reprcsent unknown) CIAT Sp輯'e， 焉。 YC YQ YM YH D N Sp 油， S Q p 正站'smodìum distortum 335 + + 令 + Desmodium heter中， hyllum 349 + + + 司令 Desmodium sp 336 + 司參 Glycine wîghtii 201 司等 4軒 2個 司令 + Macroplilium sp. 535 + 司， + + 司令 Pueraria pha攏。10吋揖 9須站 司令 。 4恥 • + + Stylos翩翩 hama祖 118 + 苟， 147 + + C甜甜 ..re d目~rjbed in T ab!e 6 Being a first attempt at a systematíc coll甜tion has been incre輯“ by 脫plorin轟 cla閥ifícatìon of tropí臨1 legume gerrn­ an位 collec包ng new 剖揖揖ions from the plasm these lísts should be co酬idered 結.vanna 措辭。由。f tropical A酪ed帥， tentative and 甜bject to cha路祭鵬總ot all lnformatíon 臨d r的ul話 from th棉e 和 the proj如ted 軒aI胡亞ons have been co恥 閻明i畢atio酪 may be su扭扭釘ízed 腦 plet縛， follows. STYLOSANTl至ES A融h路帥。妞， cau揖d by CoI，品elOtrichum fhe seed-bome nature of anthracnose gloeosporíodes P帥，盟 a highly destruc­ was 時plored in one 臨明揖íon of S. scob間 tive di純ase of Stylosonthes spp. The 的 the 鈍Ibject of a spec祖 project. C. disea揖 is endemíc in S outh and Central gloe叫:porioides was isolated from surface America, and plant resìstance ís the only st叫líz叫 pods and seeds of S. scobro practicalm帥酬。fcontrol. The widespread grown in field plots at Palmira. This isolate occu付ence of stylo anthracnose ín tropícal produced anthracno時 symptorn翠 and and subtropical America and 甜甜nt ki1led seedlíngs of S. guianensis CIAT 11警車 reports of íts pr即開闊血 Australía. Afri也 制吋紛紛 af面前ted s研eral other sp臨ìes and and Florida emphasíze the need for 斜。守P峙。f SlyJosanlhes. disease“ -resístant genotypes. Ahi於是egr鳴。fr臼i靈蜢忍自W品fo叩dby Systematìc 擎的甜ning of 850 a晶晶晶。臨 銘reening a I紅ge number of Stylosanthes of Stylosonthes spp實 for anthracnose 齡的臨時ns ， S.‘個'pi抽10 Vo品 displayed the 雌is臨鈍ce was initiated 蹄me thr揖 y搞錯 best tolerance 如 anthracnose inglasshouse ago. Simultaneous勻， the genetíc díver這ity and laboratory pathogenicíty t晶晶.Res叫峙 ofthe車@凹盜p論S閥 inCIAT's 詢問gelegume 。fa 甜口制 of experintents are summarízed Beef Program A.電 7 f in Fi那re 6a-f. S軒eral a品e臨io間。f S. S. capílata is one of the most promising 帥iplta削重雄in祖ine是到ron轟 Z揖油脂nce to legur帥s for the environmental conditions 組伽酬。揖瞞你r actu誠 field ∞ndition學 of the L1anos of Colombia. T 01.捕R曲 to at Carimagua over the past two y輸問 an級racno驛 and stemborer at捕ckcoupled Ecotyp韌 of S: capitata were tolerant to a with good adaptation to low 祕甜 5t酷制 wid前 spectrum of physiolo草，ícal rac髓 of 將i1s which are aI時 hìgh in alumìnu盟 are the pathogen than other sp配i峙。f the import鋪t agronomìc c尪甜甜tenst悶。fthe gem品 altho，!sh varìation between spccie海. Ind甜d. th錯 sp輯i揖旭 rather 館。typ揖 was 益必蟬ted in this character 掛tolerant of .的ls with high pH or high (Table 10). calcium statns. When grown on a Carimagua Ox掉。llimed to pH 6.1 in the Eff<甜甜ve n朋dulation after inoculation greenhou曲• S. capüat/1 showed d晶，torted wasob時間ed on S. Capll/1ta in all plantings growth and symptoms of nutrient distur­ 1t C幫凶祖那臨 bances which have not been 泌entif!ed. F單間6. ••{ . D鷗甜甜ver卸扭曲鶴。)SI) r.. 蹄)110甜， 甜he， 叩p. .甜 dev恤恥也紛 flO酷盟圓的..Iu輔 P輔itive v.tu.，輔峙，間酬甜鯽，由le lin國 01 Stylo$，間，相" and 知哪電Ive 叫“揖 indica'妞..，10棚叫開輔 .1 m臨tan~. DSI w翻個lculated rrom the 10:糊糊Ja: 。每七一些現旦些時 S開峙。IA甜甜珊-叭里旦旦控會堅終竺d一些恆生聖~!!!.. S tandJu'd D..lat防建扭。fM輯發 S甜re of ["伊吋ment Dis輯時 Sc酬'e =. weigbted m軸蹄。E 攏ve SCQfe 也瞞輯: l=noinfec噶翱句 2=嚀。15<1 mm; .3 = 15% ofleaf E揖攏fect叫; 4 =.揮棒 ofl..r 蜘輔岫re“插足 5=dead p祖酬， @且 s甜bra o S. guianensu 。在 bracteata o S. hamata C S. guia即， 間i:r (fine-síé甜甜甜} ...且 humilis s s.捕。nteνidemis • S. capi甜甜 /1) 萃 VlSCQSa 耐 StyJosanthes s:p A-18 司 1977 CIAτ Annual Report 、 SUSCEPTIBLE 屯，向、現 /~­ /\ \ T \ 、 當 立i \ …iL F ! / 一t 一------抖~ F港ure 6b z --------- SUSCEPTIeBLE 4 •~ L 種 、、、、、、、~、~、心 Figurc 馳。 RES1STANT • 動aef 軒呵ram A井， F SUSCEPTlBLE ‘~﹒ /吭吭 \ 這 h \ 11911 _---62 + …卡司 m o 叫 ， T 呵呵呵-r Fi那ue 甜。 Fìaure 6e A削20 電 977 CIAT Annu.1 Rep。前 、 有 川叫一一 SUSCEPTlBLE ‘…~一- 向、~ + L一--'叫“-'-戶」→--"--' O 恥 向[ Figu時 6f. Ta掛e lO 且還叫叫íon of SlyÎo$trlllhes 叩P﹒帕峙。 isoJates of an甘冒配磁蟬.. CIAT Disease sçorel access l()O No Species lsúlate 1 Is01扯te 11 10抖 Sty!osanthes sp 2,33 5 緩》 1061 品:， s致" 49' 4(1! 33'1 L~~侃一些\ c. , I 句 /心(已 -13;7du-f「一:一…「-r / \ t \'E~EZ!l ELA - ~.加M勾尸\ …•• k ，'''~'''--'' "4 "rÜH ~、 \4 n'" 是m令\ ('oLOMBIA …ηb. f.JD or.idv'''-- 、、 r!<\.>:W de G竺~~~ ~~一…?…一…l …一斗 ;二位 ~ (~\j ;二恆心的恥 1535V ) AL-L~-4心 ( 3 瞞自由， W LJ耐IDr-J ..,,:,;Ø' ?二;說，制糊 γ-、J ，~ /主，，:<"I>~ 、〉川是! 叫AS!L MARA州蚓 ~f~街叫面的，?(;~l\lV' a 叫1-321 . r其“己的刊i:e財神\心 i Dll f'ortO Fr 、 Slo MJgud 16 r ltzzei313 月 hvZE吟J 泠泣如:L H…酬 γ~J~ ;'紛( !們AU1 ，.{A ! JJ~ 12揖 120i . 1119" 昀夠沁 164' ……-"γ電站。 fdl ;t l /----'\ A 14- 1紛 d c: Araltuaia7--'恥心 心J312 可 γ"ø_~..a_\ .. (// ! ,.… 1m. 1321 lJ2í!仙TOG畏的50 (仿 制HtA 11 P> f1捕。可彭吋助. ddferent kt棚酬，幣~i.flUntly differmt (P~ compatibilìty with Brach;arÚl decumbens make D. ovalifolium a fairly. allractive ..0匆匆1)0級講ù 得蟬停k"輯&f ttSl 9事 N 4.0 主 2.0 、闖闖~..L % i “ rumcum mUXimum %PI p'μp 10'甜甜的4閉的m縛給 gayanus (621) f:--.. F 心心 L一--' 主一一之一--'------.i 上 N D J F M A M J j A j A S 0 N D J F M A 揖 3 3 A 976ω…ω枷 1977 …一→w 骨一一 1976 一一一一寸，‘一一一一-1977一一一一→ Months Mon'血8 Fi制問 8. PI酬，叫trogen and phospborus 帥削間的 of Slylosamhes gui師問sis CIAτ 184， Centrosema CIAT 1733, Panicum maximum c". M峨.e耐• Brach帥rìad;甜甜甜甜S研.8祖祖街k.04 Andropogvn gayonus CIAT 62豆 .11 under gnuing 削 [1 Limonar, (MlIlr QuUichao) A“ 24 可 977 CIAT Annual Rep。時 可 τ的1e 14, Dry m種tter yíeJ啦。f Omtrosema by蜘拙， Galaclia smatlJ and D斜，徊。dium 扒'al.1olium at EI Umonar 仰earQ祖Ií(ha())~ from M耐鳴 1977 抽 o.to1><， 1977ι H.rv恥2 辜C會l制AT明auanEE揖d ionNo也 1I 1Il IV Total (kg ha) 。ntrOJel糊昂 (1133) 毒草31 撞t 93800< 1692ε 1080 ç 8543 a Gaiactio $tTiata (%4) 3655 b 857 e 1701 c lJ~9ιde 7帥8 泊 /)esmodrum ovaJi{oUum (350) 3255 b 喝5< 1657 cd 1166 cde 69B4 a MeaM folklwtd 姆. dlfíere的 lem:f 制時叫臨的如何叫“.1 at P=O.O擎的 0，阻恥、1ul !lpk R~n.g戶 Tt!l pros戶的 for the belter 0扭曲尪. It has been 72息. IS more productive and better adapted established with Andropogon gayanus, B. to Ihe longer growin車 S偏son ofthe L1anos decumbe階缸泛 B. humidicola for further as well 韌 Ihe Quilichao 扭扭. To date, no 軒aluation under cutting and/or gr宙間品 seflous 血$缸t or disease problems have Following prelimina勾銷ld時丸 pro間ising been identified ín Zomia. a闊的sions of D. scorpiur仰" D. barb甜甜n， D. heteroca妙。n and D. canum have been EVALUATlON IN 學IIXED STANDS establish絡服 sward plots at Quilicb.ao UNDER GRAZING ZORNIA The African gamba grass (Andropogon gayam崢)cvnlinu祕 to show good potentíal Several 就如你ctions of this little­ atQ臨lìchao as well as 酷 Ca泣magua. Thi. Imown forage legume .how prom峰e under mtro挂帥tion i. being ob揖rved 恆 the third Ll純的 condìtioll&臨dal Q叫lich如. F.our year and it was included in cutting a個禮揖ion. have been included in yield expenmen甜甜ld grazing le.I., in mîxtur揖 trial. 攤eded with Andropogon or with 閥veral 10妒忌臨e species e.g.: Brachiar紋. of them only CIAT 728 S. ♂ûanens缸， Cemrosema hybrid, G世lac­ app臨時 to be perenníal and the others are r臼 strtata. an這 S. capitala. f甜含4輯ding annuals. The annuals regenerate well from甜If-sown甜ed開rlyin It is weU-adapted to acid soi誨， tolerant Ihewel 輯都嗨， but provide little or no feed to drou草hl and fire, h品 a時th軒 moderate for the dry season. P時liminarydata (Table requi閃ment for phosphorus, and 臨 al.o 15) indi.也te that the perennial form, CIAτ tolerant to high a1uminu臨 levels. An­ dropogon out-yiel峭的Iparrhenia rufa Table 15. Wet antl' nLè uòder granng P has i謹entified the selection cri但ria and has 、 utr啦。Ilal 叫ua:仗? Q determined the outstandíng characteristics Ll ò>1.' 01 managemenl M an這 research prÎorìt悶 for each ofthe most 曳"'酷似 produ叫 rVlt~ A promlsmg grass acc時sions (Tables 17 an社 ζOmpatlb叫ly wl!h Icgurnc ￡ iλ1. I Il í, lí , t will be pcriodlcally re\í , ed 10 n.'í1t:çt t: han萃的g know1edlle and prioriti自. I迅 bJe 18 CIAT furag~ gr聳聳11 acces~uo四舊<1，精ified 樂￡εording 10 selection eríteria, IlS of ~恥nembt'r 1977 ζ3。 全4u; CtAI k8i 、 一 先pecle鎔 :\0 Andropυgοn KíJ ranu.; 621 + 司令 命 是 Andropogon gayanu5 635 1 3 2 Brachωna deε umbens 61J12 句砂 2 j i 664 1 8r“..hιarto 豆P 8ra<'hiaria humubι 010 6013 + 8rad1la月a humidimla 679 Brachiaria ruzizietlsts 6{)峙 Hemarthria alJinima 。03 Panicum maxirnum 622 Paspa/um plkawlu.m 600 F Beef PfOgram A-29 F Seed Product自on 4 The objeclÍves of the s制ed production yea r. lncluded are 37 accessions of 23 sec\ion are: (1) the productíon of seed for legume species and 10 accessions 01'草草rass the experimental needs of the 器eef speci叫苦。由e 8.5 hectares of new lots were Program , and (2) the ídentíf結atÎon and m旭blished at the Quilichao site during study of the restríctíons to c明nr閑時間Iseed Sep認mber and October and will be production wíthín the 研pact area of th時 Z了lanaged with supplemental irri草.ation and program. The Pro草ram'， Germplasm mechanical harvesting Commíttee defines which genetíc mat釘ials are reqmrε益 for experimental purposes LEG lJ島fE SEED and the seed sectíon responds wíth a f時Id PRODlTTION TECH è'< OLO{;Y production pro草ram. The strategíes applíed are first to ídentífy suitable The two most advanced Slvlosanlhes geographic re辜ions for forage see述 produc句 guíanensis accessions (CIAT 136 and 184) Uon an通 thcn to develop efficient produc­ showed highly contra說íng phenology and tion systems f or particular species. yield pat蛤rns at Quilichao 、 CIAT 13在 was har、 ested onc念， in January , and yìelded 95 SHυIMREASE kg ha of pure seed. CIAT 184, however, ESlabli,hment of lot, í10were社 throughout the year and was for 島附捕時給 harvested in Janua吟， May and Au草ust. production was continued at both yieldin惡毒1. 102 and 117 k皂 i ha respective刪 Quilichao 制ld Palmira while legumes were 除‘ for a tütal yield of 260 均jhalyear con侃ntrated in the Quil比hao 閃glOn :\cuher accession responded to Sixty即five legume acce:;sions were ìn­ phosphorus above是5k草 P2 0S'ha. Defolia­ creased under non• rrigated conditions at lion prior to theJanuary harve泣， whilenot El Limonar (near Quilichao). Be旭ause of affectin車 yíeld of CIAT 184，社id increase the lar草C 犯umber of Iines and small plot yiel這 of CIA T 136 at the 135 kgj ha level of Sll恥， almost all harvesting was done )>2 0 , mam培lly. Most wεre harvested twîce durmg the year, with the main harvest Stylosamhes capitata proved to be a period b到wεen March旬April and Iighter 阱。這 seed producer as low density , hand­ crops in AugusL harvested stands produced yields averag­ íng 2的 k車 ha during the e8脂blishment The total amounts of摺ed produced and yea r. average annual yields are presented in Table 19. This seed pro叫ded the basis f or Se.吐 yield of Cenlrosema sp. (CIAT extensive new fora墓e evaluation studies 1733) was 8tu益提d on a trell路 support initiated by other team members at botb system at Quilichao, with row spacings of Carima串uaan是 Quilíchao and will provide one, two and three meters、 Yield declined material for regional trial.. The high yield with 朋creasing spacing from 877 to 515 如 levels for the maj ority of le草ume acceSS lOns 466 kg( ha, resp認t1vely. A t Palmír. by combined wíth low weed infestat的k companso鈍. a two樽meter trell甜 syst.m confirrned the utility of the Q翩起chao yielded 學o kgj ha. ln another han心 時gion for ba制c seed inerease of a wide harvestεd varietal co由parison at array of ger由plasm Q拙hchao， but without a support syste由， CIAT 1733 and common centroproduced The currenl promising accession Hs站 叫ual 紹ed yields. The hi且h hand-harvested (Tables 息，孽， and 18) show the revised seed yíelds of C帥Irosema spp. at onent品時鈍。f seed increase for the coming Q如lichao ， avera且tn車 750 kgjh翁， indicate a A.30 1977 CIAT Annual Report d 可 I'ablc I 紋 Sum揖禽峙。f forllg~ 盟蟬，軸du<耐 at CIAτfro轍。ctobu 刊16100m:串暫時骨， Number Total seed A、 eragc of produced seed yield M Sp叫晶 t龜兔:ce事Slons (kg) {kg, ha :p.:ur) d叫 度yJosantheJ' 5i2822 capilfJtG 4 1.0 26(;, mpod 1 斜110悶悶E 43.0 64 hamatu 51.0 283 scabra 5.9 254 sympodtaJis 4.5 IbJ VUCOSO 0.5 45 。“modlum Iwteroph, 15.1 302 pure conum 4 u 1 令: spp. 24 5.6 C.entrosema pub~sct'm !7 A 650 P泌re 叩p. 3 162.3 7釵j Waa(Jþrilium sÞP 2 • 0 192 pure Androp(;goll gavanw 2 350 , 0 I~U g甜甜 Panicw衍 maxJ!ηum 2 2(W 4事 獻制甜 掛'ólchiaria decumhem A可 命 J I.U 《司、 graded high po純惜時1 for successful mechanical in試ance where economic seed productíon harvestin在 in th措 region (Fig. \3). appears possible for thís valuable 呵你i能 。的modium h制erophyl.血1m produced GRASS SEED abundant seed at Q鵲起chao during J9 77 PRODLCTIO只 JECHNOLOGY The below average rainfall (about 450 millimeters) durin皂白e 時con桂 1976 rainy Andropogon gayanus CIA T 621 鳴棚 ..a.on may have provided idea這 con吐Itlons itíates t10wering throughout the year at for successive f1ush晶。f t10werin囂， seed Palmíra and Quilícha社 Floweríng 時 回到urity and accumul軾的n of she峰時紛 00 variable between plants and very prolong­ the 囂round. Seed was harvested by clippiog ed within plants. Mature .pikelets are 紛紛 to remove all above啥roun這 growth (which pro車間路ively. As a result, opti扭扭n cont制訂泌的 seed) fo l1owed by several harvest maturily 時是ifficult 10 d剖ermme passes with a small suction harves結r(Fi車 and harv恥t effíciency 時 low. To date all 14). The average pure s間d yield per crop lots have 告酷n hand-harvested wíth t1ower­ waS 265 kgjha. but the average annual m直 stems left 捕 the field for3.位 daysbefore yíeld was 302 kgj ha. Thís ís the first hand threshing and nalural shade 這ryìn串 aeol 向海穆掃描 '‘。莓， / • Figu間的 Hiih 甜甜 yítl啦削間帥幅恤甜甜th C.削rosemtJ 卸k站。結甜甜i帥..t Q緩雖也岫 Spikelets have been m都說ine喻threshed 0重 ba忍心rubbed over wi何時reens then passed over a gravity table. Graded seed 10祖 co制制ned as m那h 齡 45 per臼前路riop臨8. Y間Ids last year were extremely variable, rangm草 from 30-3∞ kg i ha of graded 阻ed and refl如詩句也e below胸前前age rainfa lL GermÍl論.tion of untreated pure seed has been 齡 high 峭的 per臼nt at nine months from harvest. Seed yield of BrochÙlrÎa decumbens was recorded in various crops 混 the Cauca VaUey where the species flowers from ear1y J une until October. The earlie.t crop matured in la!e J une and the majority from 血泊- to late July. Hand-ha側的，ted crops yielded from 15-50 益和ha pu時揖紛“ Wìth irrigatìon and 臨tro轟，en fertilÍ2er a s馳。nd crop was harvested in early September. The hi轟h輯t yìeld recorded [rom one such area w都惡毒 kgfhafyr. Th關e 鳴。desty阻Ids reflect a low proportion of flowering tille時， Figure 14.、 S加u蚓￡肘t紛伽吋§甜削。圳脫 h.r肺v附e 加帕4削'p蜍h.Iy/伽i'缸hum 剖 Qu凶&品i尬品t岫圳‘a峭0，祕n闊2站a祕de純quate mtr仰o草e制z鈍甜1 nutrition. ~a ，單77 CIAT Annual Report 4 可 Plant Protectíon The Plant Prol蚓i個皂白lìon of Ihe B'eef were made on upp缸， mìddle and lower Program was 的tablìsl1ed ìn J uly 1977, 1m'心 (Table 22). Ob路口rations indìca記述 wil l1 tl1e 缸rivalof 組 ento間。logíst. lt l1as 自al .Iem bore, attacks begìn al the ba.al Ihr牌。bj自tìv臨{紛 10 conduct basic part of the plant ìn which the females 制dies (taxonomy, biolo缸，部ology， pop泌atìon dynamics of the 回ain 臨時t τable 20 Prelirninary evaJuation of Stylosanthts pes祖);佛 10 deter抽ne economic spp. to stem borei(possibly ZarQl加叩﹒} thr自holds 10 define priorilies; and, (c) 10 斟 q叫líchao. develop an imegral輯1 comrol pro草ramof the p蜘峙。n pro臨崩ng pa到ure legum品. The plam pathology dimension ís expected No , of 叫m10 51art in I會78. random AU at ACCCSS 站臨pl硝 呵 E1Q US M STEM 枷啥 BORE畫畫 肌 3古‘r矽ζφy已νO'，10扣 3333 A 甜rvey of SIem bo間r " 8咕，C，;lC~帥恤州學位 presumably ovíposit. The larvae the位 penelrate the 'Iem and commence to buíld tunnels. Plants attacked by ,tem borer Table 22. 51棚種 borer distributio杭州枷ìn Stvlj抄 san峙的 pu.nts. at QuilichaQ. N'o. of plants No.of tnfe斜斜10仍 Dlstribution examined j峙的m (特.) 575757 SMWMH 587 Up per thírd 35 Middle third Fìgure 16 , Slyi依附肘Ii肘 caplfo阻 shuwìng damage Lo鳩.'cr thìrd cau甜d by Ihe肘rn borer bu" .Il {ptlssîbly Larat，抽話，小 A計34 1977 CIAT Annual 例eport Figure 18. Stylosanrhes guianensü attacked by the budworm, Stegasta bosqueella (Chambers) Lepidoplera. Gelechiidae Figure 17. S lem borer adult (possibly Zaralha sp.) instar larvae become pinkish in color and Stem Borer Parasite are approximaiely 6 millimeters long. The adult is a microlepidopte悶， 5 millimeters Adult parasites of the order lon臣， black in color with a yellow spot on Hymenoptera were found in Iaboratory the dorso and two smalllateral spots on the examinations of material collected from wings (Fig. 18 and 19). Two different Quilichao. Studies of these parasites will parasites of the budworm be10nging to the contmue. order H ymenoptera have been obtained at Quilichao. Alternate Hosts 1n Carimagua, the weed called “ Escoba" (Sida Sp.) has been observed infested with stem borers. This weed is also host to another borer, a beetle probably belonging to the family Curculionidae, which oc­ casionally attacks stylo plants. BUDWORM The budworm, identified as Stegasta bosqueella (Chambers) Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae , is another pest of Stylosanthes. The eggs of Stegasta are white and elongated, about 0.2 millimeters 10n且， and have a corrugated surface. The females lay their eggs on the trichomes of the external bracts of the inflorescence One larva is usually found per bud. First instar larvae are approximate1y millimeter long. and milky-white in color hgurc 19. Adult or the budworm. Steg山1. with a dark-reddish cervical plate. Last hosqueetla (Chamber吋 I.epidoptera. Gelechiidae. Beef Program A-35 F Soil Microbiology Ihe objectíve of Ihe Soil Microbìolo車y • TempNâ電urt* {mean d制Iy 知mperature !>'cçuon is to maximize the benefjt怠。i ("CJ durin惡 growmg season). hlO lnglcal mtro草en fixa lÍon 10 adapled • l.and UM.' at collectíon sÌte. forages in the acid可 infertile soíls of tropical l.atin America. • pH' 01' soil at co l1ection site Although 的forages" im­ rlies both grasses and legu闊的， priority has hCl.! n gÎven to the legume/ Rhizobiurn Rela lÍng tυ 墨畫。"th ín pure culture: :\) mhlosis , The research strategy 紹: (1) to ﹒ υ的.，'" to reach 2 mm colony d岫meter mal叫“ 10 an注 augment the C1AT Rhi;:;oh lUm germplasm on YMA (280C) resource電 (2) to evalualC the symbiotic nitrogen fixatìon • Arid* or alk泌 li' produceron YMAwith potenual of RhizobÌum strains wÎlh b ，o冊的ymol bl肘 a益ap但社 legum帥; and, (3) to test expres­ • C ommenb on coiony appearance 肘。n oÎ symbiotic potential ot 純lecte述 說rains in field sltuauons, init臨lly at R ellllÍn草[() straÎn efficiency: Quilichao苓 Carima草ua and Bras.1i袋， and then in reglOnal trials throu草hom the Beef • Effeclí、 eness. with ìndividual piant Program~s target area species (and accessions) • Acetylene reGuc話。n (per plant and per RHIZOBIl'M COLLECTlON unit weight of nodule、L There were I容主 I strams for forage A catal。那時 which 鵑cludes those le草umes in the CIAT Rhizobium Coll僻靜 parame時間。f wide imerest (mar缸ed with tío n as of October 訓， 1977; of these , 644 an asterisk abovel was puolíshed an是兮 were added duríng 1977. Th的e have been 的闊的le from the Beef Pro車間捕。n Îsolate這 from 111 species 前 SO genera. For reques t. A compact , sturáy kit WhlCh each strain the following ínform制品n IS facilitates 品ln"ace sterilìzatîon of ìegume recor自d and 肘。red 悶 an ínf肘臨位lon ,oot nodules and the transÎer of nodule retrieval system bacteda omo culrure plates has been de、 eioped for use by plant eλplorers duriηg prolon且ed collεctin草 expediuons in Rer. If ísolated 削 C1AT the co l1ec勵 tor 18 ac缸nowled屆ed STRAII" SEU:CTlO~ • Coun甘y wnere collected, fhe fives sta革es of strain selection are • State where collecte哇， descrìbed ín Table 23. The following í. a • Rainfa l1 (mmíye訂) at co l1ection 8ite. summary of the trials conducted duríng A.36 1977 CtAT Annual Aeport • Table 23 , Pr肘吋urefor R缸zobium strain蚓耐tior\. Stage To 帥關甜 Metllod Genetic lnoculaüon of plants cultured ru;叩tκ.11) compatibilîty in agar deeps of Hensen's medium 肌 150 x 25 mm tubes , Fiv電 replic剖es. Data: + or ~nodul剖100 11 Nitrogen InocuJation of plants cultured in Leonard jar 拉克atlOn 扭扭扭扭2自 usmgw部hed flvcr sand 品 rootlßg potentîal 臨ed扭扭 and NorrÎs and Date's nutrient solu!岫o Fi時間pl海甜扭。 Data: dry m虹tcr and 1這 content I I E Physical and lnoculatlo-n of pl制"嗨!她，ed 臨伊b of 自riliz諾 chemica15t間給 (methyl bromide)鈍甜甜啦。 Five r~pli唱2時， Data: dry mattcr and ~. content , IV Bìologk剖 .nd Fíeld trial of three best strains from III inoculated cli由剖ologica! by three 扭chniques (simple 肌oculation、 lim!.! stress pelleting 制.d roç.k phosphate pelleting), Randomized ∞mplete 副部k desi略n (3 repiicatè吋 usmg 4x2 血 plots with J m draìnagc canah around each. Data: dry 楓甜tcr and r延 conte啦， S{, núdulation d盟知 înocuJant st甜點 v Range of 表egiQnal trîal of im則主latlon reco血mcndation 叩plî帥bility of Î.strain and te油鈍。!o-gy) cúm僻時d 制th un間。culated recommendation and nitfogen fertil ì..zed plot~. Tb.eε replicates. Data: dry matter and ~ contc氓，只 nodulatìon due to inoculant ~traìn 1會77 徊。結i越s were done in S臨ges III and di嗯. giving higher dry'matter yields th岫 V孟 lhose plants th制 were grown with com­ bined 甜甜。車制作íg. 20). The b晶ttwo S極gt I strains (CIAT 5草3 and CIAT 584) were Desmodiumh剖erophyllum (CIAτ349) 話。治te垂 atCIAτfro館做嚼起ated nodul鴨 was nodulated by 10, and Desmodium ∞llected 撒 Mexico 食。揖C. br耐， IIi扭枷闊， ovaJifolium (CIA T 35位')， by 35 of a lotal of one of the parent蠶 in the 口。輯. Tl)e black 39 Rhizobium strains origir臨lly ìsolated nodulestrainC 10Ia(CIAT 49)w臨amo"， from Desmodium specìes (Table 24) the most efficient strains. Crude protein , conlent (Kjeldahl Nx6, 25) of shoots of SI.畢e lI plants with efficient symbioses averaged 20， 7'jl肘帥肘. compared to 6 percent in non恥 ln an evaluatìon of 48 strains (all nodulated plan妞. 11.3 perc開t in plants αmrosema ìso1ates) wíth the αntrosen措 制lh ni甜08帥的ailable 血 the medìa, and hybrid CIAτ1733 (c. brasílianum x C. 12 percent in inefficient symbios恥 virginianum) the com桶前cìal s'train for C. puh白白描 W鋪 only I捕前ially eff，缸tìve~ In a t必al of 35 混血ins with D肘mod;削m whereas severa1 loca1 isol的es (CIAτ 紗3， d紹'tortum (CIAτ 335), the cur甜甜 221.224， 227.5鉤， and 602) were outsta研 A ustralian r，啊。'mmendation for D. imor備， Beef Program A.37 r Table 24 C倆個甜ng'圓型，patib恤金y 捕時軸 ofL蜘modium helerophyJlum (ClA宮車輛) and Desmodium OWlli份lium (CIAT 3韓) with J9 Rhlzobìum 鈴揖臨. Cj 們γ CIATl 部時h捕 Desmodium 如惘。dium Str副食 品'smodium Dωmudium 認3 heterophyllu揖， oyalifol祖附 衍。 héterophyllum ον-ab/olium 內 J M + 296 -4 令 H 297 “秒 明H + 298 •• 心 知M + 299 帥 命 φ 304 4 ? i的 令 呵， 310 ' l + l制 司， 329 + 2 2別 φ 353 令 2時 2 359 e A 們 V 388 A L M T F + 僻m + 章。7 命 令 U的 + 至 12 “ 斗 認 通， 句 滋a 至29 ， 舊 也 呵， 令 533 A 滋 T 9 + 571 A ， 2w抽 , 572 呵， 2 ， 珍 573 + i + 斗 ， 2 2的 + 車92 今 削 595 " 個 治叫“C$ from noduln of Ðesmo的 ，m ψK"'- ‘令坊。啊lated itwo or mua of tht 第帽"持甜的牌如~l甜);-_ !<:OINHxlulatoo Dry matter (gi plant) 0.9-- …………………………} Nitroge:n ∞甜甜l' 0.6 。 3r 司﹒ 司， oLW 空嘉獎章在車接得蓋達幸言軍事皇室等送審美安定書專程輩革蓋章草書豆豆零支重要聶哥軍事星空警封建重空軍 5 萬是 Rhirobium 5\時叫 Fi那時孫先指甜甜Umstrai鐘韓ledion fOf ûntr的哼ma hybrid(Stagell). (* Upper confidence limit (9S'，ì的個 融體緣。，fun攝制甜甜甜甜別時1.) A.38 1977 CIAT An"ual Rep。此 可 D哼 matter (g j pl帥時 Nitrogen _ l 。“ control 官司h o 到 封閉研但ulated control 過& 。→ 寄章說 ZE 惡毒其妻室主黨章 S E E 是護法草草委 E 晶宮足需要達:; -萬亨括三章 2 Figura 21. Rhizob妞m “ratn selection 缸，加'smodfum distorlum 絡站10 11). 伊 Upp甜甜nfidence limit {持串串}切 m甜n ofu揖nQC姐lated 帥ntrol.) 州朋 (C豆豆矗立7) was ninth in efficiency order P訂cent more dry matterthan CB 627. The (Fig. 21). CIAT 512 甜d 533 gave 33 best strain in the 臨到 (CIAT 512) was the Dry matter (glp1ant) 到)6 閉起 0.2 Nitrogen controt ! 。貼noculated ωnt叫 • 遍， 。 2 01 車￡單 EC 委主哥哥等單單是畫畫豆葉 *ZE E 真正 EZZEEZ 耳其是這籠里畫只幫 Fìgure 22 Rhizobium strai防甜甜ionfl呦r Desmodium hetemphyJlum (S個10 11).(­ t:pp耐，on農det尬的蜘喇 (~5略)恤臨抽血叫 unÎnoculat甜甜甜甜1.) lIe剖 Program A.39 only one origìnal1y isolated from nodules as a strategy t 0 ìmpart early vigor 10 of D. distortum. legu聞自 which are 位。toriously sJow 10 establish 的 mixed pastures D. heterophy/lum is known to be specific in its R紛紛紛14m straín req臨時ment.Only Carìma草ua. Macroptìlium sp. (CIAT 閻明n of 37 Desmodìum isolates formed 535) responde'桂 to inoculatì啪啪th a l1 effective 揖墓前iations (Fi品 22). The three Rhizobium 5tr絨服 (Fìg. 24). CIAT Austral揖nrecommi叫dation (CB 2085) for 31 草 was the most effectíve straìn and Iime­ D. heterophyllum was effic阻nt in this test pelletìng was the best ínoculation ‘ technoJogy. These re輯lts .0叫做dìct Stage IV traditíonal concepts that Macroptìlium ìs u nresponSlve 給 Rhizobium 闊的ulatíon Tcn field experimen認 of the star泌ar­ and th的 slow growin直 (tropìc必) rhízobía dize挂 design outline益賠 Table 23 werc should not be líme-pelJeted , Trìals wìth D. sown. síx 到 Quílichao and four at ovaliJolium. 早 capìlata (CIAT 1019) and Caríma車ua 在 capitata (CIAτ1078) are ìn progr都s. Quilichao. Inoculation of Galactia INOCULA T10:-; striata (CIAT 會6的 with Rhìzobium s控制n RECO會IMENDAT10NS CIAT 378 inc扭扭ed the dry matteryìeld 20 p位cent and the percentalle proteìn of cut An ínoculatìon rec酬謝nen這atìon has fora草.e by 18 per目前卓越rìn車間tablishment been ma益e for each promisíng legume (Fi霉.2勻; at the 間師級 cut， however, dry access的n under evaluation (Ta ble 25) matter yíeJ.巷。f ínoculated plots was not Although P問ferable tllat each recomme缸" 卸車nificantly different from the un­ datìon 時 based 0給你Id軒aluations絡站草e inoculated control. The Cemrosema V) it has been 闊的路ry to make tentatìve hybrìd (CIAT 1733) 甜sponded .lí草htly to re∞mmendations based叩開riy screening inocul削ion with CIAT 590 and CIAτ594， sta島es O!. 聞 the ca甜 of accessions still wíth no consistent effect due to the pendin車 ínvestígation ， Australían inoculation method (Fí草﹒ 23). Stylosamhes recommendatìons. 1n a few cases, tentative guìanensis (CIAT 136) responded to 悶commendations were made on tlle basis inocul益tíon wíth all three strains, and rock that the straín was isolated from the same phospbate-peUeting was consìstently specles. superior to Iime-pelletíng (Fíg. 23). Simple inoculation畫 i.e. wetting see苦學 wìth an INOCULANT CARRIE聽話 aqueous 8uspension of ìnoçuJant, waS ad詞uale for the strains CIAT 71 and Peat-based legume inoculant ís avaìlable CIAT 702 (i801割的 fro崩 acíd soils) butnot for all accession5 for wllìch ínocul別的n Îs for CIA T 79 (C單行。 a wide-speclrum recommended (and al50 for all cowpea 就叫ìn. Plots inoculated with ClA T agriculturaUy 關portant forage le.草棚的) 71 were markedly superior 10 all others at Finely-milled pe品 ìs wídely accepted as the weekly visual assessments durìng the fírst 的ost satìsfactory carrì虹 for rhízobia b現 ìs Iwo months of 部tablishment but less so not avaìlable in many countrí間， or ìs of 社叮ìng the thìrd month. By Ihe 扭扭e ofthe varíable and lInpredictable qualìty. In 在rsl cut (14 weeks after sowìng) plots Colomb誼 peat from only one of nine ìnoculated with CIAT 71 dìd not diff!昨 deposits tested for use as an inoculant base 日軍nifica剖ly from tJ插話 ìnoculated 制th exhíbited satìsfactory survival of rhízobía CIAτ7會 CIAT 71 had proven much more τhe inconvenìenl location of this peat efficìent than CIAT 7事 ìn Sta車e 11 and source an社 sl主spìcìons about qua且ty Stage 111 (CIAT Annual 1是eport， 197岳). varíability within the deposìt was the Thìs early advantage fro揖 ìnoculatíon 峙。tive for compa悅tive evaluation of peat wìth Rhizobium suggests ìlS .xploítation with coals from three local mines. Ä-40 1977 CIÄτÄnnu甜 Repo同 D叮 matter (t冷的 2í…………寸一一一 ,flriata (ht cut 10 wks) I~干子 吼DU 血自 ~J ttiiygi|c主I 12345678 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ,台 Centrosema hybrid (14 wks) 2內;而TL 11 nHHUI cri iTHTZ 9 10 11 ) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 I向別的ents τ問剖抽ents: {1) N otfertiliz蟬.not 朋帥u1削吋;(2) Fertili1.ed (00 閃電 nol inocu!ated; (3). {的 (9j1 noculatl'u 泌的h aqueous suspension of Rhizobium; (4), (7), (1的訊科ulated with R扣zobium， lio甘心pelk!cc; 行)將 ì. t!l) !翩翩1甜甜的臨終hizohîu閉. fôek phosphate*peU蜘蛇口2) Fer1 ihzed ( 100 主義沁她)，詞。t inlj-.;u !u tl:Ù Flgure 23. Rhizobû.tm 奪這raln 甜i啊tion Stage IV (fie攝制叫， Quilkha。其 Bee亨 Prog抽間 A.'的 y Tbe survival of rlùzobia in coal. and peat-base是自oculants was de甜言mined by :LA…U Jt he plant 訟lution method. Peat afforded best survìval. baving 1.2 x 10' rhizobìal gram of inoculant after six 朗。nths of sto描.ge， One of the thr揖 coals tested 妞pported ac問pt泌10 survival of 400f-~.寸|印們」| rhizob賠 (Fig. 25) but eould not be recommended as an 攏。culant base due to its tenäency to aggregate into har註 lumps d uring stora於胡d 10 resist welting at the I lime of 宰相社 inoculation. 2曲 。山= 2 .1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 T.{!atmen“ Treatments: See Figure 23 Figure 24. Rhizo制u附 51間ìn sej輯緝。n Stage 1\1 4自到dtri話， Carimagua). Tablc 25. Cun個t inoc:ulatìon 間的蟬轍enda錯。.ns for prom認融g fora,e legum軸 (.H October! 1977). C1 AT Species ?這 0 ， Stfatn Technology Bai>l},1 A~rsicarpus sp 706 CIAT 503 Rock. Pho旬恤時 Pellet S5 Cemrosema 韋拉 1133 CIAT 5個 泉。ck Phosphate Pellet !、詞.IV 1787 CIAT 5蚵 Rock Phosphate Pe控制 i句話; IV 845 CIAT 594 Rock PhQsphate Pellct [; 11; IV t函eJmodium barbatu捕 30的 C1AT 359 Rωck Ph哨phate Pellet 5S canu妙， 3帥5 dis lOrtum 335 CIJ、T 512 Rock Phosphate PeHet 55; 11 hiheeeo'tpeeprmgozpcai-rpploiaunm33036049lE CIAT 80 Rook Phosphate Pellet A仁 S: II;FB ovaJifolium 350 CIAT 46 Rock Phósþhate PeUet 11: IV; 1'8 scorplurus 3022 'P 336 'P 3019 Giyâne w{ghμa 201 CIAT 79 5毫眼k Phosphate PeHet AUS 2。這 CIAT 79 裳。ck Phosphate Pellet .A. US Macroptilium sp 535 CIAT 318 Lime PeUe兔 IV Pueraria p~ωSi'%ides (commo的 CIAT 79 Rock Phosphate Pe l1et AUS SJrlυ， 'si1n1hes cap i!ata 1019 C1AT 71 Rock Phos思pphhaattge pdiet 111: F8 " 1018 CIAT 71 Rock Phosohatc PeUet 111 , 1'8 針的7 CIAτ71 Rock Phosphate Peltet 111 1405 CIAT 71 義。ck Phosphatc Pellet 111 Ba~Is: At '!追悔 4、“HllI l這!1 recomme !1dal!(!!1; M單純 holatt irom ,ame ~p肘!n.. rtì 晶 h、J fI."ü Pi啥叫"，，'， ~{Ll "è> :k的 1 ，"'1 St.tge>此$斗 7 娘be culture; 11 篇u.(:lIli1m !<;Iays) 扒gure 25. Survjval of rhlwbia 抽 four pmsp制倒閉蚵酬。 Soil Fertility Soil fertility research 詰 conducted by more efficient m揖hods of fertilizer program叩il scientists with the purpose of: manageme肘. Emphasis during 1977 was (的 identifying soil limitations where field on characterizing the soil properties at the research is undertaken; and, (2) to develop new CIAT -Quilíchao station, determining 聶8ef P捕gram A平43 2 Table 26 Ch.闊的erl~t ，c‘ 01 血e majn soils at 哼uilicbao. Carimacua and Cr:r間do C~nter 如a:tions. Exchangeable caüo很多 (酷叫， 100 處} 削; A、 a;l /知拭 .1 Hori s只{ lOn Clay Sand pH ~ μ} 11 ，的 (cm) 妒忌} ( 1 0 叫ct,*) 1 , ) m AIζa Mg K ECEC t (ppm) {! L' '.ol} m CIAT.Quiiichao: Vltí~ol (Orthoxic Palehumu此. c1ayey, kaQ l!nitic. Í Í)ohyperth叫 mlÇJ egzii 1312742732 1532-94 95422 2I LUKOMO7uo 仇29 4 103424l eo 4 A V3 。 65 η 9 a可 站 毛2 4 l經 台 3 i 時 ι U o ZG92 R A 、 3 l 3 m 9 C ul 3 3V H 崎 M 0 帥 14 6 3 23 9 A 、 V 吟 r A 的 “ 4 7 拍 a O t 、 措 9 山 “ a 鈍 句 2 T 。 曰 。 A : 引元均 間 U 旬 A 5 叫 ， 站 可 V 侮 什 Carìm‘學ua: Oxìsol (Typic Haplustox、 clayey ， kaolin成前，憾。hypcrth軒mic) 3444l2l43i i1i2 526 8221102O 9A4O3 O zOOliOt­OO 7l389-89b9 ls775 “ 這 4 eOOli4O-3­O2 00 。一 12 3_& 。 2 H9 7723b7 W u4 J 2-32 1 這 3 2.8 0, 1 h 5 u υ 32-58 4 3 2.1 0, 1 5 58一88 0.7 0 , 1 Sg.14移 0.6 0,) 。是 的rrado (cnt盯 O x， Îso! Cfy間的aptu&tox. îine，峙。l叫“乳制hyperthemic - LVEj 5873?63233 335399 8 9i0t8oe2o 91oa?2y3 oi los7 0 4O2O3iOo2Oo2 2o 3o3 10 峙的 4 e 。 4 4 4 2 海 1E:rlii-t-I1 8 “失35 5 特 關 3 I1 i z 山 35的 70 4 。 間 M 7 4 1()~!5n 5 4 4句 h 吵 9 吵 m ， 150-260 每 海 銬'"毛"，沌的ad!Ü1l rI'今I.'th"d the Ii品 itìng soìl factors at that loc這tlon、 Brasília are shown in Table 26.AIl sítesare and evaluatíng sources and melhods of very acid , with surface pf主 value. rangin草 phosphorus application ìn Ox峙。1. and from 4.1 to 4.會， with toxic levels of UII峙。ls aluminum saturation. They are very low in 肘，也lable phosphorus. exchangeable calcium. ma單純esium， potassium an益 SOIL PROPERTIES AT THE several mìcronutrients. The basic cation PRINClPAL RESEARCH SITES contents of Quil時hao however, are con~ siderably hi以let th制品 Carimagua and 提epresentative profìles of well-d raíned Bras泣吟. but still very much within the po削lOns 批 Quilìchao， Carímag揖 and realm 0 1' ac弱. infertile soil.. A-44 1977 CIAT Annual 的epon 矗缸制se of theìr hi喔h clay ω削甜扭側是 Rel制約< yields (%) thep時緝犯ce of iron and al凶minumoxide此 the three locatÎo臨 have a high capa足這，ty to 1I 0L.一一………一句…心…一一 一句也 Complete flx fertìlizer phosphor凶. The phosp初rus (\.44 glpo吟， fixatÎon curves 泊 Fig缸穹為 indicate an H帥一--~---… ~一切 - extremely hi墓h flxatíon capacity …叫 the ord訂 of 620 10 750 ppm phosphOl那 for 80~一… Quilich獻。甜苦dB閥割lia， anda忌。utone-half that amount (350 ppm) for Carimagua. For compari臨n， the phosphorus flxalÎOI這 60 一-一……… level of the M ollisol 告。m CIATs h臨益­ quarters 斟 Palmira is about 50 ppm of 特L一… phosphorus A 遲鈍a誰ed soil survey of CIAT爛 抖 3- IU Quilichao w齡組到自C臨d with 主he Cor­ poración Autónoma Regional del Valledel 01 -p 晶晶-Ca品 -K -Cu -Mo -Zn -Mg Cauca (CVC) at the 何做 of 1:20州。. The soil map indi郎棋路littlevariabi1ity from the M issing nutríent profile shown inTable 詣。n pla揖關組e figure 27. R甜po賠t' of Cemrosema plumieri to slope po位tions， a l1 of which 8re classifie挂 mi揖íßg nutrient el輸掉闢1) in the Quili~hao Ulti值1 帥 。rthoxic P富裕:humults. The poorly恥 (D吋 m.U肘，時duction，叫扭扭tcu贈給車，血甜n offour drained 帥ils in lower topographic replicatiQÞs ,) posi!Íons are 叫80 eXlre臨ely acid and low in exchang紹說e bases、 indica加:g Ihat the De崎iled mineralogical analyses conduct祕 enti間 land部ape is b僻e-depleted， similar at N orth Carolina State Unive路ity(USA) to con是Ìlions at Carima喜ua and Bra割lia， show that kaolinite and halloysi峙缸穹 the The p申orly-d悶ined soils a時 a1鉛Ultisols domí閥割 layer sìlicate 揖inerals. The well. but are classified 鋪 Umbric Pal臨quults. drained soils average 15 p宙間ntfreeFe ， OJ P sQrb甜 (ppm) and 11 percentfree AJ, 0，帥踹組織 W祕ch account for their hi輯:h phosphorus fJxation 12曲 capacily. ð I Brasîlia _1 Quil帆船 時帥卜一一一去才 FERτlLITY LlMITATIONS .& j Carîmagua AT CIAT-QUlLICHAO oI Palmira 8帥 A 臨ries of greenhouse exp肘imentsw前e conducted wíth the topso撞騙攝pl酬。fthe 儡L一…-+-…_..J… Quilichao Ultisol describ叫 inτable 26 in o紛前 10 describe its fertility slalUS. A m峙割ngele阻ent lria1 showed this 閥iI 10 be 400 extremely deflcient in phosphorus，關Ifur and boron and, to a lesser extenl, calcium 200 G tlld (Fig. 27).τhe extremely low yield of the check plot c目前甜1 the 關spicion of aluminum and manga臨時 toxicity. 似的 01 .05.1.2 1.0 P 甜甜lutîon (ppm) Thema草nitude of phosphorus response Figure 26. Phosphorus fixatio畫畫 ìsotherms of W3S 訪問 tested with Panicum maximum r的~arch 甜輔國囂，叫Iia. CIAT-Q棚Ikhao. and a Cenlrosema hybrid (CIAT 1733). Carim*tua 翩d CIA吉布叫mlra 80th 恥cies responded 祕缸神 to B--嘲悶。 3υ () 4.0 穹 4 b 各 )0 "0 .:; 1111\" ctppJu:û (t/ 11;.1) f IgUf ín the mixture The mìxtures of soluble and 臨持luble phosphorus sources. therefo甜， are of Fí嚐B斟ur間e 圳4 1. Dry 臨••鈴t扭 er yìelω d of L拾站'sm由o4 lirnited val臨 ìn such circum學tanc國. d“，仿or川tum CJA‘T 33'唔§ 缸 affecttd by 阻色銬eofPand mixt岫u閻‘"且e揖S 01 狡u啦峭諮ii泊a rock ph帥o$ph暐a穆剖t純e 電揖2袋建釣pPη1 蠹甜nd 削t 間p闕1胎e 削唱ψ~h恥。s唔ph.副1e(T刊SP) on a C缸§瞞緯鵝皂“峭a soìl in 曲e W軸線hou揖 Be輔料呵ram A.55 / 。ry matter yield (8 pot) FYH 一一: o 1'，。但 (mg) 1飯)Cr TSP t:. 11沁'( HUlla f之 P • 25 • 5Wi rsp and 501是;“殺 i' o 50 日 100 • !50 6. 200 25 到 H始吟。 200 ItKY i 5U{' i: o Huila RP 。 5tJi f I 訓) TSP 的g 1勻。有 po\ Figure 42. I)f) mattt'f ~ll'ld ur 拘nicum mo.nmum Iì!i Ilffecltd b~ ráleálld mhlureufphu.sphorus ~ourCel< o.n a室主 Uthol frum { (A l -Q uilid普遍。('帥11 ùf òlV何時的 of I~o cutt融gq Plant Nutrition T he nutrìtìonal req臨時men脂 of many descríbed in previous annual reports, 且rass and le車ume spec時S of interest 蛤 the whích provìded lopsoìl alumìnum satura­ Beef Pro草ram are not well understoo岳 tìon values of appro到自a組ly 狗，鈣.50， Durin車 1977 就udì臨 co制lucted by and 10 percent respεctively. Dry malter d草ronomists and so峙詞時ntìsts provìded yìel心悅何向Cot益ed ín a 臨ries of harvests new ìnformatíon 00: (1) tolerance to 時il an挂 the avera草e yìe1ds for all cuts todate as acidìty (aluminum toxìcity) and response atIecte這 by lìme levels are shown for 11 tolimin品，制的 (2) tolerance to low ava i1able gras糙的情 Fì車ure 43 , Excellent alumínum phosphorus , A Plant 1'iutrìtìon sectìon will tolerance Was observed for a number of the 忱的tablished wìth the arrìval 01' a full tìme 肘。到 .mpo口ant grass species includìng senìor scìentìst ìn 1978 , 妙的hiaria decumber話 Andropogon j(oyanus. Panicum maximum. and other ALl 恥m，U\1 TOLERANn: ,pecies of Brachíaría. all of whích ap­ proache正:f maxim也m yíel挂s at the 0 or 0 ,5 卜。urteen grass and 24 1.草ume specles tí ha tíme levels , In the case of A , gayanus. h肌 e been planted on exìstìng lìme blncks B, humid仗。la ar浴血 radif甜甜，血aXlmum 01 Carimagua 10 study theìr 101erance 10 yleids were 剖祖íned wílhoul lime ι.Iuminum， Lìme levels are O. 0.5. 2 and 6 applicatío肘， 1n contrast, H多'parrhenia 1/ ha 01' calcìum carbonate equivalent as ruja. a very common grass throu喜hout the A 56 1977 CIAτÄnnu割肉eport %阻溢血mum yteld 8r“chiaria humidico/a (5 ,0) i曲亡立三尹立 h-J三4 c:1片 L 恥…Jj @趴:L必…… 」 尸 仆 1Jrachiaria mui州(J.6) 1 i曲系斗---刁 /刊 4 kif 1 !一 J UJ t )igiloria decumbens (2.3) 心 斗 ?il! 卡W - j γ的 i 之一 •.L… 0.5 6 世 Ll~~:!~~m Y-101 (L9~ .l-. '……4 世 e Lime (C ha) Figu闊的 Differe削ìal re益ponseof 11 grassspzci軸 to Uming in an 0臨時I from Carimagu也將1aximu揖 yie}ds in t/ha/捕削ng of dr} mattcr are in parenth間肺結沮."僻軒呵師叫 four 酬dfin 甜tlings in one se醋。“} tropìcs, responded 諧的n車lyωthe relatíve­ the 臨ost severely af犯cted of all the g他S揖丸 ly hígh leveJ of 2 t íha, Th峙。b時間atIOn followed by H. rufa. P. m削'iumum confirms greenhousc experiments con­ reponded positively to the firSI increment 益uc組d in 紗布 in which six tropicalgr齡揖$ of aluminum and was adversely affected wcre grown in solutìon cultures rangin轟 m only al the hí車hest level of alumínum. 8 , alumi decumbens was unaffecte社 over the ran唱e The effect οof aluminum on ，fo闊如絃肘安$p句ecl時es抖c胡an of concenlralions sludied. H , rufa is clearly be 闊se缸e泣2lin Fì唸草郎軒uz立z間e 44. Cenchrus cílÚlris was much more susceptible to alumínum 8eef Program A-57 r ? 幸&M制imum yield toleranc治 in the Cerrado of Brazi!. The strong response obse抖red indicates Ihat il is .. Brachiarω decumbe即 rnore 品sceptibleωaluminu服 lox削ty A Panù:um ma,\imum o than any of Ihe forage gra路 species used J(rparrhenia r/..(舟 • Omchrus dliaris Dry matter yields of ei惡hl legumes are shown in Tablε27.τhe錯 data are from the fir5t harv的t only. Magnes泊是m was 組bse­ quently added 10 tho zero lime Ireatment which had nol previously received Ihal 如L nutrient. All other lime trealments had received magn自由m 切即甜甜ain a cons:勵 tant calcium: ma矗nesium ratío of I。但 1 in lime added. Some of the r的ponses to 0 , 5 oL. t ,c ha lime may well be 10 ma草毅的做間， 2.0 4.0 especially in the case of Desmodíum oνalifolium and Puerarìa ph的eoloides an益 Al (ppm) possibly in the case of Centrosema Fl華IJrc 44 , Thc i'fr1啊 I of aluminurn concentratÎon pubescens and the hybri位 Centrosema sp. on dry 翱制嗨r yìelds {)f four tropkal grll既可es grQwn ïn 1733. Stylosanthes capìtata and Zornia sp. 帥luti騙案uUUfe ì28 are notable for their vigor and lack of response 10 lime, whereas C. plumieriì is 如xìcity than B. decumbens in both obviously the most 閥的itive species to soìl 墓reenhouse 講說這l field trials. Yields of P aCldlty m this 草roup of le且umes. maXlmum were 持這uced 部 the zero-lime level (hi草hest alumì郎品 level) ín the field TOL l:RANC l: TO LOW A VAILABL l: as they were in solution culture PHOSPHORVS Digilaria decumbens app臨時 to be r wenty Stylos峭的es sp削es and tolerant 10 aluminum診 althou星h Ihe ab­ ecotyp口 were screened for their solute yield levels were rather low. A phosphorus 記q臨時間ents in a pot trial Cynodon hybrid (African Star Grass) an益 with the Cari朋a暮之J.a Oxisol u制3囂 the Imperial grass (Axonopus scopari叫 following levels of applied phosphorus: 0, responded slrongly to lime. The grain 5. 10. 20.30. 紛， 120and 240均 Piha. The sorghum hybrid Taylor Evans Y -101 was critical level of phosphorus accordin草 to included because of reporled aluminum the Bray 11 50il te5t was chosen as an Table 27. Effect o( Hme on dry matter yìelds (kg/ha) m給呻icalle秒2輔軸，器械捕終掛&掉77. Lí冊e (1Iha) 正話ntrosema pfumieri 470 。 。 582 1698 tènlrOSRma sp. 1787 叫 912 2014 2769 Certtrosema sp. 1733 別 1330 1568 1317 Cenlrosema pubescens 1996 1蝴 1729 2035 132 品的modiurn iH叫'i{oUum 川 2302 2018 2480 Pueraria pJwseoioides 泌 1688 1422 1434 Zomio sp. 72lí 帥 3108 2686 262話 S I..losaruhes eapitafo lO t9 一 2361 3011 24S8 A.轟轟 間 1977 CIATAnn...l'‘.p。時 % Maximum ylcid M Wf • M Wl u ! ←、F吋­ LA長﹒ 1 - 劫 - :j 織! lOOr m t~ • -• 4…j 們 .~ • Ld主LJ 「J哥一-…一一關卜已 i 4,\ : r lg 卡可i" 1 Andropogon 1 Ii I 51yl.凶anlMS . gaya [:: ;ZUlane九布“ CIAT edH52 … _.J ←叫的 i ~~~.~~ J -LiiiiL4 掛 iM...,. .. --. .J 7 詣- iLLL; 。廿M r. ‘思";.﹒ -. ••• r一一…一.… L c Ei J Zornia I 一 r- Srrlosanlht>s I guianensis ! 品旬μ卅蚓仙岫1o叫0》.s翩 i~1 C/AT 1;;個 capUUIß K E r 」 呼 ← (/ine也5U'mmed) EUC叫 1097 L.Y……A …心-L ι…戶」 心里斗一一_1…←--'-一_L一一」 2.5 13 - ­ • • • • l帥!.!I1- 川• .門r ﹒:: i 悶. • 1.;\ _ - 乙、;:L一_一.!..之一 匕這…一一…一一一 的←!卜;， OO! "1 LZ; 趴IQsamh盯 ~ S;μ /u蝴枷3 , C! capflala I .,.!Þ! capìrata 。LJi ciAI 的時 才 CIAT 13持 :144]-J LL一)斗J v 3.15 10 15 20 25 Avai姐姐e P. B問y 11 (ppm) Figu間的 Extf!r融 I ph削phorus requlrern棚ts of 12 CJA'l' forale acé鳴叫Îons on. Car師被gua OxÎsol indíc前 ìon of the e美ternal phosphorus quirements wefe nol 叫臨別sful，誰輯甜甜。f 間qUlreme給t of the speeies , Attempts to the small chan囂的 m percentage estimate the internal phosphorus r恥 phosphorus 的 plant tissue at the crucial Beef 對吋開m A.59 r Table 28. H t'latiun持h自P h叫\\Ccn phusphurus applied in the field and in the greenhouse 10 phωsphorus ‘untcnt (lìi J> in dr~ matter) of planls of AnJropuKυn gU\ (1Ii/1 、 Rate appli吋 (kg P,O'i ha) Test 。 10 20 40 的 80 120 160 240 Greenhouse 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.15 Field 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.16 low phosphorus rates. This is shown in Three other accessions have a critical Table 28 level betwe叩 5 and 6 ppm phosphorus, thus showing considerable adaptation to phÇlsphorus stress. Two of them: A. The extemal phosphorus r叫uirements gayanus and D. ovalifolium. are in the are given in Figure 45 using the Cate­ most promising list for Carimagua con­ Ne lson method to determine the critical ditions. soil test level. Large differences among forage spec間s and ecotypes can be observ­ Finally, three species have criticallevels ed from this figure. The two lower rows higher than 8 ppm: Macroptilium 536, D. include accessions with criticallevels of 4 leonii 3∞1 and D. scorpiurus 3022. They ppm or less available phosphorus. There are not well-adapted to Carimagua con­ are four accessions of S. capitata. a fine­ ditions. The generally accepted critical stemmed S. guianensis and one 20m阻. level of Bray 11 phosphorus for crops in These accessions utilized Iimited amounts Colombia is on the order of 15 ppm. AII of phosphorus more efficientiy than forage species tested have lower others. They are among the most promis­ phosphorus requirements than most arable mg entn閏 for Carimagua conditions, crops, confinning the comparative advan­ except for S. guianensis 12∞ which does tage of tropical pastures adapted to low not produce seed. input management in Oxisol savannas. Pasture Establishment and Maintenance Two new Pasture Development units tablishment of intensively managed grass., were established this year at Carimagua legume or mixed p晶tures f or small and Brasilia with the overall objective of irrigated areas or pockets offertile soils to developing systems for pasture establish. provide cut forage for strategic supplemen­ ment and maintenance at different levels of 祖tion. The maintenance requirements of investment in tropical savannas. The all these systems will also be studi呵， The different systems are illustrated in Figure main variables involve land preparation. 46. Studies will include: (1) low cost planting methods and fertilization rates for methods of establishing improved p甜tures establishment and maintenance under on native savanna; (2) 的tablishment of different grazing intensity. Work reported grass-Iegume mixtures after plowingnat且ve 也is year concentrates on a new low-cost savanna; (3) using crops as pr目ursors to pasture establishment system, and fer­ pasture establishment at a somewhat tilization requirements of the principal higher level of investment; and, (4) 自- grasses both at Carima81旭. A-60 1977 C1AT Annual Røp。前 M軒風鈴>z吋 LandCl街mn;露 Harrow血事 一一一一 Conventional Pla.nting Intercr-opping Crops wlth Pastures Rot帥。由 Figu甜 46， o.甜ne of P鵬草阻e 輯扭制約，棚lent and m到融體臨時 systems for 0冤誨。1.lJ l組組Isavanoas. LOW DENSITY ESTABLlSHMENT fertilizer are a1most always limitíng in SYSTEM AT CARIMAGUA 盟vanna ar，個s. ln the particuI缸甜甜。f ímproved pastu時已錯ed or vegetati珊 Resources 益uch as capil祖1， labor and plantin草 material is 賠rely available in Bee警衛'ogram Aψ61 r 組rtïcÎenl quantity 輯社 is often very Figure 47 品ciudes resuits for four .xpensive in the 翰rly sta耳目 of liv自電部k stoloniferous grasses show臨車 the response development programs. An expe討ment to phosphorus and potassium in terms of was 臨城ated in 1977tostudythefeasibility percentage maximum length of the four of low d閥割ty plantings of ten 紗配ies long晶t 戰。lons per plant and number of expected 姆總lf-s間d or spr臨dv值 stolons 紛10酪P前 plant longerthan one meter, ar滋 and provide an ac<耳ptable 毒tand in one in the case of B. radìcans, stolons looger year or less, takiog advantage of the lack of than Iwo 蹄eters. Stolon length was ooly weed competition for several 血。nths after d且htly affected by phosphorus, primarily land p時paratíon and 巷efo阻 fertilizer 揖 the range of 0.5- 1.0 g/híll for B. applica剝削1 in Oxisols of the Co)o揖bìan decumbe^悟 B. humìdìcola and B. L1anos. radìcans. The Cynodon hybrid responded up to 3 gJhill. However, the eff血1 of phosphorus 00 number of stolons longer A thr曲-hectare fíeld was prepared with an offset di揖 10 control natíve vegetatíon. 之情向 Brachwl'閣。始叫mbens Fertiliz盯 W阻 initíally app話ed only in the 啤tr i:1::?tJI;反;工;:〉 planling hill in a manoer 10 aff說t ap­ l帥呵呵 ~~~..~~~小:::.:ò r止 一一一一“15 proximately 0.1 m'. With a population of , ìÞ-'明叫戶一..A伊-γ叮叮一一-，4 I似lO plants/ha, Ihe initìal rate of phosphorus application ranged from 0.5 10 必!!///1LL一--4' 9 kg P,O,;ha. Within Ihe Iτ玉如 length 特 -: ,..-- -i": 0.1 祕 treated area, phosphorus application r攝制 ranged oL1L旦liQ.終哩!9!!公投f戶時削_1_ fro血 50 to 9ωkg P,O, iha. Potassiu摺 掛'QchiarùJ humidicQ紛 applications ran章“ from 0 如1. 5 g I曲"γ………γ … …一一……忙_..._.- →………仕 I J. I i !一一峙 K，Ojh況，棋juivalentto 0 10 1.主 kl! K ， O/ha initial applícalÍon and from 0 10 150 kg K,Olha for the area trealed. 。已一…~t::::心 τheso罵。nd stage of fertilizer application in Ihe area between hiUs will be completed aft.r inít也1 stolon develop扭扭t (or s自d pro挂uction from no恥stoloniferous sp甜íes) to avoid weed competition until stands are a器ured. Brachiarìa de缸unbenst 且 humidìcola， B. radicans and a Cynodon hybrid were expected to spread primarily Cynodon (Hybrid) (114) vía stolons although B. decumbl!ns 時 叫:五二三三斗「丁三斗; alrea令時tting seed. Andropogon gayan悶• Panicum maximu刑， Znmìa sp., 岡州 ;-→~l一-43 Pueraria phaseoloìd!帥 L蜘modium J~于一i ovalifolium and Sty抑制，你會 capìtata oLIL~~_! ::_!_ ~~. depend primarily on 錯ed production for 1.0 3.0 9.0 0 0.5 1.5 將lf-propa車alÍon， but some a1s0 spr晶d by P，t主導站;hill) ",0 (g: hill) traílin蓋說em.. Fíve diffe甜甜 fertilizer Figu闊前 Effects of ph喔)sphorus and pot輯學umõn tre澈血甜甜 will be app品ed in the 抽汁。洞 numbff 甜ld perç側臨ge maximu扭扭尬的 of ar甜 tht four 10給gest st剖ons (or 10山 F輔掛色， 12 wee恥 between hills in order to cover the range of a!ter planti呵 ugctat....e m到."剖冊 hllls 3.16 meters probable 穹的pon甜 of the 10 5p紹祖s which çe騙你相 center (1輛D hilts/h叫 on an Oxisol 論 vary io fertilizer requirements. All are Carimagua. The 袋，甘age length (cm) ot tbe four 都阻冊ed 10 be reasonably well唯dapted to 妞"麓的這 stolOJ精 per hill in the b輔t tteatr酷刑的喘0"" the acid 峙ìl environment. 扭 par.肘h目" A.62 1977 CIAT Annu甜 Report than one meter w僻 V前'Y strikin車 for both applications are now being made to 訓l B. decumbens and B. radi揖削 over the 哲e揖ments. Sulfur and magnesium have entÎreran紋。，f phosphorus application (0. 5 aI叩 b峙。me limitin車 for some sp都i臨G 綸 9 gth位。‘ Respon揖 to potassium was unifor點 applicatio喲。，f botb nutrients 鶴pecialiy 臨arked in tern油。f nu臨ber of were II瑞拉e to a11 tr臨tmen指戰.cept con­ stolons longer than one or two meters. tro1.. 1n less than three 臨onths， B. radic.甜甜 hascover祕a1m08t the entir軍訂閱 between Four 1egum閥 were s輔ded in 197岳 but hills, spaced at 3.16 mete峙，間ntert。但nter. establisbment was unsu斜晶sful and tbe B. humidico/a is aI紹 providing rapid cover experi攝相t was r時輔ded in June, 1977 but was slower in 扭扭blishing and 侃" with P. phaseowides (kudzu), D. it攝tìng vìgorous stolon growth. B. ovalifolium, Zom紛 sp. (CIAT 72喜) and decumbens h扭曲，velope這1 rapidly but ζ:entrosema pubes，自揖s. Early stands 曹ere initi叫“velop扭扭t is largely vertical exc贊賞ent f or all f our species but C. befo凹 appreciable stolon develop揖ent pubesce.惜 later failed. On1y one harvest 喘闖紅 Leaf cutter ants 伯used d扭扭.ge was made in 1昏77 ， the ~胡績1攏。，fwhichare during the establisbment ph制趴 especíaUy 紋。wn in F議Urc 4書， on D. ovalifol岫m“ Zomia sp. 血 the 1臨訴訟mandin囂。f 吐語 Thìs sys臨m may result in 控nportant three sp都給 that 叫，rvìved. D. ovalifolium advantages in p.剖ture establish閉ent in is inter宮nediate in respon揖 to phosphorus 臨時nna areas char當概括ed by infert訟， and pota揖ium. P. phaseoloides deve10p­ acid 50íl. whe間 labor， capita1，阻edín喜 鵲問tw晶 limite社甜甜vere1y by magnesi'閥E materia1 and fertilizer 缸e臨arceand where defíciency that data on the respo酪e to thefarmer 時 wiUìn車 to trade tit肘 for initial phospborus and potas翻u臨 are not inc1ud­ capí臨I investment. ed. D. 0祖lifolium is also extremely responsive to magnesium as shown in τable 29. Zorrùa was least aff.輯ted by FERTlLI宮Y REQUlREMEr睡TS FOR 泌diti的 of magnesium; D. ova紗ôlium CONVENTIONAL ESTABLlS至1紙ENT yields doubled and P. ph甜甜loides yields AT CARIMAGUA tripled after adding magn輔抽血. Uniform applicatio峙。f magnesium and sulfur have The 盟ajo亨1imitíng fertility factors f or now been made to aU plots except甜甜'01.. p制ture estab1ìshment and maintenance in the Oxì時1. of C當imagua appear to be STRIP PLANTING nìtrogen, phosphorus, pota路íu品， OF LEGUME-GRASS MIXτURES magne5íum and sulfur. Response profù揖 offour gras時S 10 phosphoru丸 potassium， Pueraria plu瓣。/oides (tropì臨1 kudzu) ma前時siu輯部城 sulfur are shown in Fisure 時 beí穗紋阻ed in 輔發個iation with B. 48. All four 5p輯ies responded 艙。ng1y to decumbe肘• M. minuliflora and H. rufa in applied ph的phol't揖; P. maximum and H. atrial 鶴峰blished ìn 1976.τ'he 怨恨mew品 rufa 瞬間 the most r制ponslVe 制d A. 甜eded in 2.5-meter striP5 a1ter輪車ed with gayanus the least responsive. H. rufa w品 2.5-meter strips of the 帥的iat弱 gra盟­ by far Ihe r稽。到問sponsive 10 potassium. ln The trial includ臨 tm自 rest perio訟。f2巷， the absence of applied pota輔ium， Ihe 給 and 56 days and three maintenance populatíon of H. rufa de悍的。時關 very fertilizer rates and is n睡綠綠.ed with mob rapidly; yields of treatments without grazing. The strip system and grazing po認錯íum averaged ov!甜瓜1 levels of 扭扭agement h揖甜sulted in goo是 1.鼻U盟軒 ph臨phOl't揖 were only 15 percent of 車站蹄 ba1ance be撇嘴n kud削 and B. maXlmu既?如ogenh帥鳴。mea severe1y decumbens and legur即 dom划a恥e ov軒 lirniting f，酬。言是urin車 1977 and 濃濃iform bothH.ruj語andM爾 minUl!flora during the S帥，抖。gram A.63 r % Maxìrnum yield Pan，叫m """""'"胡 100 章。 J喔， 0' 1帥 門 G 錢)'Pørfj抑n躍，同f. 1部 一了一下一 50 。 到 l個 4岫 e 血。 40 S, 話。革m , S" Mg 揖移給 Mg P ， O ，一 (kg!h.) 1:.,0 - (ks!ha) ü 措&" (kg/b.) Figure 揖 R揖ponse of fQUr I'ðl胸輔岫 ph冊'phorus， po祖國lu間t mna:n個恥.....攝“攝制輛自銬。莫切割 H C缸ímDl'阻﹒ Dry matter yields 虹e aver時酬。4恤，間間d fourbðI'V圓bdur恤冒血e f1rst 1ft甜甜建..-圓圓.. 革措t 甜a鉛n of 嘉措zing. B. dl!!cwnbens is dock. have been used for the past y臨r 柚 producing 誼lr甜甜融肘'e times the volume study the r田ponse of previo間Iy gr'阻，ed of 必措ge produced by 是he other two gras. p揖，tur晶 to phosphorus. potassium. gr制忽聽 and is inv紹說畢 the 紛撤P臨頭。a 血agn晶ium and .ulf聊. N itrogen was leguπ悟到rips whi1e the kudzu 級滋捕 applied in 1977 開 a splitφlot b幽話.Y蛤Id i nvading the B. d被'cwnbe雕 strips. lt g喝pons自 bave been erratic. with no appears that the two speci臨 may remain consistent 時spon揖 10 the fertility compatible for a re峙。oable period of time V缸iabl峙， using thi. plantìng system. During the 1976-77 dry揖攏。D， S臨ndsof PASTURE MAINTENANCE H. rufa in thr甜赦組ing padd臨bw前e FERTILIZATION REQUIREMENTS aimost 開ti間Iy I備t but variability within 血.e plot ar揖 was too 車reat to permit Small enclosures within grazing pad- positive identifi闊的n of cau組I factors. 10 A.64 1977 CIAT Annual Report 事已 M.自mu血 yíeld Zornia 呼 728 i開7 o 7斗 LDU 日 SO l聞 一」4醋。…20J輯 P, 0 ,(kgj ha) 且，0 (kglha) Fi紗lTt 49. T蜘樹<f fa泌阻 (0館e盟ber-November or March-April). W ork ís continuîng wìth stubble mulcb ANNUAL CROPS AS PRECURSO畫畫S sw聞"臨 alow ω5t altemative for control OF PASTURES In many 翰vanna regîons crop車組ch 制 fabl.29 Th零 dfec( o( mag做“um on dr)' matte穹 upland rice, com. and peanu峙缸'C sown yiel也特g/ha)ofthredo甜ge spedes. at followin草 land clcari縛，矗nd after 惚惚 fírst hanest. 1911. harv目ttbe land is plantcd to pa揖urcs. Two field trials were 椒油1訕。d at Q蠟chao (kg Mg/ha) 缸tdCarima那a 10 study the possìble u輯。5 Speçies o 時珊瑚1 crops 帥 pastu時 pr揖剖開間 ìn 20 wbîcb fo揖ge legum開制1d gr輔驛s are 3i4 Zυrnia sp. 728 2 iz 436 a 的 interplanled at different 8tag開 of crop Desmodium ovalifoJi間n 675 “ 草rowth and at different fertility levcls. The 叫 Puerario phaseofoides 229 校 resul包 will be available în the ne到A翩翩i Report. Beef抖嘲揖閉 A.66 r Pasture Utilization Activities of the Pasture U tilization little infonnation is available. Nutritivc S間tion of the Beef Progr都nw脅時 d函co恥 value mea削間m.nu include in vivo tinued at CIAT -Palmira. Towards the c泌 dig間tibility 閥毒訟臨ke s\udies with the of 1977 a 揖ri嚼。f experiments werc plant 臨terial offercd ùnchoppcd and 臨，tablished in the newly acquircd 制bsta­ fresh to crated wcth缸瓦知 instances w滋滋 tion of CIAT -Quilichao. The acquisition nítrogen utilization appears of ÎI臨時5t， of this substation provid揖 the opportunity nitrogen ba1扭扭 ia measurcd. to study the gr紹ing managemcnt of gra帥" legu由e mixturcs-particul軒ly of new The other proj前做 involve the study of CIAT germpl臨臨一酪 they 悶Iatc to the graz盟軍聽都祖gement of CIAT 甜1師­ 臨anaging potentially u閥ful mixtur帽 for tions which are in advan臼d s個耳聞。f U1tiso1 a時備。.f low c1i盟atic 甜甜甜. 時lection (Cate車。ry 4). Each is studicd in mixtures with several gra帥"“組bj叫“ AtCarima鑫ua， two grazmg experunents to v郎。臨 i研.10 of fert垃組位 application， were terr滋路.tcd in D制障血ber 1會77， at the 精，rying re5t periods hetween gr且ingandat end of the rainy 揖ason.One 叫φ軒ime說t least two grazing p甜甜urcs. W揖 designed to 桶甜甜rc the beef produc­ tion poten話a1 of the !ropical 鞠van岫 Two such proj扭轉鴨時間tablished in under two syslems of甜甜agcment oUi時 l會77， one with the α'ntrosen賠 hybr姆 τhis 前詛1 s個結ed撤 1971and aftersix與位s 拉lAT 1733) aod the other with S. had given VaI凶語le infonnation. The gu甜甜閑時 (CIAT 136). G捕zing wil\ bCj拉n secor游觀periment term說a韓d，臨udied， in approxima組Iy in February 1978. i語如t pa間，做 eff，鬧。f phosphorus ar地 CARIMAGUA pot崗位um fertil詛尉ion at the ti閉e of 叫abli盡枷ent on the beef production of Tbe grazing ycar between N ove朋，ber 品lelìnis minutiflora 姐也 in i扭扭曲nd 1976 aod N研制為er 1977 was a hard one in pha嗨， measurcd the effl目t ofthr回事附泊s C前irn發跡揖. The dry 轉蹄。筍， which nOr­ managen閥混s. The frrst pa時揖a措ed in 掰誠ly ends 油 iate Ma甜h or 胡rly Apr益， 1971 制ld tbe s峙。nd， i念 i會73. 閱tended un討1 May.ln most 滋屁幫臨輸血ÎS mcant tbat 揖iny 牌a甜n 啦。c區ng rates CIAT-QUlLlCHAO ∞毛主ld not he adj四ted until May and, in a few instan帥，關tiI June 1977. A棚， Twotyp醋。f甜8揖rcba叫iviti攝制導being weight I輛轎咐re un嚇ually I喧囂h in all of ∞nduct吋 at this station. The 草rst w沮 the pastUf可， t闊別me扭扭 involvcd. Th盟 W踹 m開翱摺 the nutritive v鑽進ueof new, the fll'St ye缸 in whieh weight I臨時sofany P甜甜ÎSing a個essÎo臨。，f le叭血揖 a泌 magnitude were registered in B. gra蟬肘， pa泣Ìl:ularly 1ho揖 abo也 W划ch 你的棚忌。臨 P制tur闕， Tablc 30. 恥dy 樹紛紛11εhanli輔 (ka/aniru好d糊酬曹制11\1 峙。甜甜'sannna in CIri鵬總那輛 (Noy酬岫 197.. r枷樹.....1977). 1 盼 Buming 曲e tðta!缸揖 A S蠅_bur咖啤 Stocking 臨扭 D叮 Rainy Dry 互之amy (steε， rs!ha) seoson scason Ye發g season season Ycar 755522 7 鈍3。 20 ， 也2。 110 962 。 “ " 0.35 4 9 7龜， “ 44 104 。 卻 0 , 50 部 叫 學52 7K A.自聶 1977 CIAT Amu揖I Repor電 Table 30 presen詣 tbe weight c城Z憑借 of 品開略重嘲哪個/岫 位eers on the natìve 組van閉. Losses we時 re車時扭red in all trea扭睡nts and amount起電i to 制 much as 50 kìlogra點s per animal in the higher 揖ocking rat淘氣 W卸車htg翩翩 m the followin串 ramy season w功提 hìgh, compen捕tin車 .Iron露ly forthe poor perfor­ 血ance of the dry season. G制!s registered In th措 period range益 from 365 器I day I ani酷al in the highest 緝。ckin唱 rate 的制 higb 崩衍草 g in tbe lowest stocldng 50 捕時s.Onay開 rlybas盔，伊inswe時 si臨垃缸 to pr自edin草 Y臨時，的era囂ing 16kglhajyr 心 This unders∞res the low b揖f production 耐 levels of 腦tive savanna per un社 M明E 30 紛紛 because of the 揖verìty of the dry 甜a甜符，甜pp1ementation with urea + molasses (草o gjanima1jday + 4的 20ι 車 j animall day) 10 animals grazing M. mìnutif10ra bad a g甜甜er effect th時 y時r tban pre判。usly. 11 was calculated 10 thatO.2喜 kilo車ram of ur開 and 1.40 kilo島rams of molasses were req uíred to produce one e kilogram of ad是itiona1 weight gain in the p斜tures gr臨闊前 0.44 制a削n甘i m岫a刮I釘s ih琨awb祕i1捨e 0.71 ki挂i。草悶moωf閻u主1menlation. Lcvel of Le、e! 01 urea íg:a r. imal day) .:a這姐va meat (g、 一一一一一--.ll 且是 一一泛話 3期間ai/ Dry R訓ny D叫 很卻給3 。f) Ra l1l ÿ e.衍m seasoT1 Year season se;龜谷。n Ycar se訕。如此tson Ye,1( 一十一一 m 白? 。 65 MNH 5但 吋 岫 200 48 是9 M M啊 1) 1 了 50 400 M H ;這 叫 44 :$ H grams ur輔 + ca攝制a groups. Th帽e Figure 52 P闖關nts a si臨il缸 relationship averagc治 i那lude Ihe period prior 10 an品 for the bum助車臨a揖gement tri蚣.In 忌。th during the time when mol甜甜s wasadd弱， 甜甜s compe酪atory gain was 74-78 per­ cent. Because of the very strong 如臨P間， 輔tory 軍濤in during Ihe rainy season, there The s配ondco盟pari閱n ofth組 lrial w制 were no diITerenc鶴說 the yearly wei轟ht a 2 x 3 factoriaJ in which the interaction of gain. The Iarge ∞mpensatlon 揖n be mineral supplemen個tion at different tim鶴 ight t"臨時棚。fs臨時體Brøchiaria"fitcw峙，悶悶妞，自inCar騙呵uain tMSKondy棚101 grazing 則由 low stoclùng 扭組~d叮甜850ft .寫d variablc stOtk ing 輛電棍帽師y 揖a且n. Lìvewe咕ht change Stocki啥時te ("世路 iha) kgja恥的.1 kg! ha 。可 Rainv Dry Rainy Dry Rain} season sea車。泣 season sea.son season ~{:a!}on Y\:斗r 。? 1.63 -11 81 . g lJ2 124 0.7 2.34 “ 16 )7 也 12 i 惑。 16道 3.06 2已 63 12 193 2υ5 位cul訂Iy at the hì叭軒點。ckìng rate 綿延i limìting facta時 involved. The 哇磁制ífica­ theìr future ì. uncertaìn. tion ofthis observ剖íonm恥t waít until the 1978 Annual Report. Three small a甜甜 ofthese pa戰前聽 were Twenty-five hectar器。f Iand were fenced an是 nìtrogen fertilization ex­ pla位ted. by cutting皂. wìth A. gay酬峙，如 perim扭扭 were inÎtìated in July 1977. Tbe 臨甜甜甜 the beef pro鄭ction po蛤制ìalof r蜘po挖甜 to nítrog帥， in the three pastur鴨 thìs specíes ìn the tropícal 騙糊糊a. of díffe揖nt ag<帥 wa慧 very evídent, Grazing will 5tart during the rainy 甜ason sug惡的ting that thís 盟ay be one of tbe of 1978. I的le 34. Líveweight ehang揖 01 峭的警 oø BrùchjarjQ decωrnben$ 伊.stuns in Carimq攝掛晶e船st year of gr.滋撥單 W糞h a variable st肘斟啤說 the dry s甜甜E撞騙d 間叫祖m stOtI詛g 融臨e 間InJ 甜鵬啊1. Lì珊weisht çh祖nSf Stockin學 rate i伊s撫z終e何悄e軒閒弱勵莒iha) kgjanimal …主亂占且 Dry Rainy 。ry Raíny Dry Raio} 臨son season season season seal忌。民 ~ç，hon Yeur 0.72 2.1 發 3 87 2 190 1"暴 1.03 2.08 9 11為 9 2lb 227 1.36 2.04 -8 112 -11 227 216 Animal Management The obj甜tíve of the Anímal Manageω lion ar必 evaluation of Ihe prevailing 每甜f menl 馳祕on ís 個 develop 諒。nomícally儡 production system鐘。.f the impact 缸甜 in sound productíon syslem懇切 the impact order峙。btain a range of their leclmology area, tbrough herd management research and productivi旬， with empb閥s on berd emphasízíng the utilizatìon of natu附關是 productivity and particular紗. reproduc­ improved p幽tur輔. Main actívities during tive perfo閥混ance; (3) researcb on the eff，甜t the year were: (1) 蜘a1y祖輩 ofthe 甜叫臨 of of 割ngle herd 制制ag開祖nt ∞血ponen'軸 t he Carimagua 1畫er是 Systems experiment, and theír interaction wíth ímproved 鴨ich terminated ín May 1977; (2)帥的p- pasture availability; 間d， (4) 祖anagement A.70 1977 CIAT Annual Repo問 、 of the Program's test herd to provide The minerals mixture contained 弘 7.5 animals for research and training func­ perc海nt phosphorus. tJons. Overall avera耳e inta.ke was: salt 33.S HERD SYSTEMS g/A.U.fday (12.2 kgf A. U./year) and of minerals 59.5 gl A.U./day (2 1.7 The extensive cow啥叫f operation is the kg/A.U.fyear). Therefore, 4.0-4.5 grams pre泣。minant b揖fproduction system in the of phosphorus were consum叫， or ap~ Llanos of Colombia. Under these en­ proximately 50 percent of the daily vironmental c四nditions， her益 productivily requi閃ments. There was no sea50nal effect 轟enera1ly Îs low. ln 1912, ICA and CIA T on mineral consumption. 揖3rt必 a ∞operative 扭扭缸ch project al Carima露U弘盼到udy the effec誼。f 時V前al τhe min前als intake of animals grazing m卸油.gement t配hn詢問S on 甜productive 品。lasses 車站輔 (M. minutif1ora) year­ and gro哨hperform甜甜。fb閃“ingherds round (Her心事 and 9) was 70 p釘cent on a lífe-cycle b幽怨. The 目periment 剎車h前(71.2 草rams) than 級別 of animals incl茲通ed the followin草 varia談成 mineral 車間Z!海關t!ve 總vanna. This may indì扭扭 supplement臨on， utilízation of savanna that periodìc burnin車。f the savanna could an是 mol甜甜sgr部s (Melinis minulif1ora) ωntribute to 銷協fy總囂 mineral re­ pastures，師組 and 品。海揖借閱pplemen峙。 哇uìre揖en妞， throu嘉h the mineral con何ntof tion. and 臨rly w飽經盟車， the ash Data on animal performance were 尪是除前al 恥lpplementation r時u1te彗星a recorded over four reproductive years an這 hi車her bo挂y weights of 挂部寫s at 是ífferent the experiment was concluded in May 悶productive sta在e益， as shown 研 τable 36. 1977. Size and structure ofthe data 揖tare Mìnerals are particularly effi都拉ve on summarized in Table 35.τhe Harvey lac個ting cows, thus favoring r配oncept!on. method was applied in analyzin車 main τh揖 b拙。mes evident when fert挂lty effe心Is. Therefore. nol the given ab鐘olute para帥的ers are analyzed (Ta ble 37). values. but the dlfference. between values Concep剝on 間tes were i ncreased through are relevant. in quantifying treatment mineral supplementation and a sharp effects. The following parameters are used 4就問ase in abortions w峙。b甜rved. As a in reporting this experimenl: re5ult, a 29 percent increa扭扭曲Iving rate was obtained when br間ding stock was supplemented with minerals when grazing )1_ overall m抽n values on native savanna ë; le品t squares corrected means n; number of Mineral supplementation also redu臼d ob閥rvatlons pre哨帥ning mortality of calves. While mortality in Herds 2 and 3 was 19.2 percent, in Herds 4 and 5 it was 10.5 Mineral Supplementatíon per闊前. Likewi峙. mineral supplementa­ tion positively affected calf growth, as τhe eff軒咒。f mineral 關pplementation shown in Table 38. AlI dífferences in body 值nbe組aly血dby∞mparingH前ds2to5， weìght were signíficant, and , of all the a1l on native savanna. The treatment system揖ic eff，扭扭， mineral supple間e純13- inclu這ed ad libilum 割lpplementation of tion w3S the most 悶lportant source of 組lt (Her桂s 2 齡必衍， and a mìxtu話。f varìan缸， across all ages. According 10 the minerals (Herds 4 輪是 S)， wi紛紛 percent results i益 τable 紹， mlfi前al 甜pplement恥 騙撓， 47p軒明ntd紛紛ciu臨 ph的phate 剖泌巷 tion has maximum effect on calf weight at 惡 peT.明酪 of a 臨inor elem棚脂 p甜mìxtu措a and 會 months.τhis may indi揖te high訂 h剖......闖闖 A.7穹 F 、 心 哲 aymwha a叫 信 們 們 告。 問 吋d“ ω " 。。 3。 ~ 呵 h 明 向 叫 呵 e、 旦 B 出 車 昌 盟 泣 。 “ N 們 內 啥? 這〉 命 m 叫 'g 扭 b 扭 、d 。W M 羽 生 n 評 e 弘 b 白 ““ 嗯， 持 a 。 h ?、 和 ~ 們 Z 一 叫 叫 制 可 甸 向 “ “ 們 單Z 甸 w 第ω 單 甸 草 凶 草 趴W 楊 L 白 。 州鴨J" g 寧 'g 吶 ~ 州 吶 嗯， 明信 車 L ~ 省，、 。、 li: 們 亡 制 H '" 觸M 』 犯a 們 內 嘴 諱鈍 o 叭 ;;; 內 μ它 吶 ~ 叭 '" 們 '" 們 們 5有 何 們 叫 心。 出 叫 耐 d 鑄 忍 。 阱 其 吶 p、 C 們 ;;!; ZE 吶 問 ，向 ;;; 問 會 誨 z M '" 內 ， 開 z t z 囂 E 的U O e 豆遍A 。心 。 嗡 Z E 磁 但 U 。 “心沙 翁 、 " z 路 自 抑、 2 h 畫h M M 、 h 苟I草 華M 草 會 主 童 話 八 ω Z J e M 書 G 畫 u ngoEE 鴉 結 為 A 的 m u 向 畫 控 自 E 吋 控 n M 總 制 畫 u 控 由 E 劍E W 每 叫 呵 編 明 m 畫 m 叫 單 呵 耐 E 自- 單 A E ω 輯 自 酷 草 車 惱m I Z H S m E Z B B Z “ Z SLG 拉 首E 街 g 著 h 即 腦 z “ 串 g 背發 U ω ω - ." F抄 a 2、 F、翁 斗 講 o 賢U " 。 “ "M E 翎 伊 n 甸 g 州M 盟 偵 自 。 湯義 n 開 2 mmsaam 隘 “ 芝" 緝 莒 ，潛 斗 華心 苦t • 習 S叫 "… 蓋z 的 凶 R 帽d 內 們 呼 叭 且 。 " " R 。、 W P Ä-72 可學77 CIAT AnMnual 賤。'。時 τable 36. Eff'咐。f 血枷削關仰帕肘掰.ti轍。n body 刷i劍11 (kC) of 曲酬，1 &ra.ti時棚揖珊棚.. i之eprOdUC\1、e St‘ìtus 』土 Satt 0必 笠且年2泣泣起i E 的 C n e n ë At mating i3103807l9 4 3i6b39327305 304 。? 292 。等 Prior to 臨lvìng 352 130 335 178 Aíter 叫i叫ng 307 131 285 116 A. 、wearung 289 n 272 lZZ NCuesl bOOy weight to 閥混終..d 客141\." milk product酬。f dams 臨街or a hìgher E當ly W棚間，直 roughage intake of calv的 older than 3 months. In 1973.74, five cows from Herds 2 to 會 were 輔lected f or early w鶴níngat 86days‘ ln 叩mm缸'Y， ìt can be concluded th甜 A l1 other CQws had theìr 揖lv揖 weaned 甜pplementation of b穿闊地1ìng herds 制th normallyat nine months. Durin車 the first minerals substantíally ìncreased overall 30 days after early weaning, the calves prod部!Ìvity through: rec創ved 750 歐社ay of concentrate and cut lmperial grass (Axonop削 scoparíus). (1) a 29 pe仿制.t increase 愉 calving rate, Afterwar釘，臨lv時車r脫“ on planted maìnly due to a reduction in abortions; pastures (Hyparrh棚ia ru舟， M. (2) a 26 pε凹ent increase i n weaníng mínutiflora and Stylosanthes guianens餘， wei車.ht of calves, and 17 p訂'centmc時忽揖 at when availabJe) and we問 supplemen祖d l車站onths of a喜悅 and with 5∞草/是ay of concentrate. At sÎX months the calves were placed on輪V帥恤， (3) a45p肘帥削 reduction ìn pre岫weaníng without ωncent祖祖品lpplem削tatìon. calf mo認alíty. As 問ported for prev姆御years， the I會76- The results sugg自t that 閥 the L1anos of 77 臨r1y weaned 帥糊 had hìgher 胡Ivin鑫 Colomt憫， mlne阻1 defic時ncy and par­ rates compared to t泌的語ers (Table 39), ticularly phosphoru龜， may be consídered ìndicating th齡 under the conditio肘。fthis the prímary lìm說in轟 factor for cattle ex perimentt 甜rly weaning c翻 increase reproduction and growth. This conci嚇!on 曲l呵呵 rate by 18-21 per臨別， a耳目es wíth F aber's study of the heifers' performa綠ce at Caríma車ua (see Analyzing the calving ìnterv訟， only the publications Iíst). ∞哨 whích 曲Ived in the first year w軒e Table 37 Effect of m訊前01 仙帥lementatiõn on fertility 祖tes of da轍1， gr制岫a on 韓精醋.. Salt 0為Iv 有九 ith ffil泊位 rah Repn揖泌的lve param研ers n n 73.2 7:7l7i 695939 4 896969 7687040 4 Conce判時ns' 140 Abortio附2 140 4.9 Calving 14ο 67.9 Ass!Jm~. throu(lb p總 1p.;.1.Ío很 Beef program A.73 r f rable 38 Effect of mineral 割"，pl師喇喇牌。路 ealf grow曲 tbody 削i肺包， kg) 棚揖祖醋..(H軒齡 3給你 Age Sa-tE oml y---c of p n With minerab Rdauvc 臨lves -n 剛 帽 (0 (mo削hs) n c n 去 且alt=l肌j 369258 8780?259esII 228 12. 2 66, 5 141 ì7.9 [ 17 213 104 ,0 92.4 133 115.ì 125 191 !3 L8 116, 7 119 146,9 126 22l 169 134,) 122, 1 110 146, 5 120 156 118.J 125 旬7 95 15 1.0 120 138 162 , 1 149.6 87 17這 6 117 considered. Results (Table 40) 盟dicated Early weaning of 喝lves has 輔f10US th酹甜:gardl臨s of other treatmer呦，目rly­ limitations in the Colombi臨Ll闊的， witb weaned cows had a 帥Ivin串 interval of I S regard to ani臨aI management 臨d， e恥 months, wh必e normaUy weaned cows pecially, ca証 feeding. Due to low 帥益 varied betw時n 18 祖d 20 months. With fertility 副主是 rainfa盟 distribution， the時 is th路 technique ， a cow would produ揖 one presently no technology aV8益必le to more calf durin車 her lifetime. pro心間。n-fl缸血 at low input 1軒els: (l)the ∞mponen踏 for an adequa結 conc閥trat到 However, in these tropical savanna (2) year-round high yieldin車 cut fora揖e m草10ns，闊的yw揖恥ng時riouslyaff<揖tscalf 5p前1聞 and (3) pasture sp輯i軸 with growth，細 shown 血肉帥 54‘車etween 6 adeq凶.te 知道 value. This emphasizes tbe and 會 months， early w臨ned calves showed need to develop a forage b融學 forthe時單位on a 甜vere growth check, which was .till not which would assure 鞠ti.fac知ry ca草 ∞mpen祖te是 by 18 拙。nths.τhis applie謹 growtb after weanin品 的peciaUy to cow. born during the late 時iny間醋。n(Septe臨ber to December) and Past撤e Tr輸tmen個 weaned during the dry 輯ason (January to Apri1). Th時 isill凶trated in F犧ure 55, The type of pastures 棚ed 油畫畫缸d which shows I帥揖呵ua揖∞間站nt es­ Systems 車，en肘a1ly had 草ttle eff，甜t on timates of the 阻teraction s組閥混 x typeof 削imal perforrnan開 P揖tur，個哨時:祖V卸車， weaningfor磁証weightat 9 and 18 mon泌妞， 瞞你roughout the y聞.r; mo祖祖揖叡割8 Tablé 39 EtTo制1m可:e at w甜頭111 øn pef'甜甜ace caJvJnl rate. 197'φ77 Average 1975-77 滋erds 2-$1 Herds 4-91 畫畫erds 2~~jl Herds 4~'伊 W臨加咕 treatm輯t t E c c Early 時6 days) 80,0 甜 7 76, 7 ?在9 Nonnal (270 days) 62.1 59.8 63.1 66.6 ,4 鈍"，" 00 姐.，."M 輛，時，草綠總""﹒1"閉眼過糖，‘你 H.r楓 W蜻脾...，電 ....軒 1t....l.I wi岔開闕"副E A.74 電毒77CIAT的m岫I Report 、 T油i祕e 呻 Efftct of 臨e忽祕均y 啊w..岫n輛g 。呻" ε釗ai卸l吋vi呵ng LSQ 咀 Co肘f E帥nt甘m考a剖I (da)'吋s).* 1- D可 S臨紹給 2- First tt2 時朋y 蟬騙。經 3-S甜duction prod帥" treatments n E bal A.u. l (kg{ ilaí抖缸} t l.Oß 35i7z3 165239 Savan阻 162 130 。 11盼 睹。說揖祖 g...... 157 126 6 7 329 Molasses + savan瞞2 173 132 248 , w，導"退給um , M曲“倒厲聲酬鷺 monda，1&、輛輛"""昆明d:w questionable. sin借 the ingredients of the feed 都訟IabililY， dctermin綠綠草he Iropi師 mixture臨協t be imported 10 the r駕車íonala maínly by ra.infall rcgí楓 high Ir閥sport 帥吼 The s臨曲曲1 eff，蜘ts on relative 值Iving S韓鞠nal Efr.甜言饗 d祖tribution arc i1Iustrate是 in Figure 56. Independent of the treat誼enta， the most To identify 臨:hniqu輯結 ínc閉眼 ∞mmon season for conception 盟 hctw輯琨 prnd揖tivíty withln an 艙。syslem. it is Apr語 and July，伐， at tI祖 hci時nnu嚕。fthe a甜棚缸yto have需uanti臨.tive ínforma誼。a 旭iny 閥割on，話錄研總 per，自nl of aII ωws on the influen間。f臨.tural environment on calve b前W揖n January ar毯 April. 甜imal perform掛甜. The most i盟portant envlron扭扭扭1 factor 且 the 路asonality of An ana10矗ous 揖峙。nale釘ect on calf .. Wi thout mincra尬 o W編輯pplem開t Fígure 56. S.酷個11 eIf.榔甜 ..1 訓vecal吋曙-儡削IOB A.76 1977 CIA'τAnnu.1 Rap啊電 Table 42. ln面臨劍te of 盟a帥n at birth on 擊，証 welgbl (kg)(H.措弱冷的 So訕。n born 。可 F駒t half 悶'"Y SecQnd h晶!f ntlll)' Age of Jan臨時 ApCr ti M叮 Aug攝2 Septcmb自 D~tembér 臨Ives n n E n C 3 mo恥lts 213 790' 143 79，還b 91 75b 9 rnonths 188 145. 129 129b 66 1I4c 18 months 142 195. 89 179b 57 152c , V.lues follõw!:d姆雷1îffe僧俗lleuers art l~if!.ÇanUy different W<.05) growt扭曲n 1障。b臨rv“. The resuIts are considerably reduc餒.esp部ially during the summarized in Table 42. first s臨終 of life. Alth叩.gb 個lves born during the dry EVALUATIm可 OFBEEF 明ason showed the strong蜘t growth PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN 是epression after weaning. wbicb coincides SA V ANNA REGIONS OF wítb the end of tbe 阻iny season. at 18 LATJN A絲ERICA months tbey weighed 43 k i10grams more This project 詛 acoope用tive effort of the tban calves bom during tbe se間總 halfof Anímal Management 關d Economics the rainy season. A sími1ar 揖a酬。nale您認t 揖ctions，臨∞llaboration with the 1酪titute on body weight of dams was found of Animal Production. tne T齡hnical U niversíty of Berlin. The maìn obj輯tiveof Considering tbe 站轟nificant influence of tbe 位“y ìs the identificatìon of rnanage­ 舖啦。n on anímal performance. the impor­ ment technology which a棚lTes an t甜甜。，f adapting the cri!Î時1 periods of tbe econo甜甜 ìncr甜甜絲reproductìveefficien­ product的n cycle (concep討凹.， calvìn車， 吟. under actual beef production ∞軒 Iac鞠tion) to the most favorable season of ditìons. At the same time. the f，臨震ibílity of they輔rb血。m閏軒滋開t transferring modem t軒bnoJogy is 到$0 he祖輩位也díed. C.lf 1\置。rtality Tbe mana轟擊ment asp缸扭。f tbe proj研t E至igh calf morta!ity is one of tbe reasons are: 但) a situational anaJysis of repr。如c­ for 10耐 ext站到ion rat醋。，f herds in the tive performan間 of br現ding her喝s in 甜gion. The overall臨開n forall tr.鵲融洽阻臨 時lation 持 different 時cl哀怨。logy levels of 臨If mortalìty before weanin暉 was 13.4 percent. The 側alysis of relative d旭tribu- Tabl零點 Relati ...e d斟螂諸如n of 捕前闖關甜甜 岫n of 取ortalitya間。rding to a.盈.eshowed 咽tll w祖血色 …q 臨t9pe叩開慮。f益11儲Iv軒 bomdied悅似餘 , tbe fl1"St 30 day龜(T必le 43). Mortalit)' betw聽憑空 and 18 months of age wa. 2.S Lífe Period % 01 d國d 甜糊 percent 353728 Perina叫 Tbrou畢誼 ímproved 攝anagement and Between 2 a咽諸如抖 clo揖r supervisìon of calves in sp自岫i 加W輯發 31 and 270 daYI paddocks ealf 器。此ality ra峙 couId be 輯抽，1 Program A.77 F 時韓tín草 on commercial 知:ef cattle時nches; ínstítutions. In Brazíl and Venezuela, 給) quantificatÎon of the effl恥ts of manage­ activitíes will begin in D缸甜lb前 1977 or ment tecJmiques, combined 朋to systems, early 1 事78， as soon as the Ge紅nan which incr臨時 berd prod時tivi'旬; and, (c) coUaborators are integrated into the t路也 specification of demand for 服W tecbnology and possibilíties of adoption In Co1or室主bia， the proj都t started in August 1事77. Twenty farms, characterized Th站 study constitute學 a part of thε 捕了紛le 44 we賠 selected and in oc紹說r Impact Area Survey. Data will be collected 1977, the CIAτt03m began ∞Ilecting on se1ected farms at different locations, in data‘ L的atÎOI器 ofthe farm蠶 are shown in the follow血g countn目 (1) Colo血bia: Figu時 57. Eastern Plains; (2) Brazíl: Cerrado; (3) Venez硝la: Orinoco PlaÌl誼; and (4) Peru: τhe following characterisli自 are Jun草le Re車lOn. evaluated f or each farm. (1) Farm characteristìc益 10凶110路， Outside of Co1omb悶， the proj配1 willbe area, soíl propertíes, phy單位i 血 collaborat悶n wíth national research inputs, production system. Table 44 Cbarad~ri馴lon ofse概te4 tarms in C咽。mbi臨Ll軒糊 por1Íon øf buf eattle 1蜘hnololY P叫制. Are. A甜甜als Parm Intensity Type of Total 一…宇部蕊…… No. leveJl 01>"捕ìow (加} pa,tu<10.. ， U :'\1、心!I..p....>('H~'lH :ì 翩糊也也誓慨您輔輔峙w岫E岫阻d純岫叫曲輒.1間1羽i …岫P仰『閥附。、啊吋p甜組掛鹹.f蜘.e呻w冊m闊叫1詢叫s趴弘恥、叫恥枷u叭叫包叫m絲叫抽枷"巾h巾.‘:吋恥持u岫叫叫bJ仇叫2詢3圳 IV 吋 Impr。o肝夸eω4 帥a訓"""恥秒回Mnk.悅。 w現ru... 制tb herd枷純國間緝捕, 0 .....粉 紅 C濃重 Cow.Cd: ç...Fa糊糊，.. L:=.R~ A.78 繃 1977 CIAτAnnual Rep。時 翩 柵 欄 糊 一 Zone A: N棉r mark揖. n'時rmωn road Zo閑錢?唯臨Z 扭缸悅t， dista甜 rro現 main rolld Zo肘 C 斜斜ant fr甜苦1 market. 臨缸甜甜n rood Zone D: 0玲臨別 from market, distant from maiu road 〈人結ANARE Fi伊re ~7_ L肘ati轍。f th~ 20 farms 甜甜ed for 時軒割掉的llng 蜘ef production 可51.... 詣臨eCo盼“制闢 甘甜晶 (2) F甜d resources‘ savanna, planted to: (1) strategic use of plan阻d pastur峙。 pastures, other feed resour<開& percent of total available ar聞)，如r 甜1e (3) Utilizatìon of feed resources: critícal periods of the y臨r (dry 揖髓。的。r stocking rates, pasture manage­ critì揖Igm鴨h 8tag揖 (part宙語ion， la的如 ment 110口 rec叫牌ption a訟d w臨ning); (2) adap祖tion of Ihecriti蠅1 periods (ofhigher (4) Animal productìon: reproductìve 是emand) to peri。這S of better fo描le performance，鳴。rtali紗， type of 肝ailabili勻， by restricted 臨甜ng 揖覓帥恥; anirnal produc丸 animal output. and (3) dura討。蝕。fla揖atlOß. (5) Produc缸。n t揖hniqu蜘 with regard to feedin.車. herd manage­ 閥割11， anímal health. To study th輔e components of herd managemenl systems, six herds were established wíth the treatments descri說或 BREEDlNG HERDS mτable 45. MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS In August 1977, an experiment on For H缸ds 2，再關尋巷， 120 h自站起s of B. mana紋絲 b阻eding herds was Înitiated at decumbem and 30 h能騙Z蹄。f S.gu揖僻靜 Carima車ua.Aft釘apreliminary perio謹， th. sis were plan語d. The mating p前阻dS have g叉penme訟tal pha揖 will start ín May 197草­ been 自tabl揖heda帥。rdin草 10 Ih. findings The data coU扭扭on period will include from the Herd System .xperiment, 1n thr研 reproductìve cycl晶 rel叩開 10 seasonal e仔研Is on aninlal performance. All herds will be Them制n objectìve is to study reproduc­ 叫pplemented ad libitum with minera恤， tive performance of breeding herds related 個d undergo p時間肘ìve health m揖sur喝， Beef Progran、 '‘-79 f Table 4至 甘甜個朋ts 恤 br輯dinlM甜.m咽111&"'削蟬時時翻棚，耐糊糊~ c ..瞌 睡.... T"帥岫lents betw.自益 herds l M削ing period ?退 O. of Durati.on Herds cews Pastur輝 ηpe Months (days) 知 Savanna Cont血UQUS Jan-Dec 365 2 50 Savann肘Brochiør如Legum關 3 章。 Savanna 1 Peri.叫 Junc<時5e伊 12(1 4 50 S抑制Ul+JJr，配師叫他嘲朋晴 5 50 Savanna 2 Perioo. May-J叫y 150 6 50 Savan悶+即前biaria+Le齡鵬輔 Dec.AJan Alao，馴'"如""雄也，. ，.翩翩。4 他JVt:l wea,oco1 u 6 m棚'"丸'" P"聞時 W總發縛棍，也ondu I莖STI畫ERD envî即撤僻nt， under pra戚ical CO恥 ditio酪 and with 1arge berds. At Carimagua Pasture Utilîzatio鼠， On a totaiar糊。f about4，淑珍 h甜祖res， Animal MIIlIlI!防nent and AnimaI H揖Ith there are 1岳 fenc爛捕鴨nna fields. rro盟 鞠ctions a時 carrying out or bave plann，叫 150-750 h臨tares in 給忿，組d four P泌­ iarge experi血entsw訓2臨終le.lnpract必c， it docks. to馳lîng 100 I峙的缸晶 。f B. is d滋icult to purcba齡割草fficient numbers decumbe附﹒Overall 叫rrym轟臨P臨ity of of胡ttle having uníform all'間， weightsar必 savanna p腦臨時油 estin叫“ to be 6-7 health status and with good background hal A.U. Further area for exp甜祖ion 揖 ìnformatìon on pre吋xpen盟ental a珊接able. treatments. At C獻血agt且， with i詣泣，叫m h恥臨時S of 制制恤， itisfl酬ible 抽 Cattle stock in 誼器 Test Herd 都 of 30 P軒治組揖 the stoek requir必 for ex­ September 1977 w制備 1ìsted below: p軒臨睡n能 Bre必in甚仰恥 195 After new working agrc閉nents w軒e Unweaned 儲lv軒 deve10pe蟑螂s )'蠅室， the land, part of the ({時 months) 89 infrastructure and cattle 揖oek became 說eDlacement heif，肘S available 插緝拿 up a 怯tt1e p柚I with Ihe for maling 14事 foUowing objectives: 設eifers (9 months 恥 3 years)' 306 (1) To P甜甜e 泌eq臨.te a血路線 for St間呵。臨onth. - expe也2扭扭I purpo揖& 3 yea喝P 265 (2) To鬧地t detailed information on Bulls 35 herd p盯formance under To揖i 103'會 reaso nablc. 00血mercial-Iike 1 1制cludes 割草mals 臨到 were later cuDed. Z祖nagemenl. (3) To 時rify 臨鋪ag閥ent t都hniques By Jate 1978 挂 is hop級 to bave 3∞ which have b蜘n experi盟輸電到Iy br目:din車 cows， to produce 160-180 steers t蟬ted or ob揖rved to work in the and heifer這 per year. A-80 電 917 CIAT Annual Report Tab!e 46. 這t t'.:ding ~tot弘端出1;' ( llrirn..g盼. T朋t Hetd Laçtating Pr..:gnan! Ca!e忌。可 于這。 çû、毛， 缸。、，l，;， Abortions ζùW、 )97 IO~ 兮兮 1" 、缸dtd heifers l 51 9 40 Ih e ，~ h~!!r"， h盔、 e ÌJ<:e!l dl J. dc 搶、叫的It k'f 峭的j1t'nme r. T wo small herds-of 20 Zebu and 65 n時 fírst actívíty (June 1917) was 如 San 恥1artinero cows, with th位r respecuve 帥Itlate 時lection or screeníng, base晶。n calv的 and buUs .- are m馴aged wíthin the eXlst1n車 records and indívi如al checks, cattle pool, to maintaín a pure b閃電dín聶 with the results shown i n 1'a語le 46. stock of these two bree益S. Approxímate calvìng rate for 1977 鞘11 be 63 p釘cent， compa阿拉姆 36.4 percent ín Comparíng the avaílable fenced land 1975 肌d 42 per師nt in 1昏花， and the exísting stock, ít ìs evídent that gr缸冊囂 areas are parually overstock側， the Based 0純 th揖 thorough check of all maín reason for low anímal performance ìn a nimal categoríes, the anímals were culled the past ín June, an社 in November, all herds were checked again fOf records ínformationand further cullin品 (Table 47). 11 w.晶 d鴨ìded Table 4). A翩翩als t lJlled frQm CarÎmalua Test to 悶place all San Ma.-tínero bulls by Zebu, M軒d bulls 10 obtain a more unnorm calf crop. Twelve young Zebu bulls were purchased. Category ?唱。 Reas叫 Numbers of cattle furnished for ex­ Co渦 S 3是 ?可 o ca\f over .2 year事 perimenls afe líste月i below. Heifers 17 Ge間臨1 infa肘iJism C.H.:gor} 咒。 Sectíon Heifers 4 Underdev啦。ped Steer甚 187 l'nsuitab!e ior experiments M叫吋知jf帥 51 Herd Management Cows 2ð Un sU!t通 ble、 crosses Slee間 77 Pa主 turè IJ tiJiz益twn wìth European breeds St問問 15 Legume Agron:>rny Hulls 24 Age, îertil向 鈍eife詣 for 閉atmj! 149 久nirna! Health 起垃lIs 14 S揖n Martinero breed Total 292 rQtal 308 Animal Health Activitìes 閉關imal health are eent訂ed ín both草roups of cattle is a complementary on problem analysis and probl肘n solvín草 actrVlty. investÎ草atíons. The sectíon 時間sponsíble for establìshing and maintaínin轟 preven­ Investígations ∞融攝間 10 缸站S live medidne schemes ín anímals under assocíated an社 complementary 10 the main experimentation and herds that provide thrust of the program, the incr臨蟬 infeed experimental cattle. M onitoríng of health supply. Four 聞部n areas have been Se叫 Progràm A.81 / ，dεntl Íle廿{ 1) D1SeaSeS associate，社 wlth or Decembεr 1976. The second 草roup of 35 3ugmented by nutritìonal de自cits (lep­ cows received one dose of Strep的mycm to:\p泊的is and others). (2) Dise法組s ex­ (mtramuscularly) at the end of the dηr 烈的cd to increase 缸 aoimal density sea50n (April 1977). A third 車roup of 30 111叫紛將::. because of imp刊ved feed 叫pply. cows rcmains untreatcd as the contro1. The I hc~ indude gastro-íntesünal parasití.sm. three groups graze the same pasture. ìnlccl!ous bo奇的e 、 iral rhinotraeheitis and 、 lral respiratory infections , (3) Infectìon h的 app叫red to dimínìsh Epidemiologlcal surveìllance 01' cattle at 0、 erall in the herd as a conseq uence o[ the the Cari約3為華ua stat lO n, preven位ve treat鼎的法 (Fig. 58). med蛇ine 3nd control. (4) A disease In \'C咐。ry 0 1' the impact area as pa叫 of 甘1e It could be ar皂ued that infection in the 仙台ralì survey. (5) Disease卅日tntlO fl 的一 herd ìs s10wly decreasing by itseH teraction stud間sthrou龍h blood parameter Hüwev凹， so品e decrease in the uun治er ot anal抖is in the Herd Syster恥 trial. m[ected animals in the untreated 草roup could be expected 恥nce all coWs a時間 the I. EPTO:'PIRO話IS ~ame pastur乳制d a decrease in shedders 捕 。 ne 車roup reduces the ehances of re­ I nfectí、 it ， unde穹 infectíon ín other groups. Also, infected Hi器h !\ utrítional ~今trc~帆 tlters ~丸 re kept apparently by constant re­ infection. Obsen討的ns conllnue忌 。n natural infectlon occurring in a herd of 100 Animals with hi草h 組rum t1 ters → 1: 4í告。 hrecding cows and seven buHs gnuing in Of more- have al粉紅creased 制 a whole 400 hectare學 of native savanna and in the herd (Fig. 5齡， as have average 11te詣， receiving salt and bonemeal supplemεnta whích 泣如作品ed from 斜7 to 300. At th時 tion. rhe farm is located 65 kilo自eters rate it WQ訟法 seem possible 特 eliminate the from Puerto Lopez 叩 the Meta re辜的泣， ínfection from the herd by further treatηlents rhe basic objectlve of this study 峙的 。btain a thorough understan吐ìng of the 生ome cows with active infection see惜 to patho草enellci~ ， cpidemiology令 diagnosis and have abortion problerr詣 however， of 35 effect on prod山lÌvity of Le戶的spira hardjo abortlons occurring from July 197毛 whtlc 叫 the samc tJme、 studyin草 a control throu在h September 1977, 14 were in cows procedure wïth n。益etectable ínfe ction (Table 48) The herd ís examine話 every 10 "閃ks Twer.ty-five abortions occurred in late Blood samples are 的amîncd f or CI í nîco­ pregnancy，治 characteristic of Lepwspira patholo車站al measuremen站削d 時間m infectlon. Some of these fetal deaths examme這 for leptospiral 甜甜bo泌的、 which reported as aborüons mi且ht actually havε are us紛紛阱。nítor evolution üf infection been perinatal mortahty (calv出 dyin辜 m lJ rine 關部ples are obtained from animals the first 24 hours Qf life) which 站 with increasîng antibody t1 ters and sometl品es undetected io the field. Thís is cultured for Isola l!on 01' Leptospíras to èspecially in但restmg 朋叫ew of lhe findin囂S 泌的fy shedd的 S 捕d chronic infj峭的的 from e氣 perimental repro益 uction of the disease reported below. Abortion data Anìmals in the he吉普 have been assigned should Ix: c缸 efully interprete丘 since most to three groups. One 車roup of 35 COW5 cúws have not had a chance to have at least reCClve丘 two doses of Streptomycin by two p regnanc時s. The Leptospira straín Íntramuscular injection 16 weeks apart at 峙。lated from this her益考 and reported last the en泣。l' the rainy 5ea5on October昀 v(:ar, was confirme性批 the Pan-American A 82 1977 CIAT Annu別的eport 1 No. of a血血叫5 with titer Average titer 52 so 600 48 于l;~已. Aver哪位3 4曲 i s3 方 部 今 i 羽 ! j 絨 e j 汙 ; 心 1 : 汁 1 耳訓。 JulY176 "制176 Febf77 Aprilt77 JuIYI77 Septl77 Dall: j. Jgure S討 ζ".、 hum Hh.' C叫削泊hi擔nU終關I~ lriat hí!"Td ~ith 仙1tibod~' titeh 0、t"T 1: I啊t Jlnd 1:40ú 缸"酷part'ù 恨 ith a、t'Ugl' tJl甘、 at 1er恥.，電k inler\蚓、 ßee1 Program A~S3 F Tablc 48 , Abortion~ in 乞討紛mbian LI制{)S trial shedders. However, chronicaUy ilÛected 峙rd. compáring 4 Le抖。spira Infed岫的重m animals with high 扭扭扭 did not give rise 10 lhe ("Q鴨 and sl,ge Qf pre麗的益ncy， Juty cultures. AII three isol醋的ns came from 1976 血ruS叩lcmbe官 1917.J cows wìth low serum antibo垂y levels. j'n: lZllann IlÛ軒 tivity in Well編nourished C ows - under Artificial Inoculation Detectable infectÎ{jfi Late Early To揖1， The L hardjo ìsolated from naturally Wlth antibodícs 16 s 21 o血urrìng infecl叫隨 wa. inoculated 悶to 10 、‘Virhout antiòodies 9 g 14 pregnant cows 10 study its capacity to produce infection and alteration鑫 in well岫 r ùtals -?-有 10 35 fed animals. Cowsare receiving 間草訂cane， cotlonseed meal and mine賠峙. Six cows 、， ""鈍>!Hün ， ，k\~，叫趴 P" 凹IW~1 have ended their pregnancies. Cow N o. 4 gave birth, a治神話t 品 full 扭Z血， to a very Zoonosis Ceoter, Bueoos Air船， to be L. weak 叫lf thal 你給 aft.r 36 hours, with lulr呻'0. Thìs straio is beio車間必 10 dama囂的 in Ihe liver and ki挂neys. This cOw 儲戶口meotally reproduce the disease. had a retained placenla and developed a U rìne cultures from 血fecte是 animals have severe metnt峙. She was treated locally to produc灣d th甜εmore ìsolat益。os tentatively conlrol secondary 視fections but died 30 i是entified 品 L hardjo. days after parturition with evidence of Leptospira 揖fection in the kidneys and Culturin藍的uld be a very useful 1001 for secondary bacterìal ilÛectìons ìn other diagnosìn草 the disease aod detecting orgar詣 Three cows gave birth to weak Table 49 A釗11 11甜o daY$ 益a晶盯 ch叫淵1甜伊ge.e E之ctained A群 pregnancy p垣且nla Cow at inocu1射時n Av er.age cow 割掉 C;;:;j 已沾 11 :\0 (mo前hs) a蛇tibodles ' M訓叫IS conditwn 誌位 tlnυd;.:~ 5e?6 。 80 + 時 K 2 $ 0 110 O.K 5 3 235 Weak :悅。 4' 35 • V./eak ?可 ü :.<..'fum died 圳 ad泊bk 567895.00 i2 185 V.'cak 400 5.0 105 Weak 40υ 4 。 145 (St111 pregnant) 我。 255 {StiU pregnant} 3.5 曲5 (StiU pregnant) lli 3.5 255 (Sti.ll pregnant) 恕。和閣。culated CoruroJ ~ormal N0 n -inoculated Controì !\ormal r IJO 桶y& afte! Îno削laüøn 、 Cow (\ied 120 d&y鑫 JJler lßoculatlon Ilnd 30 da'興&ftn 開nunl的n A.84 可 977 C1A.τAnnual Report 1 calves that were infected, as evidenced by developed a low level of infection, and hi草h serum antibody levels (T able 的) antibody defenses did not last over 52days. ι冶Ives were sacrificed 24 hours after birth 、 fhis might be one of the reasons 詩l1S 叫:“1al died later from a complícated All cows developed antibody levels infection in which the primary cause was immediately after challenge; antibodies leptospirosìs. lt mi草ht also explaìn the În peaked at 14 days (Fig. 59).lnfection levels U1ero infection of the calf and 詰s d揖th decreased and reached th的r lowest level some hours aft.r birth. Cow No. 5 aiìer 75 da抖， after which a secon挂 ri臨 位evelope這i hi草h antibody levels from 14 to occurr哼， reaching a smaller p閱k 說 102 32 da ys aft.r challen鼻e and dropped to low days, Apparently, after thε 問itial infection Ievels up to 10會益ays.τhe calf from th時 rece疇的啥時inf恥lÎon occu路闊給me cow治問loped a reasonably high infec缸on a側的als that are exposed 如 shed這釘s， smce level correspondin草 10lheda血's level. Cow C帶ws are all 捕 the 錯me pasture, Animals N 0 , 3 had a very clear re-infection after that rem出n infected tend to increase their 自itÍal infeclion and decreased antibody antibody levels even further and could levels from 39 10 75 days. This high re研制n chronically affected infeetíon seems to be reflected in her calfs reacUon、 which has been the greatest in the There are cbvious differences In 1n­ 草roup dividual animals (Fig，岳0)， Cow No.4 SerotOllíçaj titd ..0 1"""個m_倒也.，-叩 1 (bm" l ,J, <1, 5~ ， J lIDe 1976ωMaJ 1977 @ 。 叫 Param.t... W Gh叫"，u Ca MII N. T叫 Albumin m必咖 H.叫阿 tM s唱M PCV' 個L8i!ωIm.11個("'1:11ω 《呵岫 (mlll咽，.間 (m。e‘q ,' "叫 (1111ω '"叫 (111100 W.恤 卸恥 T",atment H'" ,- ,..... No , "r '" ml) ml) ml) 副 ml) 11..,) I'ler) 他叫." .<) 則}剛 1<11.) 刊 Mj A 5250492. 7-69827 3asga 2" ZZZZ s“sa1 ‘ C叫r叫 1976 "n " 29.35 帥 的事。 2.3 '1 '"ω ， ω ， " 317.87 C乃 剝u 帥 ω " 肌 M Mmmm 3“33 3“ 削n 1977 "ω "“ 主" 18 7 M m "口 “ "川w 7 , w 8“" W " 31902 M m 29 , 16 " 9, 12 2.70 4 M , 16 u M '"河 “ l“" m η 叫W ω .品 的 自'" 啊口 “ 13. 11 Z的 I~I 11 '"' 訓 抽" 側 ，.叫 ,'', 37ss' a 03395.937t "吻 rallly..uon 1.U.5 布 63 w83 7,8?8 4333 37 "洶 狐" ' 。 l“狗 5 2 。 ,9 2,63 3U 的 326.67 袖 甜 Lalt ，.叫叫 1,3,4,5 " 甜 4 1.76 "“ 240 .ω “ " 洶"' 2.58 IH67 l 。“ , " 34l.S7 1'3"33' Dry.﹒閥割 1，3，-4，~ 甜 3U9 71. n 1 尬闡 2 l ,ó7 l的 u '"' t 2, IJ 5 2,6 滑 “ 313 ,77 l~ ， 90 間 明 Early rainy ....ω n 1,3,-4,5 ‘ 3 到 輛 “" ~." u " 15328 '" " ,.l ' 笠 “ 328.73 29 ,07 m ' Mln..... Sal! u 197&-77 ,. 他的 J2.( .., •• "∞ H3 l知 n ~n 2,61 "咚" ,. 蝴'" 妙的 " 19 洞"“ 26.67 '" IP , IJ 2.57 148 , 11 g 的 '" '" 1..12 31571 "組 Sal, + m，ne，曲 '" 2.63 3,3 4 13.69 3J9 ，~8 ),53 嘲"'"副輛自.， Non. H 197&-77 ,. m 3928 75.8' 5.22 9,92 ,.. , H 7,87 2.61 l l “" "，租一 u 1976軒" ,. “ 甸的 76.7l "10.“93 4.70 叩開 2.51 1~2.0咆 5,01 H7 2.62 ' 叫“ J20 ,()4 知 ',2"} 14, 11 JJblJ 】'。 3 W叫 Normal 2.3.4.5 197&-77 ,. 2.3.405 197&-77 ,. '" "ω 76 ,79 29.76 ..。 10,07 ,.. l州的 '" 7 ， 8~ 2.63 J27 , 16 2 部2 Ea，l~ '" 4 1. 17 73. 74 26.87 4.97 '.W 2.52 l的“ ，~ 7,9' ,.. ',22 3 " ,39 14“21 , m即 '"' R.pr咽uctl.. 叫，胸前叫M """"" "4 444 Lactacllng - p僧，"，" 呢 4 "“ z7abeale3 5 •• "““ MMM 5.32 3$ 4372?147 . mmm 1“ 且 I)')'.rr<~ ，， "n' 掙 h '"778 "側 η到 間 s a 10,15 ， .ω m η仙 由 L.ololina 咖 l 扎 wmw ,"" 7 •• u 泊u .16 ~9 " 叫 詠 Dry.opon " 峨 "‘ 1l-4, 50 的 s 5 •• 5 w 唱 的 的" 乃 28.“39 5 l。“ 155.91 n 舟 - R.p叫'。“軸d鵬蚓u..區u血自圳".草嘲阱E岫t加m 刷耐" h 178 21za l 4444 .89.8541 5355 a77 ZZZ2 33523925.10 山 A品叫叫"t恤a叫啪 叫 p仰『付，叫叫叫 2.3.<1，5 u 制 147.1~ ω 削 乃 UII 117 7> ，“ F 阱 3的 J775 7 4心 h 5 ι∞ n 心 O On 訂 U 叮 P周s阻盯M“ 2.3.4.5 4 1.i4 - L的m 川m 閻 “ 4 恥 '" " p M臼 ω "缸 泌 14,50 J4~ ~5 M m h i叫 a“c咖呻切M呵叫L8" open 圳3，4，5 M 3715 也 妞 u ，..的 M m 的 ,,% m ~. 的詔 n 且 m u 。" p l》υ 昀令。p阱啥'"‘5 峙 叫 側 ω"' " 仇的 u 148.20 w W ，s•• 峙 '" u 叫 ， W n "“ JIJ ~7 3 叫 Z ".，.，"，叫l 心闊別._.帆M 。 ，"'..，....".胸~....It" 2 結論，gnesiu攏， 師d脂肪 total prote嗨， The lowest serum mean value concen­ albu桶紋， globuli絡部主社 weight (1:'< 0.0 1); trations for total protein , PCV , po論結組臨 W帥 the least variable (根<0.05) hemoglobi話~ albumìn, sodîuffi, calcium, For urea-mol制間s-sulfur supplementa恥 magnesium and w且ght corresponded to tion, most varíable were serum sodium and the lactating-open condition. The lowest wel畢加 (P0.1:昏n.\lC- been f，曲甜點anirlalnt (P 翠玉制結 duc til the hilJh V4f追bílity tlbt.酬吋闊的阱!Ìmemal parJJr,c tç( ,>alltc, a. W'i&ht (Ia) ‘00 3抽 FpdpF/pJ­ ­ , 4 , " E 4 → 。 月 <8i 」 τ甜甜 pr剖cin 1鵲捕時 以 F →~ JJI F 心 廿一 一12 2l4 3。岫岫 12 24 36 48 曲 Paçked céll volume (略) 動 4?FETI r.--Treat) 呵呵. -Treat 2 l 由_.__.t.輔t 3 1--.-剖開川 …i…于.Tn型主 4 8 12 16 2Ø 一 fígu時翩。 Conc酬側的棚.01 蛤捕，關嗨1. P帥揖耐哺糊叫PCV)， .....輛輛。訟喇尬，咱闢醋恤 金，“恤輸電軒峭縛，柵欄酬，制制匆輔喝喝W吋蚓恤甜甜岫蟬，知1n_甜附份一研輛車輛，)， pl輔帽 ，那糊糊r "'.站起總 serum inor轟anic phosphate、 ma單位揖IU血， 1976. Serum gl啦。臨祕ghesl m，輔n valu明 sodium. potassium an社 weight cor­ ωrresponded 10 the dry 馳翩。n of 1977. responded 10 the late rainy 揖ason of 1976. The highest mean v叫樹s for 揖rum urea, Lowest mean values for PCV. serum calcium, albumin and w嘲ghl 轟:alfl cor­ calcium, globulin, hemos一Jobin , we~臨htand responded 10 the early rainy season of weight gain co肘的ponded 10 the dry s叫叩n 1977. Highest mean values for lolal of 1977. Lowest mean values for glucose, protein, globulin and hemoglobin cor­ U間私 lotal prolein and albumin oor­ responded 10 Ihe early raiily 5e心son of responded to 也e la悟 rai一ny s騙峙，n of 1976. Beef Program A.93 … 4 Tota! protein (g ，- I叫) mll AlhUl制rI (g 100 ml) ,._--- 2.<0 ………一一一I一一/ ì.9 一- 2.7()戶 7, ) Globulin (g !()() m.! j Hcmoglobìn (g lOO mll : r-- 一…; 叫 5.5，一 1475 …叮~ 一一一… 25\\以… 5.1 … 4.7 于\til Pack叫做11 volumc {月1 L' rea 1m在 1削 mJ) …γ |人; ﹒ Lactating也p:regnant 42.4一一 32.4-.. Dry-preg啦啦 八 I)ry-open 。Q.8 30.0 0 Lactítung-opçn 39.2 27.6 37.6 25.2- 36 ()-----+I 2立學 斗一一 2 3 4 2 4 Jum: Oçtober f 詢問叫丸 M仙 J岫u圳n削c October t t:岱b加r峙r呼古 May Augu~t 日間emher M， U\.~h Augu肘$叭， [拉》咄ι叫『 1976 1976 1'1'77 1977 1976 19了6 1977 1977 Fîgure 62 , Sc銘心。削h.泊的。IIS of 盟問m total protei間. albu棚楠.g.lob甜in， hemQglob騙，伊，k吋 cell \'0扭曲但 (叭:V) and 扭扭 for 2的 bee-f ω附閉目.lation to reproductìw" c懦弱拉開 (Her郎 110 點 Lo\\'est înurganic phosphate serum mean not occur across the experimen<. Highcst values、的a且neSlum an丑 sodiu削 cur­ mean 、'alues for PCV\ ínorganíc responded to the early ramy season 01 phosphate. calcìum, magnesium, albumìn, i 事76. Serum potas~ium had its !OWè!)t hemoglobin, w的自ht and wei車!ht gain value in the carly rainy season of 1976 correspon垂ed 10 the dry-pregr臨別 condi偏 tlon、 Hi草hesl serum mean values for The cotldit叩n Iact為tm串“prc草綠泊nt did gluco叫也 sodium， potassium, tolal prote品 A-94 1977 CIAT Annu.1 純eport Calctu貼 (mgjlOO ml) 1 AD時 open ..D可 pr傘伊拉nt 12.QI … I 0 Lactating open l • Lactating p時gnant 1 Uf---，-一……一→一一一 一于 June October Feb如酋吋 May June Octobet Fcbruary May A留學1St Oecem.ber March August December Ma時h 1976 1916 1977 1977 1916 1976 1977 1977 F咖闊的. Se1l50nat糊i.1l棚S ofserum"叫輯給神明ph.te甜cÍU蹄，酬研制酬， soclì臨，阱，翩翩翩翩d a站附.r，前 282 b..r帥鴨扭 relation 師問p"叫她捕時位恤dition (Her曲 E 胸的 and 81你的n corresponded to tbe condi­ p鶴輔.i制n. total protein. alb溢血間， tion dry呻斜'n. Highest me制精lue. for globul訟. hemo~區。』帥，附i吵t and wei囂ht serum Uf'鴨 corr個pondω 峙 i都站tmg­ gain co甘espond叫 to tbe Iactating-open open. condition. Lowest m軸n values for urea and sodium corresponded to U揖 condition Lowest m峙n va1ues for PCV. g1u帥錯， dry-pre研制11. înor蠻nic phosphate，揖lciu妞.magncsi溢血， ...餌，每糟憫 A-95 períod詩。f 1977; these a!so snowed thc lowcst values of the samc clement for 布拉~---1 mola注ses grass也 rhc 閑時rpretation of these preliminary re,ults should be 泣。ne cautiousiy‘答mce manv more estímates are needed 352 However、 ít nas been established that blood para帥的命的 of Zebu breedíng cows 336 grallng In aCH巷道oils were in f1uenced ín d吼:rcasîng order of importance by sea話。 n句 pasture type‘ reproductivc cündition , mincral 組pp!ementatío鈍， ureawmolasses 湖凡~. Sultur 話upplcmentatíon an位 weaning type C lear seasonal patterns were evident for all twe!ve blood pararr阻tcrs studied 1 indudin草 t Í1c productíon para前1eters weight and mif 于， \\cíght gaín. Híghest mcan 、'alues cor‘ 阿治ponded to wet 這easons ， and lowc泣 to tnc 3 4 dr、 season F.bn且ry M呵 Ma間說 1 he dlfcct relatJon of pastur t: 1977 1977 pho,pho l'us 10 phosphorus colllent 01 hlood wa~ evident. AnÎmals on mola峭的 Figure 恥糊糊糊1 vlU'iat扭曲。f ..el抖。f 282 grass had the hl島hest blood concer卜 btefcO'間扭扭Ia如盼 toreprod個cti帽的'odit幅叫Herds tration~. followed by thosc graling nativc • I 抽的﹒ molas泌的 gra~s an益 native grassalone. Th站 冊的 partly cxplaín the great盯 numbcr 01 i 峙的íl chcmlcal data (Table 54) oonc fraclurcs th叭叭;curred 閑錢甜的als "，howe社 a low p H índic，這ting 1he acíd nature graltng natíve grass alone (Uerd籠 I to 4) 01 thc !、oiL with a medium organìc matter fron】 l ♀74 to 1977. It 0150 sug草csb thc conlenL Exchan串eable minerals advantange üf establîshm惡 an Improvt:桂 的這草nCSlum、 po綿綿ium and sodium) were gra時 effîcÎcnt in phosphorus aosorptîon ín 10抗、 as wcll as the avatlable phosphorus acìd 話。t!.. contcnt. The 益lu位lLnu盯1 saturaUon percen tag\.' \\削 h.gh ‘ and is a cümmon fcature of i 的w phosphoru5 COηtent in t Í1eí-.c Llanos ;.,olls În gcncral ~oil為 an社 oative grasses also lead海 tü "pica“。r depraved appelltc. 、NhlCh 1 hc P泌sturc chemical 丘ata (Tab!e 55) prcdíspo:-.e琵&恥的泌ls to botullsm, a to丸 .c ~h \Ì泳金:d that 1he phospnorus and ca !cium mndit lO n that undoubtcdly killcd sevcral 仇亨n li.:nt of molas~斜拉叫樹 was hi且her than anlmals th詰 ycar near the Carimagua lhat 刊r native gra~這 açross seasons. The Stat lOn 叫‘啥叫sium content was similar in both typt:諒。 r tHlsturcs. rhe nitro草en contCT芳 t 01 Burnin巷。t n叫 IVC gra且 au草mentcd thc natl\c gra制 was lowest în the latc rainy phosphorus conten t. à!:!' was obser\'ed b: sea~on o{ J ♀76 and early df\這eason of Lebdosoekojo in 197我 Howevcr、 chemlcal 1~ 77. 1 hc ,ame ,ea'ons showed the híghe't anal、海cs showed that molasses gra這h nlt rü草cn 精Iue給 lor mol泌抑制品rass .tlv\. 法ys had hl草her phosphorus contcnt 必cross se泌sons 九叫 ìYt.~ gras!:!' had hiεhc泌的叭叭，時en I, alues 10 thc latc dry and \.'.Hly ralf門話èa:~onal Othcr lmportant parameters lïk\.' s.c rum A 96 19"1J ":IAτA剝削S訓的"ρurt 回••• z,eas Table !53 S凰501UI1 variatioßS or blo咽 parameten and wel恤t 恤 relatlon to type or weanina: (herds I to 9). J四e 1976 to M.y 1977 81000 Parameters Total NWaMqKr G( Glucose Urea mP c, Mg K protein Albumin n 岫山 Hemoglobin Type of NO.of PCVI (mgjlOO (mgjl個 8曲 (mg ，l l曲 (mgllOO weamng Year cows ml) ml) 叫 ml) ml) 叫 (g/I岫 (gll岫 ml) 圳岫 他 1 1(划 Weight } Season.. ml) ) 叫 ml) ( kg) 岫 592593583287 71877279528616 3 02975905080 25924925526 5 2 363498532 7 Normal Early r缸ny ~立，，= m 38.10 26.69 4.48 2.19 144.70 5.86 7.85 14.20 322.17 Normal Lale rainy season m 4 1.40 21. 73 6.19 2.41 15 1.34 5.91 7.8~ 13. 91 333.80 Normal Dry season 開 39.15 24.69 5.95 2.43 144.63 4.39 7.38 13. 21 300.97 l'i ormal Early rainy season m 39.67 31.1 7 4.83 2.37 139.14 3.79 7.92 13.31 32Q.62 w 9999 4003086n9n2 5 n6M2m094 9l5 96 12628495 0 2 9l74951025 56157493326 9 2222 Early Early rainy season 市 " 311.49 袖 214 142.63 7.119 曰 5.37 14.23 34 1. ~9 Early 市 帥 們 “ Late rainy season 行 42.68 2.32 150.34 8 日 明 5.69 14.32 352.20 Early Dry sea胸n " " 41.20 η 2.42 145.911 7.39 的 4.91 13.95 325 岫 U 明 Early Early rainy season m m 40.33 H 2.28 1311.69 11.01 曲 5.41 13. 51 334.83 h 也F 叫 ~心、 b ' 。 ω Table 54. Mean 曲酬i臨E 曲ta for s面區.0(個組E鴨 for ex伊曹恤，.融甜甜甜ds 1--9, June 1976輛闊吋 1977. Exchangeable Av如lablc: c. KWW 。嗜血u; P (1Ai 說 E Najiz Z Type of matter B措yll qg自 C % 翩w {間蝸/ Zn 拇認 Cu Fe Herd p世t阻e pH (%) (pp臨} 晰 翩的W 1 0 g) 叫晰 伽 j間 ) M 0 的 恥 蚓 (ppm) (pp臨} (ppm) (ppm) 蝴軒 岫 明 的 恥 -23458?697886973 68427442417429473E137894182 39813982154l 9g 8ii3z9l 47 79G2O8O9G明2O7G8O6O3O OO ll9186438474651472?o Nati\re 逗 2.3 0.10 A的 得 Uu A 。事8 On W起 u M 9.1 踹 0、 75 H Native 是 2.3 0.09 υw 咱M v n揖W 9.1 帥 0.69 0 ,38 H 每 H N.包.ve A a 2.8 u 位 14 《看 u且， 們 h揖 9.4 " 0.61 0.55 T v W u師 聞 Nativc S a可 3.2 0.18 n 刷 υA n 0.67 v掰 11,0 聞 0.56 M On ?這ative A 品 2.7 n 帶 0.10 Uv h Vh 研 u珊 9.2 叫 0.63 0.46 吋H N到we A A 益 3 v ,2 n 0 的 阿 , 17 u- 抑 H 0,54 54 V一 1l.2 0. o QW， E 仙 Native A 勾 3.1 0.16 n 制 狗 Hz H Ve 措 "卸 10.7 " 0.53 0,55 結 V 說。她總甜 晶 3.1 0,44 At 的 鴨 妙a M A 11.8 的 ， 的- U的 0,61 0.62 前 " 甜。la扭扭 A 苟 2.2 0.28 υE2 揖 W A制 7.8 神 0.55 0.50 的 這 給 V Mola關軒 每 仇Z2.9 0.51 υ U 仇 11.0 仙 0.68 0.64 珊 U n H 。 。 的 說。她認自 A W可 得 章.4 0.36 u " 8.8 花 神 0.54 0.54 v 制 SU E E 3 § m g e 草 草 τ油le 55, Seas國utl 'ariatïon學 01 nitrogen1 叭制ph耐us， calcium and m呵翩翩翩n in native and m叫酬50. 1'"閻明， No ‘ 01 N p C>1阻 ...t甘~ weight都喝 anímals and native savannas in thís critical weight 草.aînl> of 282lebu breeding cows season, as well as the low drought 油mpl吋 everj lwo month益。益甜精益 resistance of 。CC甜甜，. J制糖 197。如前時 1977. molass明 grass The conditÎQn known 篇“S前必era" 指ean occurred mOf電 often in COW. of the Range lactatinJil-open conditìo鈍，赦組in轟 molas盟g PC'V (%) 39.0 23.0- 55.0 grass in the dry s甜甜犯 (CIAT Annual Glucose (n海 I()() 揖1) 102.0 13.9- 190.0 Repo肘， (976). Animals ín this c油ndition Urea (mg: i扭。即1) hadc冊sistently lower m臨nval闊的ncen.. 32.2 0.2- 64.2 tratíons of total p間相閉 albumjn， 1n organic .pbosphate {由鑫 il()() 悶持 9.6 0.9- 18.3 車lobuli餘， PCV, hemoglobin, urea, gluco峙， Ca{mgn掰 ml) ma車間海ium， potassium and weíght than 10.5 3.8- 17.2 翩翩als in the Mg(即鑫!l扭扭掉 sa!!隨時戶。如前的conditio綜 2.9 Ll - 4.7 grazing other pa學tures. The聽話ndíngs ?這a (meqlliler} 14 1.4 50.1 -232.6 support the bypoth喝is th斟 the 曉時蹄。f 紅 (m倍4 hter) 8.8 2.1 - 15.4 胸前棋ion without adequate nutrition plays r otal protel位偉汁的氓。 7.3 4.0 - JO.5 the most importanl role in the ocurrence of Albumio 均 1紋。 ml) 2.6 L5一3.7 Ihis syndrome. together witb 輯condary Globu!in (g, 100 ml) 4.7 1.4 - 1.9 infectious and parasitic di蹄齡點 lle閣。gIubin 媲fI拇冊封 14.0 8.4- 19.5 We.lghl (kg} 36 1.0 180.0 - 542.0 τhe?on4itaon 終終結llanto吟 (Uva揖 Weight ga間 (kg) 13.5 inflad益<<) w臨 only 甜如 ìnH肘ds I to 3 -141 。也 114.0 Be副研彎彎tam A.串9 F M揖n values of bl∞d pa捕闊的@時 Experiment w編 1闊的on s pecific, these weight 組d weight gains for 282 Zebu parameters could 揖rve as a base for future breed捕華 cows in the LI臨備were establish.皓 work to be undertaken. ed (Table 5S). Althou草h the Herd Systems Econon吋cs The 萃的踐。mics scctìon is responsible for cbopped itxonop轍 scoparius (1摺perial bot挂 mic呵呵:cono臨終翻alyses of the 車間叫“ During 卸車otber two montbs they experimental results缸治觀acroanalys揖 of arefedO.S k轟/這ay oftbesa闊的upplement， the beef industry in tropical America. grazlD喜鵲 rotation Paspalum plica削lum Results pre喝ented this year COD研制時teon: (pasto ne.車時) and a mixture of Melin詰 (1) simulation of altcrnative b揖f produc­ minu/iflo閱 (molasses graoo) and tion systems 揖 the Colomb揖n L1anos, Hyparrlrenia rufa. After six months of age, and, (2) the 缸onomics of f.∞t and mouth calv，酪赦組海聞tive 鋪vanna 阻d 時研ive disease control. only mineral oupplementation. Given the locatìon 帕拉∞泌ilion. of tbe pastureo ALTERNATIVE BEEI<' PRODUCTlON used in the 臨rly weaning tr輪t訊如晶。ftbe SYSTEMS IN THE LLANOS expenm的11， and in order to 鴨trapolate treatment resul臨 to farm 語v前 it was Cow-CaHOp當到;0削 as甜med that 削ch pastures need to be irri車兔借d during the dry season. Hence, tbe Usìn草 preliminary res叫胎。b祖inedin the cost of omall-sca!e ìrrigation equ學問ent Her品 5ystems experiment, farm level and associated operating and labor cos屆 adoption of alternative cow- calf produc­ are cbarged 10 this Ireatment. tion systems was 軒aluated throu轟h simulation usin草 the computeri玄學喔， Systems 7 and 8: Cows, bu11s and activity-budg剖in喜訊。del (HAτSIM-) unweaned calves grazi時 M. minu/ifIora developed 斟 CIAT. The experimen協i during the rainy season and nativesavanna treatments C浴血sidered 鋪 al扭自祖tìve dunn在 the dry 揖訕。結 all an血旭Is are systems were: supplemented ad libi/um wìtb a mineral 揖ixture with average intake of 22 Systems 1 and 2: T摺ditional sy渴tems kgj year! A. U. (as in Herds 6 an這7). with all animals 車站zu童車 native 組vanna and ad libilum 胡lt 斜pplemen祖tion with Systems 會制d 10: Same as above but an average intake of 12 kgjy臨rjA.芯.of W純nin草 at 在6 days, with tbe 揖me early 組lt (制 in H前ds 2 and 3 of the experiment W時nìn草甘甜tment 臨 Systε朝思 5 and 岳 d晶cribed 秘 T必le 35). Sy.tom 11: Same as System 7, but Systems 3 and 4: Same a. above but ad g缸ing Brach扭F揖 decumbens durin轟 tbe libi帥，努組pplementation wìth a fu11 詰iny season witb a slockin矗 rale of 1.7 mìneral mixture wìtb an average intake of A.U.jha., and 輪.vanna during Ihe dry 16 k草jyearjA.U. (as in Herds 4 and 5). season. Reproductive 帥 well揖 productive perfo說祖n扭扭甜甜med 10 be Ibe 臨me 輔 Systems 5 and 6: Same as above but in Syst歸咎 7. weaningall帥Iv臨 at86daysof瓷器.e. During one month, early weaned 揖lv!臨 are fed Odd-n肘nb盯ed sys扭扭s rep間輯nl ex­ 0.75 kgj益ay of a caloric-proteic supple­ perunen祖I resul站 (fo肘勻帥r avera囂的} ment (必% protein) 闖進 ad líbi/um fresh 是i詰ctly extrapolaled to farrn level, witb the 1<-100 嘻嘻n CIAT Annual 純epo吋 exception of Systems 1 and 11. ln System are shown in Table 57. Ba割地 on th制e 1, calf.喲。rtality w齡翩翩med to be 15 paramete峙， the 臨me ínítíal herd was P前開'nt rather than the組perimental result developed over a 2S-year períod 鶴d the of 2是 p釘臼nt， sm，儒訟誌 value app純r8 to net income flow w齡 used 10 咽1的游扭曲e overestí揖ate act\晶1 f:缸血 10韓翱. In fact, internal rate of retum of聞chsystcmus訟辜 抑制 a 15 per.研制蠅1f mo抗alíty implies 8 the di峙。unted-<:細心flow method. AlI e瞬間晶íng herd OV缸 time. In 的冊" príc揖∞rresponded to ave捕gefarmpri棚 numbered Sy5t概怠，揖lvíng ra伽甜4 偏If of 1976, which were assumed co扭扭ntov肘 mortality 8re hypothcti胡1 values co掛 tíme 8nd exp扭扭ed in r臨時 terrns. Since sid軒祕 valíd f or the farm 1e vcl, based on pnc聞。f inputs 品 well as output (總統le) survey experí間ce ín the Colombían varya扭。rdíng to dis雄n間 to market, the Llanos 關是 p時Iiminary 目紛撤t輯 of the economìc evaluatio祖 W齡組rríed out for experímental vari瞞自 obtain祕 for the two areas: (A) from Puerto Lopez to corresponding tr甜tment in the Herd Puerto Gai'臨鈍， and (B) from P臨rto Syste.磁 experímenl Gaìtan to Carimag臨﹒ Pri，酬。fboth inputs and cattle were corr輯ted for transpo悅和 The maín biological para攝eters used 閥 tlOn costs. 割mulate herd 垂軒elopment in 臨"h system Table 57 , Paramete持認揖d 祖恥叫 developm;閉t 01 削tt:rnanve pJ'oductlon 句stems.l Treatments Parametcrs Mor旭Iity Heifer 甜剖mg 時間(特) rate (~忌r Sy和 Calvíng .1-2 2-3 3-4 tem Pasture Mî.nerals Wear坦ng 阻te l%) Calves1 Adults years years y晶晶 nauve 臨l' nor揖01 46 15 5 。 60 100 2 natwe 輯lt 血Z臨al 5 日 8 5 。 60 i微》 3 位atlve full 甜貌tut會 norma.l 65 12 E 。 90 i欲} 4 native fuU mix組時 normal 61 8 5 。 90 i的 5 natlve fu11 mixtu間 ea.r蟑 87 13 4 。 80 100 6 nall有r"e fuU mix.ture early 77 8 4 。 80 100 7 mol益sses+native ruu 血1Xture normal 。4 10 5 JO 90 100 8 molasses+native ruu 聞訊ture normal 60 7 5 10 9fj 100 9 molas間s+native full mixture 轉rly 85 8 4 。 9fj 100 10 mola串串es+natîve futl 闊ixture ear1y 77 均, 4 。 90 i欲3 11 Brachùlria decumbe附缸U mixtu間 norm盈i 64 JO 5 JO 90 100 學 natlve 。至1結， 1'"益mclers $uçb 耐 P'。如計時n Ilf buHJ. 10ω帥(I.?:的τtuUîn車站tC~ of çows (1St:; ì M話 huíh ，2(lrd .l的 d pr e nitfí的 fram year .5 oll.....ard$, if lhe fim ph'峰的lI$ím 01 tÌ"lit 11$'劍;m駝的n 帥\!craae ,howl'l al:>o1le m 紙鶴. Alternative va，研討油討甜甜verag屑。f 叫(i':spùndìn處帥lu!tllt A“嘍。B 1977 CIAT Annu剖肉ep。前 Table 67 Net pr個ent value 01 the social benents (2) Attack rates observed were higher expeded from shifting to eradication than those expected at high levels of nnus continuing with ".ccinationl (in vaccination, but this may be explained by miWons 01 Col.S, 1975 pric個} the fact that 90 per間nt coverage had only been in effect in the area for one year. Thus, Social discount rate (%) 也e corresponding parameters in the semi­ Markov model were not a1tered in the new ControlltratelY 5 10 IS calculations. Va∞rui.tion (3) Weight losses of 0叫.y 15 kgj anirnal (銳)% coverage) 6,252 3,126 2,084 for steers older than 2 y曲間。f age were Eradi曲tion reported by the farme間， as compared with Case A2 16,206 6,368 3,289 average losses of 35 kgjanimal observed in Case BJ 6,316 2,241 9屆 areas with low levels of vaccination. Therefore, new estimates have been ob­ tained with physicallos甜s expres時d as a I Nd benefu are diJcou叫“ up to Y組r 5, when the alter百alive of lhiftinj: 10 eradJcatin or continuing with vacclIl&tion ariscs. continuous decreasing function of regional 1 vaccmal10n coverage. Thiscuca凶.mωa∞es& 10 the FMD.frec: martel. RCI叫tsare ba.歸d 。"巴。n攤開ativc estimatcs, assuming ap rice-clasticity of supply C(司..， 10 zero (4) Finally，叫though 也e private costs of , Th蛤 case assumes 00 access 10 the FMD-free market vaccination per head were ver.y similar to previous estimates, the public cost in the field information from the U rabá region area turned out to be considerably higher. (North Coast of Colombia), in order to During the one y曲r， the average annual validate the simulation results described public cost per head vaccinated was above. This collaborative proj自t was Col.$40.50, which gave a totai unit cost per partially financ“bytheFord Foundation head of Col.$ω， at 1976 prices. A survey was done on all cattle farms experiencing FMD outbreaks during one Table 68 pr的ents the C08ts and benefits year. The group ∞nsisted of 49 catUe from all vaccination intensities estimated farms, equivalent 10 1.24 per臼nt of all for the U rabá region. ln spite of the higher farms in the area, at a time when an average vaccination costs, and lower outbreak va自ination coverage of 90 percent was probabilities, the optimurn va∞matlon achieved in the region. Data were ob個ined coverage from the social standpoint is 80 for epidemiological parameters, physi阻i percent, versus 90 per，臨的 projected losses and vaccination cos個. lnformation previously. This is within the range of from the survey plus that collected from results predicted with the sensitivity the lCA-USDA program in charge of the analysis describωabove. campaign against FMD in the area, provided the following results. A comparison between the on-going vaccination strateg.y in U rabå and alter­ (1) The annual outbreak probability at native control prograrns, including 90 per回nt vaccination coverage was eradication, is being completed and will considerably lower than expected. appear 1D a separate report. However, data obtained co叮自pond only to reported outbreaks. It is suspected that The study on the economics of animal at high vaccination levels, rnany outbreaks health, through 也e 曲峙。f FMD in are so mild as to go undetect叫. This N orthern Colomb恤， ended during the info rmation Was used to recalculate disease year. The methodolog.y developed at CIA T incidence for all levels of vaccination was transferred to ICA, the national coverage. institution in ch缸ge of d阻阻se control. Beøf Program A.l09 / Table 68. Sodal.蝴閥H帥1. 棚d b.咖蹦， (rom f4個t-and哺叫樹 d枷輔@鴨輝說甜扭扭 the re重要捕。e Urabá.' Col峭的ia， (ìn 棚iIIi帥15 of CoJ,$. 19布 pric叫 vaR￡cCsEanoa幻aaoizz cav{噁eza}F Econo鴨綠 Gro錯 Vaccinatîon Net i揖躍參 benefi t.s costs1 bcncfits 。 44.2 B 。 。 10 36.8 7.5 1.8 5.7 20 30.4 13.9 3.6 103 30 25.5 18.7 5.3 13.4 40 19.9 24.3 7.1 17.2 50 13.7 30.5 8.9 21.6 曲 7.3 36.9 JM ::6.2 70 3.9 40.3 J2.4 27.9 80 1.6 42.6 1看 2 28 .4 90 。 7 43.至 16.0 27.5 i揖 0.6 43.6 17.7 25.9 .飽飽..a 坦""甜.u的泌m萬d f~粵昀民糾 htrd of 295.11 t抽姐姐'"' ""'" :< AnnWll ul'!Ít Ç()慮tof CøLS輯..，她闢糊糊糊，關 Training and Regional Trials ln mid-1977 a 時nior 部ientist arrived to funct闊的。f t措鷗紡車剖泌 regÍonal trials coordi關te the Program's tran事fer of form a continuum.τ隨ining actívitíes will technology activiti揖 which include t揖in­ be followe垂 up by regÍonal trials in in臣，閱單ional trials and 驛鳴in獻就 Es祖blish­ cooperat峙n with the CIAT 5taff 10 assure ment of th扭扭ction implerr揖nted the conlmUlty 組d 那Jarant間 tbe feed-back of policy of integrating the developmenl 臨近i informatωn to the res捕時h program the tr遜nsfer of t配hnolo喜y within the 8eef Figure 65 ilJustrales the strategy Pro車站m. As with oth軒 new 5e叫ionsf a cor隨iderable part of available tírne was TRAINING spent in d研eloping a strategy. In 1977, 31 postg悶d嚇te int閉路措自iv­ STRATEGY ed individual tra融in草綠 pastur，甜甜是 “阻耳的， an滋雄I ma終agement and aI主imal The objectives of the 酬馴的: (1) To health. τr您位z益2甜踹透 were 輯絨i缸蚓t也“垂 fro血 develop and strengthen a network of 揖毛絃Z拇肋o臨n主a滋硨i 搗s懿tit悅u.t紛ì 。酪a翎s 紋i 級 Laa肘蚓t枷a紛n朋如A\.t 關en討sls worldng On res輪rchal泌 produc­ a祕垂站n缸c必ed 缸踹m祕2閥翁咚轟 t始草 b切e剖t悅甜t妞e軒r pr問epa何 them tion of fo自且自 10 va益這獻也發do叭， an過 f缸or 時re輯a缸r扭ch 摺re靄F繆。唸踹8約ib誼i扭ti泌e鴨s 祕i 鼓 t像h咀穹 cou恥n“ Ira抽fer 揖wt甜泊。logy developed by the 2甘n扭es. 轟鳴fProg扭扭 and other' institutions to the impact 缸祖. (2)τ。鴨臨bli紛 coope時tive Six visíting rcsearch associates are links with national in副主tutions for all the conducting dissertation research projects activities of the Program, especially on in the various disciplines of the 8自f 閱單ional trials. In this fashíon the principal Program, in coIlaboration with the univer- A呵，。 1977 CIAτA約nual Report CIAT Beef Prograru T間nnology Tr ansfer of Te chnology 國 I U L i 、d N帥的n屆 揖A + 亞的earch M 叫M 1踹titutions 叫阻 i• i “W 恥 …「一 iiHil Research τm軒ng 提eg10阻I Tri拙.Valìdation of Te chnology Semi恥rs and W ork!ihops L一 Documen祖如:>0 ，可19u甜甜 lntevation 01 r~e.r嗨~ nnsfer of t軒枷叫。都甜d tr.ining 10 the B輯fP，叫uctton ProgHJ麓， 做ties where they have completed their proved pastures, since the most critical acade臨時問哇t時間ments. problems 耐50.也te社 with the development of the local cattle industry were 時lated to The Fifth Livestock Production lack of adeq抽認 nutrition durin草 the dry Spec絨服了 raining Program began 甜是son because of I齡k of forage書Iack of January 1事77 for a group of I且 par­ pers!sten，臼 of improved pastures under hcip割吭吭 13 from Guatemala, 2. from grall峙， and weed competition during Bolìvia and I each fro血 Colombi籠， establ時hment. A1ternatives cot樹4軒ed Honduras and Panama. The trainees spent were the establishment of g甜甜 speCl間 that three months at CIAT (theory phase) after could 曲棍pete fairly well with weeds, which 16 酬nt to G臨temala for a ranch improved g賠zin草 management， weed phasc ofar主義dditional 甜ven months under çontr仗， and the 帥e of sugar cane and the superv時ion of two trainin草訟法stants green-chopped grasses for fodder from CIA T. The Pro草rarna de Desarrollo supplementat時n during the dry 揖揖on. Ganadero (PRODEGA) supported the training prog路m in Guatemala REGIONAL TRIALS τhe m剖n emph臨時泌 the ranch p ha揖 Eight priority countries 一如位甘， was on esta忌lishing and managing im- Colomb緣， Venezuela, PeTÚ , Panam垂， Beef Pr呵咱酬 Ä-lll / Bolivìa, 1如a悶gua and Ecuador- were of the cattle in謹ustry. (2) To establish identìfied wìthin the 服lpaçt area of the contacts for future collaboration with Progra珊， withthepo輸ìbilitìes of including natìonaJ instìtutions workin囂。n research Hondur捕 Paraguay， Trinidad, the an虛心velopment of the b明f cattle 恥 Guyanas and other 時etìo酪 of the Carib. dustry, especially for regional trials to bean re草ion. Selection was based on the ev刻間te the adaptation and pro心ctivity 紛紛ve extent of their territory cove制 of fo時候 germpl揖m develop.這 by the wìth acid 現fertìle soils (0到純15 and Program. (3) To eval幽te the 甘amm喜 Ultisols) and the 何lative importance of the needs of natíonal ínstítutio酪 and be.f 揖ttle industry 脫俗ation 10 naho恥i possibìlìti髓。f participating 悶 tral扭位囂 at agriculturaJ deveJopment projects. CIAT. The fin、t eight countries were v ì剖ted The first regíonal trials ín cooperatìon durin草 the y崎rwithfo討。姆ectives. ( 1) To wíth natìonal ínstìtutions bave been hecor制 acquaintedwith forage production desigr闊地:1 to evaluate the adaptatìon and conditìons in 時Jatìon to the development productivity of promising germplasm Table 掛 50叫hern h蟬撫phere 甜甜咐軒ted for CIAT 8eef Prog間間 rq:io駒.1 .rials 01 fora車輛 Countrv lnstitution Sltes Br昌zíl 1 Cenlro de Pe叫帥a Agmpecuária ßrasíha. D"f dos CerradO$ (CPAC) 2 EMGOPA GÙJania. 心。+ 3 Centro ~a(:tonaJ de Pesquisa de Gado Ca桶pô Gra乳de‘ M.T de Corte (CNPGC) 4 Centro de P自qu孫a Agropecuåria do Beler丸 Pa， Trópico t;揖遍。 (CPATU) 5 CPATU.UEPAE 純anaus， A詣L Peru 6 Cenlrú Reg胞覓龜1 de ln凹shg制i6n m Tarnpotû Mini$h::rio de AHmen祖，-ciónj Pr吋ccto 丈害怕"Pιrh廿!ta 1 Cniversidad E斜ataJ Carolina del Vur血1agu孟晶 Norte:M酬ster均 de Alimentadón Bolìv渴 8 Ce剖ro de lnve棋壇峙。棚 de Agricultura San !gnacio Tropical/ M翩。n Británica Ecuador 9 I甜如峙夠缸mn叫做 lnvestiga闊的。為 Santo Domin甚。 Agropecuarias (INIAP) 10 I間ht叫oN辭時楠1 de lnvestt牌。捕時 Ç rn;a Agrùpecuarias (l NIAP) ，已。 112 穿草77 CIAT Annual Report 、 Table 6會 lists 射時s where these 甘ials will may have agricultu甜 potentìal， (2)τo begín durín草 the pre館前 southern prepare a manual which would provìde hemìsphere rainy se師的豆， guideiines for a coordinated system of collection、 c1assifica tio鈍 p時錯仰剖岫n， Plans are beìn車 developed 10 ìnclude distrìbul lOn, and evalu制拇n of legume Sl les ìn olher countrìes of the ìmpact area germplasm beginn凶惡 with the 約ext northern hemisphere raìny season, in May 1978. A Seminar on 祕Fora車，e Production and U tilization on A臼d lnfertile 5o.l. of the r ro p IC" was al捕。rganized by CIA T 10 ζONFEREI\CES lollow 出e workshop above. Seminar objectives are: (1) To review the state of A Workshop on “Collection , Preserv伽 knowledge on production, mana甚ement tlon an挂 Evaluation of Tropìcal Legume 益 nd utílizatìo鈍。f f orages under acid Germplasm Resour白雪" was organize益問 mlεrttle soil conditions (Oxìsols and collaboralÍon wìth the U nìversìty of Ultisols) 的 the Latin Am前ican tropics and Florida (l!SA) and sponsore社忌y the related areas of the world. (2) To discuss lI nìted S扭扭s Agency for International the possíbilities of exchanging informat泊n Devclopment, (USAID), be held 剖 CIAT and technology betw研n CIAT and ìn April 1 事 78. The objeetìves are: (1) T 0 national instìtutions and to establish the develop procedures for colleclÍn皂， preser­ mechanísms 10 transfer this technology to ving and evaluatin，車甘'Opícallegumes which becf çattle producers Publications Adegbola嚕 A.A ， and P到adÎn肘10.1977. Predìctíon ofthe Dìgestibi好。 ofthe 0 , \-1 咐 1 ropíca: Pa叭ures f間的 their soluoîlity 地 fungal cellulose 501前ions.. Journaì of the SçH~nce of Food .and Ag(l l'ultun:. 2~:775-185 Ayc軒啦，t;， and M啊叫間， ι1977. Cn modelo epidemlo1ógìco para flcbre “如喝早dém!ca cn 泛 r::as tropical的 ACOV EZ I( 2):6-9. B討dïòn， R 弓 lozano. J ,c, and Grof. B. 1977. E.valuación de 1.. re恥的encia de 訕。 !VMlnJJU 、，pp 江 Ja antracnosis fζói!，叫orrichum glofosporioidesj. Fitopawlogía. 10: 104寸。發 Ellîs , ~ιA.. Fèrguson , J.E. , Grof, B. and Sinclak. J.B.l976. -1 ransmi訕地n of CU1l肘1 。(1' 11 hunJ g!uf'<.J;)porioidt:s 的，d effect of 叫lfunc acid 揖arification on 間總rnally-borne fung! lti 給吋Í> of St;}υ、圳//)('，1 ~jlP ， Plan\ D蛤ease g之叩orter ， 60( 10):844月846 Fabtr. L 1976. Supplementation and 時productive per1 ùr拙的ce 01 bccf Ii{心!lers undt'r \i.l rjOUS gr且，ng manageme剖勾引stems in the E扭扭rn Piains ofColombia. M.S.lhe~!s ， AgriçuUural C!:!\cnit) 桃 a軒I1Ingen Setherlands HammQnd, LL 1977. Effl研制enes.!i of phosphat傘 T那ks m Colomb!an :'0;1\ a~ m崎~un.:d b) crop n:叩Ün3e and 組il phosphorus lev這ls. Ph.D. The制揖ichigan State Un iven;.貼上a~t Lammg 6eef Progra持， A弓 13 z a § 詞苦 F語 ( 是思 哲當 、 主 F ， a d f 譜苦 E 2 泣 明 閃 Z E 島的 E E L S B 連M - ， 過 E E 互 管H 串 h 是 出 斗 d Z 耳 串 民 EB G 助 " g制 Z喝 站 - . A G 且 喝 E M 盼 a E 自 頭5 喝 U w Z 且 盤 E 〈 E 自〈 ω z 謂 - 。 舊 且 E 至E 〈 M 由函 - E E O 但 :叫 B U 日 〈 H 目EB B 、 g g E 官 U 心 8 謂 E 的 E E E{ 『 g h E， E M e3 五 U叫 a g “ E M O E E 。 B 晶 e M d SE 出 雪晶 h E s 且 E B g S B EE 自 缸 ι g 諱 尪 EE 3苟 z H h 明 o h 益 E s 〈是 ， 串 - . U gb E 于 B E 趴萬 當 “ 且V 書 富 在富 寄 呂 E益 E E Z E E 蠶們 e E 晶 意差 E fS 蠱對 E F 國 “麗 給 鴨 Ea E aE 轟酷 = S 告 華君 綠 草 B 書 蠶轟盡 草 草 Ez E哩A 轟揖 S 幅 Db 哥 全。h 音Z叫 雪 草 制 苦E豆轟 制 " 善 M單 志 " 皇 S 。 量Q路 發 綠 帶E。 草a 站 啥E 吾K事 a z o 宮 書 起 叫S宮 E 。 囂鑽 〈 草 為 E 畫 3研治 誓 草 吾喜立 t ag 露 軍 費 畫 s 重 “ 軍 a法 。 Zg ud 露 . 量 費 O富- 噩 Ua Z含E 噩 SE 單oE Z 揖 a 組 為 法 區 室 嘻 S宿 E章 〈 且 Z 百e 喜h 藍 揖 旗 呻 軍 嘻 。 書h 單 拉 M吟 開 ，E斃 息 醫 皇E Z t E H 單 Z 普 o盡 a 富A開 、E。 草 學 雷島 品 h E V h S 身 語 S 麗H 詔 " 草 寓 "哥 E m 轟儡 E E 自 耳。 m 扭bg 合 單 J 星“ 2 "晶官 耳 ，話 揖咽. "哥 E開 E E。"且開 孟 A sS E叫 E 轟-s 同 E a Z星. 星連兵 聽 禮 品Z 轟 圓1 ZB 星串車 g 目閣 a gf 晶 品h 自 h EE O a告 Md 自誼 息2 a E星R的 E 『h唱d E間 明 處單E E“ 惘“a E蛤 單 胃 cE E H單 Od &會 鼓 S 口 ea t 向。 習純 圓g B b。 叫 S喘 單 Z 若AE E 器 8 4 -t eU@ SE 尪 O S萬 E官事 M- S揖 S B 目 MU U . a品 SE 草的 吻 E J 串Z 單 E農 告 E 畢 品 a - 草會 自 紋 S 草 誼 " 嘗e 怒 且摺 嘗 峙 ES E晶 著莓。 。 E自 h E - 揖a ， 囂 瞳 向 h Ea 草δ 。 a 依o Sg 且E絃 官 恥M “嘻當 宮 i臣eE固 a窩 E 駐酷自 誼 r，E a窩 言華 E 哀J d 訟秒 晶z 由 莒 矗 像O 鐘 也星 .S喝 累 呵也 守揖哲 軍 、 u a坦E 曲單 Z h 緊J 聲 E級 EZ、 ﹒ 護曾 唔 明 晶 S ，單 立 恥 書 h -言 峙單 S 當 d蓋 EG ，單 嗶W S畫 急 ﹒ 捕整 磊 h b 、 量-逗 全 正導員 念 叫 揖M g ， 卸 e恥 -E草 喝H ，S接 a . 崎 組H。」 車 蠅會 6 量重 g車 -E這 -金H Sd回 4 o 電w ‘ 皇 轟官S z 喜d重 『尪 Eb 重宮 4E 轟 草 轟h 矗重咱 灣恥咄a 轟 滋d 莒重 歪U pi M 圈 暈學 。a E t- 囂 軍 雪 Z蜜 畫 h 嘉 官a-啞包 畫4 畫E e 4， 暈恥 軍 h 圈 壇h . a t也 為 濤 嘻 績 曲 a「可國 蟑 - H 、內心 8.憫nProgram Wíth the 前ri'珊1 of the second bree往前 ln physíolo草ical experíments, ít fnr the Bean Program, the ímportance of appeared that large vegetative .前組成割的 varietal d研elopment activities by the team Ie浴為 to IDC間ased yields ìf lodging g揖.tly íncr揖sed. Large numb前. of new re叫到ance c卸1 be foun益 Lodging cross揖 were inítítated 訊d the first CIAτ res，stan帥揖 al品 thought of as an impor­ hybríds entered the ínternatíonal yield 攏到 mechanism for 拉拉扭扭 avoíd扭扭& testíng program thís year. At this level, they will cnmpete with g閥混pl揖m accessinns and Also in 矜持， 伽th忱e 鵬s 恥οn喝d p.a帥伊熾tl祕h2姆O釗制划i泊曲。咚g卸唔喜i臼st 臨的指 from varíous natìonal programs a缸rn吋ve叫(i and 囂gr吋.e踹ca扭te叮r 剖E妞e軒n泌tion w酷草訟ívcn tο movi紛給轟揖轟敏穹'問eg削a1m直 popul綠a斜tio肘nslhrougha The results of the first Intcrr論紛紛個i set οof p峙e8揖t resistance n 肘ulf揖討ri帥e擎 as well as Bean Yíeld 甜悶e肘E 削d Adap油位on Nur輝ry (IBYAN) showed a 3S p虹甜甜 yíeld close ∞c011峙boratìon with national pro車站站 dìfference betw明n the fíve b間t en滋輔 vìrolo車ists in EI Salvador, Guatemala, the fur怨自shed by CIAT and the fíve be揖 10臨i Dominì個n Republic and Brazil identified materíals, ín favor of the for閉er group. sources of germplasm resist臨時 to bean golden mo關ic vir磁. The first mul缸，pl恥 The yield dìfferen聽s observed in the拉回t country testíng of hyb討dsb揖W扮ngolden IBYANwe肥肉ualín the 缸。'pí揖1 as well臨 mo抽阻-tolera肘 parents 間如It踏車 from ín the 扭扭perate zone.. These nurseries 鵝卵ctive breedi灣 programs .howed showed that wíde adaptatíon 切 en­ t悶悶8輛sive segregation and軍aveproml錯 vlronments e是ísts wíthin Pha.甜o/us 。f future reduction of th終 i ncreasingly vulgaris. Thìs testín車賣海ime greatly important viru忍心揖aseínCen誼alA臨erica IDcrea揖d the intensity of the and Br但H Prograr的 Latin Amerícan network. The 1977 IBY AN was composed of two dìfferent Sour目S f1輔扭扭nt to ba揖e結aI blight in 扭扭 according to 輯ed coat color preference - that is. a black-seed“ te說s in the Uníted Stat閱 were ra語聶 甜點"缸ble in 脂sts atCIA'τdue 10 Iack of nursery and a non令Iack nur時吟， each adap臨tion. Adaptωt m，“當臨Iy to\erant con磁iníng 2S entrí間， S討mplasm w臨 10蠅ted. Bean Program 8.1 F Vege臨ble oils, at a d胡age of 0到y S 餌:cond intensÎve coune for bean re甜a間h m偏僻韓持 pcr It益。車扭扭。f 每組盟輯錯， 時ÎentÎsU w制 held; 30 Latin American app轍。d toe幫幫tively∞otrol迪總tp扭扭 professiooals participated. The program 。fsto問唔盔鴨融.T滋S揖揖hodis組fe， ch揖差， was also adive in 甘aining indÎVÎduals at 鵲起i 甜泌y adapted 10 益。錢揖hold u點 the poslgraduate int前o levels 制划時veral MS 細d PhD th關is 措揖arch requíremeo'臼 were 紛紛led WÎth projec臨謹onc in the T開綠紡車 a沙10 formed an impo時aot Pro軍ram. A to臨I of71 prof，揖sio抽ls w前e part of the Bean Progr這血 açtiviti輯. The t認紛紛 În I害行. 8.2 穹軍71 CIAτAnnual Report 可 Breeding 益挂電jor nur揖ri揖嘗嘗電 plan扭d at CIA:τ werev叫她制。dby Aøro帥nyi揖辦滋爛紙 during the 1977 組inys曲曲榔 ar訟 a 揖~d W酬 emp泊.iz“ in P岫綠綠哲明酬­ in肘楠揖車輛ipO由car珊is旭ncenu甜ery was Priority waa 8Îven 蛤梅a的ÎIII botúlr plan轉d in the in妞rvening dry 揖ason. non﹒扮船kp訂閱攝“.rby切泌luû鵬(T約，11 N誼鞠浴缸 were p尬甜ed in coUaboration 1). With 回歸祖m甜d field opc喝緝捕. the 前th other p閱gr虹n dilciplines a泌tI暐 chances were 臨時aaed of aet揖lII a larJer I血dtu鞠 Colombiano Agrop輔uano vol'扭扭。f hybrid progeme.岫d ap紛幫 (ICA) in four 1叫抽ûons 研攏，滋eCIAT. 蜘mberof 關'arega約18 planta pcr pop泌# tion 缸吋峙。，btain non-b海穆輯S割但“­ 的'al揖扭d in with 盟u1ti"Je mil個榔 f臨個甜. A 1ar單據 盟ulti1臨別ion a扭扭ber of par扭扭鷗d proøeniu bave werc planted to been di關rded (甜pecially tho輯鶴蜘epû­ 論8位Il8 in ble 10 Problcm X) b盼“ on morecom­ of 袋，艙。nd plete 控úormation provided by prograt伊 in mid-1977, 拉諮ciplines to the inforn削ion SY'鵑掰 given to b.蜘dir海 (SIFR1). y認浴， a為4 mprovc揖e剖sm program reacbed P閱當enyM閻麗ge攝輯t-Eatly G揖婦"“棉 y間位 $甜牌nin章 MAJNSTI畫EAM BREEDlNG Tt誼 br師ding prog賠.m bas modified the prcvious 8yste擂。，f progeny ma轎車@間ent P虹entaI SeJ輯聳棚騙d Hybrldi軸線。請 (CIAT Annual Report, 1976告發臨h tbat pro草蹄m dìsciplines contríb蕊te to genetìç Parents wbich conlÎstently 嘉軒e a higb improvement through the screenína of fn損害愉臨y of 11000 off.pring, most of which selected bush 為制 progem個 (Fi忌。- Table L Fr呵鉛棚d醋。rcro輔揖 withi畫畫 and among 攝制氫臨d 紛輔紗blaek par糊1>'1<冊，祉'P甜甜1197.-里，話 .nd 1976- 1977‘ B1ack.s Blac社 x Color CO}O I'.s 1974品Nov. 1976 1111 (J6<ì毛1 1712 符合懿} 259 (忽悠} Nov. 1976-Nov. 1977 152 (22%) 216 (31%) 336 (48%) , D~揖 no曙踹抽..“主:l: in:ternutiql of pr嘲帥語 臨ean Prog向m 單獨3 f 4 p缸電路回IS甜甜tion for Hybridi馳tion ←一一 ?曲位制時'Y'甜言Iy: CIAT.咱據鍍悔。祖e 一…→ .nõ h;,lùand .ite [50,. .于 可孟區電士士~ 一一 F制觀i時 IOOOm甜1 P呻吋臨時00 血恥i Ru絨 Cclktorrîchum! BCMV útlriopjís Bacterial B揖&ht AscøchYlo! Leafltoppc誼 αr帥SJ蹄呻 SG- I帥"，1輯給d 揖..cga伽a bulk popul&鈍。梅特 制tional prog甜nu upan 睡ecific r，叫U甜Z 18Y AN: Inten油在jonal Be制 Yóeld & A自ptatîon 1這也自e叮 ! 120- 1岫甜岫峙瓣，開plicat吋咐蜘 | AIlllU!C d的tttbution 凹 latin Amenca 三三一一一一一一一- F.曲b悶nA s凱1血m啞u主1I旭目。1祖A泌sc咐i切e軸a岫n ，間閏d pr。吋d眩岫翎 1肝0r ESE ESE: Intem駐iona1 Sean ElitJ: T Tíal ←一一 軍峙。鵬l恥tions. r，翱緝捕給d tria1s worldwide 一一一 Figure L Pwg甜甜 for simul翩翩攝制d !iequen恥Id酬elopment .nd fValU訟。nofb帽".ermpbu融 臨 4 1 977 CIAT Annu剖，老øpørt 、 Large plantings were inoculated with 2億:terr攝ti轍滋 P刮著鑫組y 宮輯絃2辜 b輪囂的mmonm喝aic v誼悔。CMV) 民主鐘t and 認知ted with Empo自CIl (綿Fig. 3, During 1977, br輔4級喜 distributed to Pathol。在y). Also，棉紡Iar Ieaf學pot a滋 幟垃叩al programs a loml of秘畢F2andF3 滋前.crial blìg話t toleran揖 we時間扭Uy populations, and S2喔峙的y 蚵海d advan曲d el軒ated to a hîgh prior烤. Scl甜tÎo蹄 for g甜甜atíon selections for cvaluatíon. AII 揖u1típJe dì撇嘴翻動d 誠懇闖闖翩翩ncewere 叫自tions 制d 鵬d from F2/Fl pop­ made in a 揖nge of agronomic typ甜甜d ulatio凶。riginatins from the br四dins 盟:ed ωlor ∞mbinatio加. H omogeneity is program arc a∞ompanied by information bein車 50ught for field tolerance 10 rust and from the SIFRI regarding paren!祖 and anthracn個吼叫herthanhomozygosity for their key characteristics. specific gene resistance. Progeny evaluatíons for anthracnose, angular leaf sp剖， and root rot resis臨犯帥 also began in SPECIAL BREEDlNG fROJECTS the latter part of 1977. k.der泌I Bli沙t Tol，翩翩@ A relatively remo脂 combi臨lion of paren祖 pro飢間d re垂4蜘ded proge血es with Scg甜gatin車 pop泌ation學 and 甜1甜ted n歸祖onably 幫幫丸 inde甜甜也滋發話 f卸滋滋揖 we甜軒aluated for bacterial blíght growth hahit 如mbini苟言鶴is峙鈍研 to 蛤leranceto輯恥tp甜甜tsforthefi路tcyclc BCMV and rust, whìcl強 demonstrated the of intermatin串 In gr捕魏詣。制e studie盞， value of 血as5ive 位ossing. A number of na甘ow﹒揖a揖 beritability 甜tim酷曲。，[0.68 populatìons and 扭扭Clìo粥 from crosses of 卸車d 0.27 were obtained from leaf clippins promisíng bush type paren韓 x clìmbin藍 in開ulation of progcni間 from cro帥輔 of donon we間 given 胸 the climbin轟 bean g研ti叩 for evaluation. PS的 x P698, and P712 x P684, resp制tive柵 勻. This suggested that 刺刺ion for existing levels of toleran明 in tropi臨lIy­ Progeny T esting adapted progeny of 抽，Ierant x susceptible (Colombi的 cros甜:S will be 扭扭er th儡揖i脫tíon 10 Relatívely homogeneous famílies increase existing tole站nce levels 組lected at CIAT or Popay如 from mai個t阻a凹， dis扭扭﹒函，缸t resistance and Bean Golden Mosaic Vir磁室。1甜甜甜 archit祖tura1-yicld 御自ding， and from the 珊嘔。臨1 prOgrams enter preli臨磁ry 器lack-蜘ded progení自 from cros鵬 of 拇棋盤島 Thisinelu處s replícated yiel是 tríals pare攝s 是entified by the 1會76IBGMV by Agronomy，血u1t鐘∞ation ob摺rvatíon nursery performed very well 過Central 削nerícs擺闊nt甜甜ngenviro閥lCnt附錄d A觀en儲. As a r曲也11， cros輯s were rnade 臨時間Îns by the program di認ipline.for all amon車 the beSI non-blaclt entri也 ín the pri酪ípal d說鶴路 ínsect 朋d edaphíc 1977 IBGMV n前時ry and a recurrent facton (Fig. 1). Summarízed data from 甜i蜘tion and intermating effort was SIFRI 揖也認扭扭i軒t entries that iniliated with the collaboration of sc間恥 pro紋鵲學 to intcrnatíonal progeny testing, lísts in Guatemala, El Salvador, the and 10 P泊n future crosses Dominican Republic, and Brazil. Yi eld !ríals of selections f rom earlier 肘帥，開 ín the program were conducted ìn Bean Archìtecture. Yield and Adapta­ each rainy 扭曲on duríng 1977 but 阻sults tion B間ed臨翼 (BAYAB) were unreliable due to persíst甜甜 over several semeste時 of the disturbance. CJ AT bean l>reedin喜 inítially co發奪和 Problem X. trated on the improvement of bean yield Be.剝Program 單一6 r tbrou泌 br叫峙 for resÍltance 10 the habitaw肘efou憾。到(Y for姆蚣臨mb啊。f p拉國i仰Jb甜ndi轍細 arulin鵬tain Latin 船5t order Iat前aI roota a紛 le略也 ofthe A血.erica. SeI艦岳onformorphφa81'onomic primaf\Y root (Table 2). Tbe value of tbe輯 cha揖臨rsi怨自B 開紋絲忽必奄 pop叫ationa cbaracters is bein車 輛輛“- W輔訟甜 practiced 脂聽聽in祖in or improve 嗨，闊前 levela of yìeld Fourtee澄 lines were 蜘綠色。d for more 組組建雄ive eval帥tion in 臨倒 culture. The With the arrival of a 輯鶴rUI breeder. faeto甜甜naid軒僱鴨詞:削mber of fi蹤 improved bean p泌nt arcbitecture arul 。rder Iaterals; le甄瘀b of the primaf\Y r帥t lodøinø mistance. 撤組mization of adap­ weightofr個祖andshω絨盈祕 sboot/root tation to cl論必C臨d 祕apbicfa紋。自 and ratio. Five planta of 輯時h geno~沖e 官ere up81'ad訟車。f yielding ability were further harv自ted at 10 arUI 24 days after p旭nti旬， emp誠4ized. In the F 2 (or equivalent) Tbe81'國test 垂滋討回浦棚 W間有E 總 the pop滋atio間 e閑ph歸祖 W倒 pla揖d on numberof單詞lorder旭terals arUI to臨1root sel研tion for ar官倒t恥tural cbara羽ers. arul shoot 竊、eigbtaof IIrowth babit I 伽鴨揖 Grain yìeJd and adap臨ti棚甜i甜甜。" co盟par祕 to tho艙。，f 81"酬nh habit 11 蹄蓮 c:riteria 曹ill be imposed on the F 3 and F 4 III. The Iatt蛇神。 showedsim揖arpalte喘息 lIenerations. Presently. p缸ents from germ­ 。f 81'ow呦， plasm coll叫紡織 intr叫ductions， b飽。ding nurseri閣，你削 bein.唱 soogbt. B緣EEDING STUDlES Earlln棚 Tbe 切po此輯部 of otber cbar建cteri揖ics are aI帥 being dctermi動。d. Root A s伊紋aI proj偏遠 W揖 condu敏ed in phy!lotaxy of為自1前臨d挾持酬。f81'owtb wbich a 僻ri屑。f cr個甜s were made t海 habits 1, U, arul III was studied 10 generate 叫r1(Y站都穹的ng ma臨riaI and to urul前現and the 鳴也tío鈍 of importanl obtain heritability I inheritan揖 estimates characteristi，臨 witbin and between 81'owth for臨rlin自. in three trop終必ly-adapted F 4 habita 駐Id 10 determil時 if any r.oot populations. Eighteen supeHor，忌lack­ chara明e時缸S岫sociated wlth resistan揖 10 揖eded F 4 Iin揖 we甜甜I輯ted 帥回binìng M伊，g， drougbt，制Iyvigor， an是 stabiJ峙， 胡rlin輔s with gorul yìeldin華約ility.Oay. 峙 ßowering and days 站叭"的10斟臨1 Ten s揖:ds from cach of 3吾 lin輔 with 酷aturity were bo位1 fo祖d to be h遑hly 跡，姆是ifferent 81'0耐hhahi臨瞬間81'ownin beri恆bleσ的1e3).Cr珊帥sfro臨 20ftbe 3. S揖d germinators for 甜ven days. donors de誦。淼醜rated a single dom泌ant Oifference海 wi泌in and betw輯n 81'owth p鷗for輯也睡佩 withno細關naI effe臨 r.ble 2 M攝nvalu鴨船，伽e時輔喘a...t er包鐘鶴。e揖nnday呻抽輯d蜘pofb扭曲b輔nl搗醋 ........n騙 a M叫阱防軍車inatQ哼， Days to No, of NO.of D時學峙 App租用擅自 of Positions of No. of Lel\jlth of Growtb E別的個 Radic扭 Fir鈍。揖er First Ord軒 First Order Primary Habit Tested 車間<1'8甜帥 Laterals Laterals Laterals Root (cm) 2'• • i 333 1i 91924 。 4 1甜 3 a 命 令 a 11 峙 ， 150.1 ， . “ 吟 1lI 3、 a 。 18 1.5 h 民~""n 2 3 4 9.9 16譜。 8-6 1977 C1AτAnnual 純aport 、 Table 3, Inheritam:e and he喃喃IIlly 01 輛rlln棚個 1m輯 lropl..Ry.....pI甜帥珊珊 P呻國.Uons1吾 Oa)'1帕挂b' Hn' FÎt to 3: J 制品.ernal Cro帥 F吋.gr揖 Flôw配措aturity Flower Maturity Flow 是針 ío' E訶eds 721 bo?o5s 8B7372 e?eG78G 776 NYY LMNANOO i 鐘， 19 p金牌 x P M 勾 心 。 16.17 P739 x P721 抖N ， 勻 蟬 h， 的 A 20.21 P780 x P721 起m H W M m , v想dues~棚"，，'m驗nJ of re桐proc.al cr必蛇畫 畫 8<0闢啥棚"他叩tabilìty. baM叫 ()Q vanatICCt , ，這，""W吻軸線做你融融旬， bω叫冊間，，'"句fflJJ'rlllj 叫牌...。 但治 • O i\e Tl'<f ll$ a p叮'Ç<;1U of 1.rn:削rrouruÍtnj: tI:通緝毒d拾tant he寫格。"，，"得捕。械、“ieh滋滋治! cOll.uoL " ....S種~mfi<:.anl IIt 1l縛。."他d ô.i.Ollt、啦。 n::spedIVety nd tddb -avoncC OLa oa， aA』且 可 e叫( 叫 牌m巾 例o. 的 P lots, and two pure 5韓伯是s and tbr揖 剖e 間‘ c叫h 有， 帥間n叭 可m Mh n exvn'rxugmrdawo m m 的叫 w s o yy，Mm 俗 獻騙 時 e 站 、 。“ proportions of i andj齡組bplots. Table 5 I ap們 W 划丸治 凶 的 咧， 。mm w 叫e油戶 m叫 shows mean values for yields in pure stands 甜甘i M “ Ht點 e 叫 t L o ' A e m"“ n闊 頃 開銀)t ' and in mixtures over two replications and E eL 臼 O明色加油閉，L啥 three proportions. Competitive Ab詞語yνS. Yield Correlations between the yield of a Studies of∞mpetition were initiated to variety in pure stan心 and ìts avera畢ey時M optimize the effectiveness of CIA T bea除 ov軒闊前ures were 社會4.' for the 閉deter­ breeding methodologies. If the best 悶inate and 0ι3' 加 tbe determìnate yielders in pure stands were also the best varieties, if the yìeld of the pure stand (the yielders in mixtures, bulk breeding for mìxture of a variety with itself) were not yield could be use是Ifn氓， another method included among the values used to 的ing spa借重i plants would have 切 beused. calculate the means Qver mixtures. Tbe yield rank order for mìxtures and pure lines was identical for the indeterminate Six determinate and six 蹄蓮前軒鵑攏ate va泣的es(ifP論 which was heavily infectC\l varieties were evaluated for their com­ wilh ÐCMV, were not considered) petitive abìlity ìn separate te5ls. Ðetween Although 時nk. ord軒 was not Ihe .ame for plant spacing was 6.7 cm and between row mixtures and pure stands among tbe spacing was 0.6 mìn a splìt plotdesign witb determinate varíetî帥， the top three and the al1 possible ij (í l' j) combinations as main lower three varieti的 were the .ame. B.8 1977 CIAT Annual Report τable S. M削，1，值。f yie攝義祖 mixtures for the ó det軒minate and the ó 抽ddermin副e vant'tJ啊. based on 踹岫臨 over2斜斜icatìons and J( 1:3. 日， and 3:1) proportio肘 {orthe臨“t肘e plotsand 桶帥nsover 10 扭曲vidual plot5 for 晶e pure lin甜 Determinate vari副總8 Associ酷的 \and\ 1'89 的槍 1'623 1'635 P637 ['7甚話 M t:祖" 1'89 562.1 立。5.7 46 1.8 546.2 342.8 632.7 毛6K5 1'560 482.1' 623.4 515.5 862.0 625.3 955 , 7 。77 ， 3 P623 255.1 110.4 205.9 297.4 JOH 232 台 2UI.5 1'635 730.7 50 1.7 542.0 628.0 421. 2 577.0 566.' 1'637 958A 。50.9 72 1.1 73 1. 5 第49.6 10叫? ?答5A 1'788 567.0 2683 480.4 475.8 360.2 5屆世 .5 是56.7 Mean of Associates 至92.6 4QJ.4 487.8 590.1 417.8 664.6 Indetenninate Varieties A錯。clates 丸'a:i l."1'> 1'246 P498 1'524 1'56。 Pó43 P69tl ~k這位 1'246 201.6 225.8 149.9 1教0.6 194.9 i 是7.0 [X(J, Ù P498 198.4 442.2 279.8 382.3 243.3 5J5 , S J,.j, 3.ó P524 599.3 683.0 613.1 597.0 已19.3 1099.2 7Ul 、詩 P566 780.9 722.2 619.5 。65.5 68 1.0 lûl起，. 747 ,1} 1'643 493.4 這76.3 5 日 8.5 545.9 470.0 l-ì:S5.6 563.3 1'698 175.6 138.5 58.4 ï6.2 12!U 3D!亨，三 147 , 2 ;\1ean of A晶。ciate事 408.2 448.0 J7 L5 404 。 389.4 6(:>2. ! AiiwalumadJUMSEitot直w較恥喜聞叮主嚀晶置。于p22峙h '"晶刺耳、 m，益"歪 f (lf f' U.ft(jT.C各 b恥ed on ~的OHPpNiqvth133tugh i心山l 苔'， i~1山 to""-" ，，仆句2ü pl..; ，:、 i 島，學 .ahæ(4!\21):;;1 訓p5蚓、~hen 麗f峙時口 mm時tu;n 'l\. a Correlations bεtween yields in mbuures 制ld -0.973" for the ìndeterminate and an益 the average y時治S of associates grown 4剖ermmate types, respectively. with each competìtor were -O.在75 (n.s.) for Thìs experime甜 strongly suggests tl雄t thein如意erminate varietìesand -0.420(n.s.) the 巷的t yielding bush beans in pure stands for the d目前賠inate varietî帥， However, are the best competìtors in mixed stands at when P246 was removed from the analys措 high densities. These results su草草ε'1 that of the indetermina結s， as well as the bulk breedin草 may prove to be the mosl aber阻 nt variety (which produced normal effective methodology for yicld improve­ 車rowth but almost no seed due to Problem ment. Results are bein車 relested in X) analysis of the det皂白mnate van到lCS， segregatm草 hybrid populations from correlations between yields in mixtures crosses between pa時nts wjth contrasting and yìelds of associates b那ame -0約4' plant architectures Bean Program 8.9 r F Pathology VIRAL DISEA!且直8 recessive ì gene; and, (3) the suscep t!ble varieties P634, P645. and S甘ingless Green 單叫nCommo綠斂。帥ic Virus (BCMV) Refugee Strain Enlualion. Several isolates of Table 忌 shows the results of isolation of BCMV, obtained from infected seeds 01' the virus rro揖 field-infected plan臼 with several varìeties in the CIAτgerrn斜斜m 這ystemlc necrOSJSτahle 7 shows !he results bank originatin車 in Latin A臨erìcan of inoculation wi!h 將p from 話CMV co聞封ie5 and the U niled 51a!髓. were systemically infecte.是 plants (Table 的 increased in the SI臨ceptible varìe旬. Boun­ which had been previously infe叫ed with tîfuL Fifteen 10 21 days after inoculation, sap from fiel心infected plants. A co臨命 tbe virus from Bountiful w臨 inoculated pari怠。n of Table 6 and 7 shows that while 0010 a 5el of düfeτential varieties the s峙的ptible varieties presented mosaic developed by Drijfbout in Ho草and an是 symp如ms. G甜甜 N orthern 123 with the Silbernagel 泊 the U nited 5 tates. recessìve i gene was immune to the vìrus straìn. On the other hand, varieties with the The rnost common 剖rain found was temperature sensitive. dominant 1 ger間 盈CMV-I(l可L-I ， W酪t1andîa ortype strain) .showed leaf vein n前問恥s and many plants (60~志，) followed by: BCMV -3 (NL毛， died from systemic necrosis. The low Florida, W臨tern、 I也淌， B, or Cola融); number of plants制約 localized or systemic BCMV-4 (NL-8); BCMV-2 (NL嗎7); and sympto蹄s (Table 6) was due to the low BCMV-5 (1可L品， New York 15 or Irnuna). concentration of the vírus in the inoculum SI閱ins BCMV -6 and 7 were not registered. sourc. plants wìth的.temì. neçrosis. lt was concluded that .yste揖ìc necrosìs was Epipbytotic of 8CMV. An epiphytotic caused by BCMV, probably by 到rain of black -root (sy蜘mic n甜甜sis) occurred BCMV孔， NtA or type 話問in in June, July, and August at CIAT during wb時h abnorrnal drougbt conditions 回ised Purification and ~必abilily of the Virus. ternperatures above tbe averaÌ!e 24!lC. Tb臨 τo obtain maxirnum infectivity of the coincided witb a bigb population of BCM V strain for later use in field infec­ apbids, the natural vectors of BCMV tions and 10 produce an antiserum with a During this epíphytot峙t many 揖彭總atm車 high軒 titer sp叫你知 the vír帥， stability materials showed a hypersensítíve r啥都tlOn experiment益 were done in the greenhouse to BCMV as 研ídenc種d by vascular with 謹iffere制 buffers， at di前erent neçrosis of the root鑿， stems~ leaves, and molarilies and pH's. and combíned with pods, wbich produced rapid de這th of the reducers, oxidizers. and che1ating agen峙 plant, thus demonstratinll tbe p間潤nce of Inf研tivity was 95-100 P前明nt when sap the dominant 1 gene. wasextra'的副主 witb waler from mechanical­ ly infec!ed plants. When buffe時間re used~ T 0 determine which BCM V strains were molarítíes s越perior 10 0.5 reduced ínfectivi­ p記sent. field an垂暮reenhouse te5ts were ty 25 percent. The virus was more 到able done with infected sap from plants con­ with a sodium citratc 趴lffer， O.05M. pH 個蹄ing the dorninant J gene lInd showing 7.5. systemiC necro討S. The virus was mechanically inoculated on the followin草 Method. of M吋捕，當ical In叫ulalioo. varieties: (1) P458. P459. P5岳晶， P675 , and Various meçhanical inoculation sy器時m這 P714 with the dominant J 嘉:ene for were 甘sted. Meεhanical inoculation was tolerance; (2) Great Nor!hern 123 with the tried with a pestle, index finger and thumb, s珀'。 1977 CIAT Annual 終eport 一一一一、 τ"able 6. Re配!I，幟。官發蟬掛斜ibleand蛤1"，.約2 補耐‘ er~ 20 ru"、 ωr nUf!ter) entries and 1194 were susceptible. The 閱紅站imng Anthracnose 2會 I a∞essions were variable ìn their r瞞你閱 and provide是必ditiooal sourc潮 of resist扭扭itolerance. Greenhouse techniques were developed Fi gure 4. Inocutati惜，這Jf bean ru~自治preadèT row警 4 weeks after 抖ant e醋的鑫ence Be鷗抖啤時閉 8.15 re品stanceI tolerance to various root 室。t pathoge肘. princípally to F!揖arium solani f. sp. phaseoli and also to Rhizoctonia $0/1帥" Sclerotium roifsiì an詰 Pylh削msp. Indívídual pathogen nurseries were developed by inoculatíng seed an虛心甘ows 削.th a mix組re of ìsolates grown on sterílize是血ed訟脂ch as rice hul詣. Op­ timum inoculum concentration, plant density and reliable ratíng scales for evaluatíon of 間gregatm車 progenyare 組11 being determined. However, preliminary data indícate that vario泌s a曰~810ns exhibít resist阻tjtolerant reactions to many or all patho轟ens tested (Table 10) Some 2紛 acc臨祖ons were aI甜 planted for field evaluatíon at Popay.主n under natural ínfestatíon with n船arium and Rhizoctonia: 32 percent were re品如 tantj tolerant but 10 percent of these entri的 contame這 a mixture of 斜lsceptíble plants. Promisíng sel前tíons wíll be hgurc 5. Ru !Ot Îom;叫um (mh. lure of rac制) stor叫 '̂ itb calciu臨 cbloride.lnoculum 位在棚"帥ixed 則由 20 dru抖 I 鴨 ~en 10 În ..泊ten. dÎ'itilled 輪訓er ar喝 spra} f(Ì onto plant、 thís year to 時間en for re制stance to 悶甜sof anthracno時 prevalent ín Colombia. A spore susp個品。凡 pnm缸i1y of beta and gam臨a races at 1.2 ~ 1伊Iml (Fíg. 呦， was sprayed on leaves 都必 injected Înto .tem. of 時間lJings whích were incubate這 ma vri L 川 upeLtjj~ AiMmoísture chamber at 19-24"C 、 an述事0-100 d ζ 叫、c P 伶 percent RH. Materials m w研￠軒aluated as: 什。 位 實o F V 閃發腦袋說= no inr.時tion on leaves or stems; J íntermediate =棚all. limíted le啪啦。n leaves with liltle developmenl on s扭扭s; or susceptible = la亨ge lesions on leaves and slem.. often 間using plant 桂eath. Ap­ prOXlmate妙. 100 promìsíng lin的 resÎs揖m to anthracnose races in field nurseri酪 ín Popayán we時a1so tested 肘。therColo恥" bian loca位。臨 to ídentify candidates for an Internatíonal Bean Anthracno學e Nursery Rool Rols 1 ，晨 ur:;，令挖掉吋肘mk înoculati捕。fb捕關時edli時 This year. experiments "Îlb " di，till甜"，..It'r 、“、pt'n明υ但 0.1"\ I妙語pores/俯首鈴 were 盟itíated 10 。f b，'越>>這 nthranlO、‘自、吋錢給每 develop field lechníques for scr'間níng for B缸 16 1977 CIAT Annu甜食8port TabJe 10. b講Ju揖tion of root rot re.置ctlons 1 00 pro蟬i組11 &er由plasm sel配tÍo酪甜 CIAT in 1977. Promising Line Fusarium Rhizoctonia Sderotium Py/hium POO9 1:-;1 JXT-R s J:-- 1 P16~ s lNT I"T 1['<.1 P432 5 在 是 志之 P45海 5毫 革 R 民 P46J INT-R S 技 :只 1 P56。 R R' 很 5生 P622 民 S 11'1 R P646 INT-R JNI S 民 P118 民 S :這 反 P746 R 5之 R 民 P775 1:><1-，這 INτ-R 錢 1:-- 1 F INT=i罷，，~時iate; R= re，is協阱。~=胸絡站1'H.bk. 、 P566 has been moderatcly 叩sceptible 1n otb虹 les15 at CIAI 時tested in arti話cially inoculaled field soil 10 produce abundant q逗antitie洛 of nurseries at ClAT to determine Iheir range basidiospores. Eìght 10 fift自n days after of reactions 10 rool rot pathogens. germination, plants were spray-inoculated, incubated and evaluated five day學 later A鈴單純lar Leaf Spot according to Ihe following scale: 1 = no sy閑ptoms; 2 = Iittle growth. chlorosis Greenhouse techniques to 甜Z甜n germ勵 around Ihe inoculation point; 3 = v臨經 plasm for resistanceltole悶nce 10 angular 哨位的話，間的 33p肘服服 leafchlorosis; 4 = leaf spot were developed. S自dling leaves veínnε口的風 50pe叩開H臨fchlorosis; and were spray-inoculated in the greenhouse 5 = complele leaf necrosis. P I7. P35車， with a spore suspension al 2 x 1伊Iml and P488 an益 P5昏昏 were highly loleranllo web incubated in a moisture chamber (90-100% blight RH) for 24-48 hours at 19-24oC. Symp­ loms appeared 12-14 days after inocula­ tion. Field inoculations(2x 1伊 sporesjml) BM‘ TERIA L DISEA話ES were done at Popayán and an evaluation scale is bei絲釘veloped. Common Bacterial Blighl Web Blight Greenhouse experimenls were done 10 This year, techníqu榔 were wor.ked ou! determi悶 if pathogeníc variation of to screen germplasm f or res坊- common bac記rial blight at CIAτweredue tancellolerance 10 web blighl in the to distinct rac<詣。r variations ìn ìsoJate gr自nhouse al temperatures above 280C virulence. The primary leaves of siχ Wl位195 percent RH. Thefun草:uswas 島rown cullÍvars with different de車rees of tolerance on po個10 dextrose agar (PDA) and afte. or su揖eplibility were clip-inoculal間lath four days，甘甜sferred 如 potato yeasl 101j ml with isolales fro現 Latin Ameri甜 苦exlrose agar (PYDA). After five 血ore an是 the United Slates. Virulence belw明n 仇ys， Ihe fungus was then mixe益 in .Ieril. 泌的酷的 and tolerance of the cultivars Bean Program 8-17 r f Seventy 5 一一γ… 41 3 2 01i 「一-，. 很)[ 102 的 i 啦? 去二話! bOl乏主" Fìgure 7. I叫“缸tloo b斜we'間仰mmon baclerial bUght isol制峭的攏。jfferent le、 els. of \irulence II.nd bt'an cuJrÌ\'a峙 with dilfer針11 lf'、 el.. of tolerance varíed令 but tbere was no interaction at tbe tben inoculated onto a .usceptible cultivar, p "， o 的 level between isolates and cul編 ICA-Pij帥， to recover and estimate fre­ Uvars to 臨ply the presen間。f races 恥血cy ofhigbly virulent i.ol甜的 ìn nalu悶: (Figure 7). Tbese isolates and otbers from populatíons (Table 11). holates from 是証ferent locatio嗚嗚 the Americas were nearly every location were as virulent as T able 11. f'r呵uenC) of vírulent 曲飽捕。nbliabtì峙late:s帥的ect~ frQm dìfferent l個偏ionsinL副師and l'ìorth Amfrk l1. and dip-inoculated onto prima:ry l峙，輯。f sus凹ptìble ICA-Pijao. lsolate ?這 umber of ?這泣mber ot Jsolatc~ "iI 訊社Il且.: !ll Origin 1so1到揖 I描ted Vi rulem a5 XP '123 Viru l..:nt:e1 Colombi績， Cauca VaUey 13 l 直是- 9 Colombia, Re訓時po 9 6 7.4-1位哲 C olombia, other 5 。 5.0- 叫主 Puerto Rico 12 5 j 恥 113 揖缸"0 8 3 早已也必 9.6 EI S晶lvador 7 2 0.7- (í,1) B:ráZil 10 6 7.1-10矗立 U.S.A. , Mlchigan 2 。 5?也 7.6 。載a nrn:mali.ud 切關(}late XP 12J 制'h. 叫rul開借 raun轟 u11ÓtLSD. 吻~ .. l.幻、 8-18 1977 CIAT An"ual Report XP 123 fro訊 Colombìa. Therefore, the viru1ent Colombian i甜late， CIAT XP 123 bacterial bligbt 淵明ningwi起碼ethe 昂的t (5x lO'fml).At22an益 33 days afted鈍itial bigbly virulent isolate in I∞a1 pop滋部io醋 晶。也注t10泣， the light treatment s海nmca捕“ 。ftbepatbog閱 10 evaluate gomψi扭扭 for ly 是elayed flowering a設社 1eaf 揖鈍輔cence， E臨詠梅ncef to1eran純 increased foliage deve10p血臨t and pro防 duce這i a tol盯ant r軒ponse in the n。如 革研eral varieties to1eranl to 帥蹄臨揖 adapte是 P岳98. These differenc描 were a1so h齡terial bli轟bt (Xanthomon獻 F似seoli confirmεd with yield d叫亂 thus 都ld X. plu13eolj var. fuscans) in temperate dçmonstrating the effect of poor plant zon都 are 甜甜eptíb1e under tropica1 con­ adaptation on common bacterial blight 是ítío榔 at CIAT. Tbís makes paren油i tol.用nce. TheCIAτbr唱ding 揖ction will 5el如t油n and pro於ny 臨Z甜甜ng more soloc! parents with bacterial b1ight dífficult. Therefore, sludies were ínít楠ted tolerance and/or incorporate tolerance in 1事77 to inv錦tigate tbe influence of p1a削 from poorly adapted parents within an adaptation a給這 enviro伽師級ta1 factors agronomic background well-adapted to upon di揖制e 個:action，制d to deve10p tropica1 conditions. reliab1e greenhou甜 and field t如hniques 10 DISEASE OBSERVATION TRIALS eva1揖te ∞融mon bligbt tolerance at CIAT. In collaboration with the Instítuto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), CIAT F ive cultivars were selected w b時h were bean bre叫ing and pathology planted m臨ptib妞， tolerant, and varied for n urseries in 臨vera1 a時as of Co10mbia to photoperiod sensitivity (Table 12). The simultaneously eva1uate germplasm for poor1y adapt叫 cultivars， P684 伽d 帥98， plant adaptation and disease resistance. were treat叫 with supplementalli叭tíngto Several promising accessions po眉目揖4 simulate temperate zone ligbting and to multip1e disease resistance or tolerance to extend t Îme 10 t1owering. Be單紋阻n削ni切n囂削 20 various plant patho車ens such as n油畫， days after 車.e口rn anthracnose, we忌 b1igbt， powdery 血泊帥， ocul扭a刮t“ed 揖a.t w揖kly i且n:t峙e仰a訓d必s 蜍by wa軾違t泌軒恥 gray spot, Ascochyta bligbt andω臨mon soaking with bacterial 闊cel1S詠 of a 划h2沮ighl妙y bacterial b1ight (Table 1勻， Tabk 12. Eff缸1 ot dilfere甜甜亨通，棚勵輸給 on '"蹄，鵬總 海海融 (Xamhorn帥部ph翩翩絲電蟬吋喝點是 Co血mon盈lig怯農組cUon Te由perate Trop泌al Pro扭扭E弩 Adal'臨tion Nor師.1 Norm剖 Exten正Icd Lines atCIAT P!\ótóp軒時d F恥to拼實約4 Photoperiod2 P684 Poor s s s P的8 Poo, T s P49草 Good s 5 S P5卷。 Good s $ 5 P至97 Good T T T S'" 組僅:eptîble; T '" loJ< IM l.tm，; tlH叩;:0 僧"揖恤，，， h話，甜 3rd mltarl. Bean Program 8-26 / r.ble 22 聽.101語關海 b前W韓信蟑扭扭曲"level，l>揖削.far祖祖唔 fleld (.略 3r嘲H叫棚。Iac叫.-C.H曲.~ Remaining vaSJdQd m Fe甜tng Esti血.ted Leaf Art:a Period (自p Inf，扭扭tion Level 辭斃。i aEιE 羽 甜甜 pla帥ng) (ad世但!plant) c.到問l m m 8 -15 0.9 82.9 96.1 1.4 67.0 79.8 3.0 52.5 12.4 15“ 22 1.2 學3.1 113.8 1.4 71.2 11 1.4 3.7 583 70.1 22-29 L1 89.0 89.8 1.0 77.4 15.1 3.7 53.1 48.& The eff輯:t ofadult f，闊別:Iing on bean yícld Tarsonemid mitc, 1'0 W齡 also studied. Preliminary results lat肘" was report側 10 融叫cuptoS6 showed that up to 22 days after planting, 19 percent yield 10帥制. Fift僻npestic祕開 were P都制nt defolíatíon or up to 1.4 adults P盯 tested for P. /.叫削闊別州. in whieh heans 辨nt 總鈍 he tol明ted 如thout s韌的制誰 were sprayed wìth 似methoate to prot甜t 知Id 10輯(Table 22). From 22 to 29 days them from leafhopper 111臨çk and whi<:h after píant紡車， 。臨 adult per plant enh扭曲s P. latu.s attaek a峙。rding to thc signif雕刻y 惱怒揖d yields. lite阻turc and previo翩。b時rvatio間 at CIAT.R揖ults of the he帥 eightcompounds 聽ROAD 聶華ITES art shown in Table 23. B制n yield was h啦叫“益。絨線捕枷ulfl輪 treatmcnt b滋 keltha翩翩d hoatathion w前e 組組 In the CIAT Annual Report 1975, the efl1都tíve. T棋路difon w輔泌必lv “組ive Tabl.23. D.臨aee grade, ml1e p叩...自 n anddryb輔..神論 f嚼。制睹舍，轉糊糊tbyd絨曹輯是扭轉ctlcl凶盟 (ave:. 3 r叩licales時 ICA-PQa。其 Av g. Dam. Grade No. of (0-3) of P. lat闢 No. 011究 úz，甜g T. deSerlCJrUffl 。0$過 7 Days after 50ay. JO Oay. after Yield p"揖泌的 (a. i./ha) 1st Appliç after 1.. Appl臨 2nd Apptic. (kg!ha) 關d""ujl制 1.23 liter 0.18 950 178b< 20150 di開fol O.841ittr oι.f8 124de 30c 1783ab 的缸呻加8 0.40 liler 0.5f8 1I5de 127. 1765ab 師閣氫臨蛤 0.50 lIter 1. 5吋e 35b 119bc 1711b 融Z臨時I 1 的 kg LOef l23liode 8940 t晶晶 Am啦啦 O.06líter 1. 5吋e i制e 42, 1648b mono啊。top加8 。.28 1itεr L8ed 認枷￠ 186b< 1578b 揖rbofú鴨綠 。.12 k8 2. 1b< 318b< 617. 的岫b Control 3.00 349b 231bc 1155c 8.26 警車77CIATA的nual Report Table 24. Effect 01 diff，訂甜"咕etable揖認棚n屁幫-applicd 聞齣ucbidblol呵)'onb輯蟬扭嗎 h叩1擔糊糊帽， 100 &輔C弘融f自led 削臨 7 pai峙。.f adul巷道). % Adult Mortality afttr ?這 o. Em訂&ed Appl認at呻n at Days Progeny ml 伽11 Xù. EWi Adultsj 的11 kg 甜ed 2 7 Replic Replic Soybean 15 52.9 107.8 6.4 5 1師 i曲 G o 10 1曲 100 o 。 Mix.ed 9 84、 3 12 1.6 13、。 5 1冊 i柚 。 Q 10 100 i助 o G Maîze 22.5 88.6 89.0 13.2 主 1的 l珊 。 G w 1樹 i曲 Q o Co鈍紋。l o 1.4 318.8 208.0 咿inst Telronychus 紗 mites but not 闊的 but 甜lec話。棚 F必4 鞘d PS07 a紗inst P. IaIUS. By cont隨鼠， carbaryl was maintaine是 a low resistan扭扭veI. T Iús effo闊的e a串ainst P. /0犯lS but 崎喝。d a m臨扭凰臨 W師問紗帽S絨服自du臨d Te/.叩Iych凶 outbr胡說 EI恥al may be more effective by increasing tbe dosage. “o泌.position and emergen，時. or prolong叫 velopment period for ZIlbro個. STORED GRAIN INSECTS Vege直able oi1s were tested for control of 草rucbids inf割臨tions in slored 城ans. About 就蜘 germplas組 bank翩翩ions Tbree∞olting oils were lumbl骨applied如 were tested for res峙個 10 tbe Bruchíd, tbe beans wbich were Iben infesled wilb Z. ZIlbroles 叫你ISC切Ius. ln tbe three trials, s械fosclal腦 (Table 24). At 5 融I1旬， 100 tbere were variatio肘 in resistan揖 foreach P盯明nt adult 組ortality w峙。b揖rved. Table 25. Seed germination and w到前甜甜巾的。眼followinl甜甜tmenl繭樹m明曲:e oDaruhtora，efor1o r 180 也ys (a"g. 5 and 3 r呼恥01.愁。f 甜甜甜， “叫 1峙章， J輔伊<1l..l y). Percent Gennination of Percent Weight lncrease by S"，dS岫r甜 after 011 Soakìng f，郎以踐他的er Oil ml oil/ Treatme削 for Treatment and Storage foτ: kg b位朋 F是站一一一一弘一可聞社主.ys I day 18Q day:; 寫8.7 85.9 107.& IOHb 多 87.1 82.4 102.2b 102.2b 10 83,7 71 卷 l插 3b 1035b Control 90.0 19.6 101.1. 107.7a Sign.levcl 給 s n.s 8一ean Progra棚 8-27 / A接ditionaUy， when beans heavily inf釘ted than manual application鑿;only I t02mlof with 泣rvae were treated with 5 ml of oil tumbler-applied 墓前e comple師 control ∞tton揖ed oil!k囂。f beans, adult while up 10 5 臨1 were required when emergen明 was al閥割gnlficantly reduce謹， applie這 m帥臨lIy. Oil appli位tio臨 did 位。t indicatin車 tbat tbe oils also affected affect seed germination or water ab峙中­ Bruchids after tlteir penetratìon in the seed. tion (τable 25). Tumbler applications were 攏。re effeclive Physiology Pbysiological sludies ∞nlinued on yield with yìeld(r= -0.94). Mean radiationan這 H朋iting faclors an吐 adaptation com備 甜甜perature data recorded during the ponenls of Phaseo/us vulgariJ 串er血plasm experiments {Table 2紛 show extremely at CIAT ar泌 Dagua (a1titude 車3日 msl)and low climatic variability 81 Popay孟n (allilude 1，放約 msl) durin囂 1976-1977 Yield variation for one variety at one location over a r是umber of scasons provìd的 GROWTH AND YIELD OF a useful 間輪船。f evaluatinj草 Ihe ìmpor­ PORRILLO SINTETICO tance of various physiolo嘉ical parameters in yield determination. The hi草hly si皇位ifi­ ln 1975 Porrillo S泌的ico was select刻 as cant correlatio提 of podslm', total dry a rep扭扭ntalive variely to sludy yield matter at 蹄aturity and maximum limiting factors under tropical conditions. node number, shown at the bottom of Results are now available for J 2 車rowtb Table 26 supports the preliminary analysis experimen詰 conducted at CIAT ∞nclusions (CIAτAnnual Report, 1976) from 197牛 J 977 under irrigated and tha t crops with larger vt\草etative structure protected conditions. Yield and other have higher yields. 1如reased dry matter paramete時 sludied are p甜甜nted inτable production (correlation witb yield 26. 挂帥ults for experiment 7616 are rζ 載96) and a relatively constant included where Porrillo Sintélico was harvest index (r ~酬O.28)wereass部iated grown at f our distan研s from a line of with this yield trend. Increasing node incandescenl lights with a 16 hr 30 min structur怒 increased leaf area index “你磚惚， causíng progressive lengthenin墓 resulting in higher levels of photosyntlutte 。f the growth cycle due to the pholoperiod supplyat least up to 甜iling I輪far臨 which 韓伯.itivity of Ihe variety. The highe.t yiel述 was from 4.110 4.2 m'!m' in tb盟 variety (4.1 tlha) in the seri個 was recorded for the under non-Iodged condi話。的. Further plots adja，阻nt to the li草hl source (CIAT mcreas臨 in Ieaf area in the upp研 nodes Annual Repo話， 197岳}眉 aft盯l10wering were balan自治 by I臨f ar帥 Joss due to 盟nescence at the lower nod自z Y賠ld variability for the 12 cycles was a髓。cialed with faclors 臨mmarized in Table 27. Lodginιbacterial blight Leafar晶 duration(LAD)，the阻tegrated (chemical control was not effective) and leaf area 都aílable over a particular period 抽.íl facto時 such 輔 high sodìum sa turation of the growth cycle，時 a measure of the in one field were probably most importa鈍t lolal avaìlab詰ity of green leaf ar，臨 wÎth allbougþ the 間lative importan峙。f these time. F igure 9紋。哨the lin個r relationship factors cannot be accu揖lely indicated yet. of maximum node number 10 LAD for the The 叫血。，f the severity 峙。閱當 for Ihe six whole growth period (emergence to facto路 in Table 27 was highJy 如何elated phy缸。10似晶J maturity) for tbe 12 cy叫晶晶 8.28 '977 CIAT Annual Repo時 曹 jae Vield IU吋 yield (:ómp棚甜ts fór Porrillo S帥"恥。翰 po'Wth analysis 輯P輔輸給籠包 .1 CIAT from 1帥，已76. YìeJdl ín pl/ Yield amea ,'jDay 剝 囂阻n gj帥l .t Duys to Days to tn 叫 F叫 Total4 H.何目t' Ma甜甜當揖 Size in D可制制te， Jndex Node No. Expen閣制$ 14嚨恆。揖ture Flowering1 M斜叫ityl g/m1 /day m阿 內 心揖 祖g/bean in 81揖2 m 習毛 l ;, m2 w 7616 412 (37)" 叫 51 95 4.12 314 5,1心1 197 698 52 IO lQ 7630 355 (25) 33 69 4.19 276 5.49 2岫 503 61 732 7616 347 (39) 43 84 3,99 255 5, 79 201 562 53 806 7707 312 (28) 33 75 3,90 256 5,72 182 475 56 572 7616 298 (37) 3。 71 ),92 215 5 靜 208 474 多4 主曲 7609 295 (26) 32 72 3,83 220 5.65 204 4 lQ 62 545 7616 277 (39) 36 69 3,74 是02 5.59 210 409 58 549 7541 277 ( 4) 34 72 3.59 208 5,93 191 384 62 576 7612 2肘。的 33 76 3,27 車揖 5 們 186 381 59 607 7629 232 (26) 34 81 2.69 180 5、29 214 349 57 492 7503 227 (20) 32 74 2,87 210 4 車? 191 343 57 598 7622 219 (30) 33 位? 3.04 192 5,52 176 337 56 612 Mean 293 36 75 3,64 227 革 60 197 444 57 638 Stand , D軒 (57) (5,6) (7.6) (0,59) (39.3) (0, 30) (12) 。06) (3,3) (145) r (VJ. yield) 0.74 。 85 0.85 0.94 。.4 1 0.17 0.96 .;).28 0.81 I Yidd a:輔導'"咽 007to IOml .har明甜甜"緣份'''P包治恤，也. 4 repbcatio組脾窒"'" Daya from ft明缸，“語& J Yidd/ω， ú棚陣磁...泌帥，，..咐，叫“..'"旬 , "'"帥"前ted. by ratio ot持ldof 制甜瓜 pl(lt; yÌC'泌的 3甜 e蟬掛棚圳呻揖m阱 , 農醋。 y叫d: total 命，輸.attn at hu糟蹋 (mín.. ~鍾Vω...."扭扭 .t maturily) .'... 1'金站哺制如圖恥 @ f Table 27 Sev咐'Y 時制揖.1 for po盟Ibl. U盟1.1.尊 h時調扭曲曲。f 臨. aro制渝制曲曲棍，總1m..嚇 wltb Porrilo S知線為to at CIAT tro棚 1步75-17. Bacterial Heliothis Soíl Póor Total Experiment Lodgíng 臨lì&htl 'P Mitesl Salínity" Drair油醉 Scor電 7630 6 7707 發 ?關9 z ? 7541 2 3 9 1616 2 3 9 7612 3 3 10 7629 4 3 11 7503 5 2 3 II 7622 4 4 12 • ""甜零，話。tt: !.. faClor nCI pr嘟"、 S""(j酬。r IH tuah level of $It、帕恥酬""甜，妞"述。.""棚"脾附棚論醉'Y110klaY uperimenu 1\1 CIAT , .紛t(rÎlll b.lip,ht COOI繭，郁 z甜攏肝電叫th availab悔 C總嘿騙他 全 M能e ~mt.anC<2 production was divide址 betw揖nveg說al1ve factorìa通 experiment witb the appropriate and reproductive parts with a sli車ht treatment combinatiol雄 8re p提揖nle益揖 increase in harvest index ìn the C02 Table 3 1. τbe over講話 yield increa時 dueto 甘甜tment in both perio翁， C02 fe前H立a垃onfro抽 -510 +3 S days from f10wering was only 21 per阻nl (Tr eatment The re叫118 stron車Iy suggest that 1) compa間d 10 43 P軒研nt 血 the first p hotosynthate 恥，pply ìn the ìmmed唱te experiment. The crop was well grown and post-flowering p悅。d controls pod set and Iodgìn喜 was not a problem: leaf area of y時i是 in th時 variety. An improvement in adja時，nt con缸。 crops approacb紛 photosynlhate supply should be possible 4.0m'!mλ Proba語句， tbe control 鋪nopy by 位ther increasing 1組f盯闊的d leaf ar組 was more efficìent in this experiment duralion or by increasing the 間ggesting tbat pboto.y則hate supply w儡 photosynthetic efficiency of the available not 齡Iimitin軍﹒ The efC，缸ts of NPKS leaf area. Both will be aided if .tem fertìlization were entire1y additive witb no 叮ectness and lodgin且 resís祖n時canalsobe 叫館臨tion of a positive interac拉個.A 岳 i臨proved. per臼nt lnC甜甜e 朋于措Id w揖間corded for NPKS application with or without CO 2 Carbon Dioxidel必ajor Element fertìl誼alìon. In thi. experiment，甘祖 yield F ertilization incr閻部 due 10 C02 supplemen祖lionw臨 時1到ed almost entirely 10 扭扭crea揖珊 A second experimen I was c明ducted to pod 時t wbich emph帥lZ揖 the impo揖制呵 I.SI the h ypotl閥割S 控攝1 foli缸 appli，個tion 。f photosyntbate supply during thìs pba聽z of major nutrients (N, P , K and S) to the canopy could ìncrea阻 yìeld a1tb甜ghthe F oliar F ertilization 酷Dlffer臨tGrow撞車 crop had been fertil盟ed with 011 the critìcal St何借 e1ements 剖 sowing. Research ìn soybeans in the UI滋滋 St剖蜘 bad suggested this An experiment was a!so conducte益 to 8-34 1977 CIAT Annuat Report T曲. , 31. Eff.時 of earbon d話叫de fj酬iIiZ削i間 (-5 椏吋5融yl fro棚 ßQwer抽盼轍d Coliar 叩抖油加nof NPKS 輔t yjeld 觀喝醉揖蟬.ter還 of Ponillo S融甜ico at C1AT. Bean Nooe T otai Dry Harvest Yìeld Podsl Beansl Weight in Number Matter 甜甜 Treatt濃ent' g/m:2 臨2Pod mgfbean J/m;281臨% C02 471(121) 328 5，制 219 605 706 57 是 NP革S 割草106) 286 5,73 216 501 608 58,) C02 φNP區S 493( 126學 330 5.83 220 505 716 59 , 2 Control 抽~1部) 273 5.59 219 50多 574 58 , 4 Field plot 353(揖) 248 5.78 212 527 510 持 5 L.S.D. 0,05 45 .l(i 0.52 13 62 63 ),8 CY 9品已6 6.54.8 3, 1 6.2 5.4 3.4 , T;甜敝扭曲tt ,... in !扭著 dwn'自-.;.CO.，帥.Im/;耐 用梅 ppm C02.NPKS 閱單i叫ent 10 勵1車站:Ha!i攝攝"眉楠lappli偏tí~flf:ld p岫....間由d 脾，. .備。UI 編組品‘ d研aIpZiaf;訟ptmIH臨阻5，n錯扭kt。s曲g由joehea啊fwUlhdtthc揖峙aFh z- Iat}otohnaes-tn toF。gKf間 SNaa 'Pnm時Etdass耳pwa時 itpimthipuvl臨Hmeclaym.tiaosniaa轟t dt2vriiageetaniactilf mi甜we阻n食htisPct Zih珊z pzcsmemunda磁teuo借od 學揖(d由g酷組athTndea iibsrieh2esut pl軒b3t2us明.toZMf of 80 Yield yield which suppo愉悅 results of the Tab胎 32 Yield and yie揖目mpone尬的 of Porr辭。 SÙlIé動。 fQr 10 制lar 'p!'，吋叩pli甜tlon 貨值1m輯，tsJ of NPKS叫耶蜘dalSd誼uent lfOw晦，這時蟬 atCIAT. T"旭INutrie叫 Appl總atJon St8JI揖2 Yieki :<10 持。 Bean NP瓦E 。f (149砂 Pods Beansf 有每'1. in N9毛 kglba BTowth 8/ m l!m2 poo mg/b甜泊 Bean拿 COßtrot 312 (100) 239 5.71 228 4,21 80:12.0:33,0:5.0 1 ，立~3.4，S 323 (1個} 252 5,51 232 4,02 16: 2,5: 6.6: 1.0 339 (109) 253 5.70 235 4, 10 16: 2.5: 6.6: 1.0 2 313 (1ω} 231 5.72 236 4, 14 16: 2.5: 6.6: 1.0 3 333 (107) 257 5,59 立39 4.08 lb‘ 2.5: 6.6: 1.0 4 332 (1蝴 249 5.33 234 4, 10 16: 2.5: 6.6: 1.0 5 320 (103) 2這4 5,26 237 4, 22 32: 5.0: 13.22,0 1, 2 328 (105) 255 5,49 233 4, 11 48: 7.5: 19.8:3,0 1, 2,3 339 (1蝴 280 5, 13 223 毛 18 64:10,O:U,4:4,Q l.2,3,4 324 (IQ4) 250 5,39 237 4.18 L.S.D. 0,05 39 3。 0,59 16 。 20 c.v 每 8.2 9,5 7.5 4,8 3.3 At呻M耐悔過軍耐d輯aEwtFb-EιAIIP K社G2M4I圓H〈i話aJn鶴1世"fomIfpmNb 獻PthMZAmMPm扭r4asE扭rqZ輯.關d攝m制wFdpaypHfOmHmph啤晶，te I\et隘嘔恤蚓帕拉2 仰咽世前站直叫祖祖且.pplled 間咱自替自緝捕1\1;1嘿 .. G，o輔h 5taø~ J =~J 4a~.， lrom Ilowerina; ;;!; dav uf floweIlllJL ]=..7 祖阿拉令 14 ".'餌 '=+2自由1你 eean 抖啤悶悶 也-35 / prevlO喝 experiment. Whi1e further S甜甜喝ing for Pbo量。perlod R閣會on輯 m揖rcb maybe n都聽揖哼， it appears 發lat wben a bean <:rop is 哨lI provided 啦th lOiI­ Photop諒。d 臨reenìng of a琵 prom臨ìng applied nutrien誼 at plantÎll8 thered個snot 區剪輯 has becn ∞mplet給 by study阻車 tbe app轍r to be any r個Ir輔pon揖 toù扭扭的f pbenology of t誼會盟斟盯純1 under the Iìghts fo益ar-appli叫關luble nutrlents d磁ing the (18 hr/day) ∞mp缸ed to that of conlrols growth cy<:le. On the otber ha蚣， where grown 齡 tbe norma1 day Ic灣th( 12hr 20 defi咽ite 組，iJ defic泊nC\臨 exist， foliar 臨組:). The field Ii紋lt syslem for 輯Z牌位in辜 appli捕tio制 could be of value when W帥 alte軒:d prior 10 Ihe 旭sltwo 缸reenings applied at critica1 growth s姐於& toaccomm，祕ale more materials. The new system ulilÎles an overh臨d Iightbank(草3x ADAP宮ATlON COMPQr唯ENTS 300 w in曲祕e糊恥 bulbs mount祕2.5 m over an area 25 m x 25 點). The system Research ∞剝削cs on physìological accommodates S∞泌Ierent materiaJs componc轍。f adaptati楓 considered grown in staked hill plo個 (1 mxSOc間)in i峙。rtant in dct.r犧ining thc range of two replicatio酪 per trea祖nent. adaptation of ge酬pl副恥 $扭轉間ng methods 駐e being d牌電lop紛 10 甜lect A comparison of the 組rlier Iinear li車ht suita學1. parents with dcsirable system witb the new overhead metbod for charact前ist.風 τ泌的mponen鵲閻公r 10 te5t varieties is presented in Table 33. cva1間tion i臨Iude: photoperl。這拇指8Îlìvi­ The CI僻e agreement 泌tween metho公 ty, exc鳴響詞話 wal~r loler潮時悉， water str晶s 錯轟轟ested that the 間sults for all four resi翩翩， temperatu措 (altitudc) adap臨﹒ 甜reenings eould heωmbined.A甜mmary 位。n， planting必酪íly respon師組dgro輔h of the combined data for 808 materi松， habit stability.τhc Jatter is under sludy at 醋。stly P lin帥 is p間組nted in Table 34. CorneU U niversity in a ∞llaboralive Forty吋ne pereent of the lines tested were 悶甜甜hp吋鬧; workin 愉isarl輔atCIAT photop棚。d insensitive (< 4 days fJower­ W巡 b吟in in 1會18. ìn轟 deJay in 18 hr days). The data a1鞠 T.ble 33 虹。間辦晶。n 叫 two 叮當海臨5 to SCI'e<<珊 for ph醋。'peri(唔，側，。倒健 atÇIAT: 甜磁帶獻傀儡 of啪.ar.軒 重臨捕前。f days 01 flo"，甜可 delay 伽 18 回垂 直主卸 lOmÌll ph剖呼到制胎fm 10 control "缸iet柚 給看lyS of Flowering Debty Linear Ligh t Overhead Lìghl Sour帥 $uurCé TEP輔ro2關majnzLane EX7抖50nlmAeat Ex7p5eOruInBe su E主pcrîmem Photoperiod! E濃perim祖t 7617 Cla~si{icati(ln P曲事 17 10 15. 5- 3!逗 ?割掉 。 1.5 1:> F個8 15 15 15 3l喝 POI2 .1 主 05 IN P302 1 明2 。 IN Pl4師 23 21 23.5 4:>1 P459 7 3 0.5 1:-0 P566 14 10 13.5 31咱 P514 29 18 16.5 31活 P540 16 16 17 3N j 1 1"4=唱“'Y' delay: 11峙。給缸;y. d攝影; JN= 峙:ro dayt delay 輔$忌器JO days Ikl的尸甜言治恥h dCl的、總 "by'::;lX '-'1 峙棚""" ""-岫臨詛豚認鵬總知繪曲" 8.36 1977 CIAτAnnúa' Repo時 Y油le 34 Summary of帥mbined data f;肘 photoperlod r輔po阻e 輯時間in醉 by 獻。wth habit or &n甜plasm select如ns It CIA T, (rom 的污-77， Growth Cla磁ificàtion of Photoper時d Response Habít 2 3 4 5 l'utal <4' 4-10 11-20 21-30 > 30 97 22 59 30 lι 226 (43芋 ( 10) (26) (1 3) ( 8) (100) 11 163 40 67 17 ? 29等 (55) (14) (BI ( 6) { 2) (1 00) 111 61 26 41 38 逞。 互為 (30) ( 13) (2;)) (時} 119) 叭叭JJ IV 15 ? 18 10 32 52 ( 18) {的 (22) ( 12) (J9) (1 00) Total J36 95 185 95 97 8 日8 (4 1) (12) (23) (12) (12) (10的 路&學l Qf flo明'"灣 ddayat 181\1d aysω ，~個信叫!{I nat l,lu.I 血肉的'8th of 11hr 1() mm , D副.m 搶修le giv的 numher and per僑總'" .'阱。1抒情 wahillg均wth h.a訊的 confirme河j Ihc tendency repo討ed earl悶rfor lateness for higher latítudes O.e,:> 15Q!\ or à lower proportion of insεnsiüve materlals S) could be improved by usin島 parents w哨h in growth habits ul an社 IV ， In part止ular， intermediate Jevels of sensìt俐的心 Provìded the very hi草h proporlion <3 宮 percenl) of the relevant cropp偏喜 system allows extreme 將nsitivity <>30 days delay) in the productíon durin草 Jon草 days (i ,0,> 12 Type IV material is an interesting feature hours), an jnc間a甜甜 the pre f10wering 0 1' these data , Evaluation of possible period shoul社 re浴ult. relative to R峙。ns for this tendency 時 somewhat photoperiod insensaive materìal hampered sincεthe exact origin of the original germplatim materíal is often un­ ScrccnÎn蠶 for 1"01甘削ce to [xcess 話。il kno、、信 叭叭甘 rhe importance of ph叫opcriod inse軒 Bean production in 咎。me pa立S of the SHl、 ity în beans wìth respect to wide world is limited by heavy rainfallleadîngto adaptation has not yct bccn fully watcr log且mg 1羽 poorly draîned soils , Two m組luatc泣. but when completo results 01' the experìments evalu叫ed a possible sc:eening fI rst lllY 丸:\: have been analyzed a c1earer method for tolerance to excess soil water ptcturc should emerge , Or惜。f the objec­ undcr C!A T con丑泌的ns ， ,,,. suitable 扭扭 was ti\cs 01 Ideotype B bree拉伯g (CIAT le、 ded an益 banks constructed 50 that Annual Report 19ì6) at Cl AT is to water could 忱的aíntaÎned in furrows at a mcrease 做 pref10wering períod. Whíle the helghl of 5 to ~ cm 色elow the crest of two search for lateness to flower 品 row beds ( I m cenler 10 eenter) , W剖盯 W的 photoperiod ll1sen訓tJve an桂 acceptable 市改mta!oe吐叫你時 height from 12 days agronomic types in the germplasm bank after cmerg侃侃 untíl phy針。logical maturí­ has no'. pro、 ed very fruÎtful to date , ty , In the fir51 experíment 25 P lines \"Iere Bean Program 8-37 Table 35. \'iekV data for 曲線輯伊錯m間.tal 輯剛蟬呵輔 CIAT for e:lC:紛紛毒攜楠祖 tolft'叫開 for 關軒ted varie鉗制 Yield g(m Grow組 E甜甜S %Y叫d P Line Na血g Habit Control Wa'"實 Redu.cüon P566 Porrillo S蟬健全銬。 11 (BP 誠。 201 14 P757 Porrillo 1 11 (B) 22ß 175 23 1'675 ICA論Pijao 11 (B) 260 190 27 ?每53 lCAτ前 11 (B) 243 175 2包 Plll S-182N 11 (B) 241 141 41 P302 Pl 309 8個 11 (B) 248 13l 是6 P643 Nep 2 11 (W) 219 117 啥? P788 PI 284 703 1 (Y) 216 115 47 Pì37 Ja臨apa (VEN) 11 (B) 2甜 142 47 P4l9 Jamapa (CRI) 11 (8) 271 141 48 P692 DiacoI Ca1ima 1 (R) 242 112 54 P617 Linea 17 1 (R) 252 109 57 Pll2 $斗。6AN IlI(日) 291 118 餒。 LS.D. (Var x T甜甜 10.05 49.9 C‘V、% i已 2鳴 B SMe總edaco品f。r如:鴛Ba冒苟，~s島kaSIWonZaWpeMf W酬'"絲毫 W、 Y揖，.御w; R::::r回 evaluated and 100 lines i~the second. The Table 36 R臨鐘Jtsl ofthe 揖corul 扭曲嘩嘩 W甜甜 results 叫囂gest th品 large genetic 梅1era轟甜甜reenÎna experi鵬輸t 別 dífferences exíst for resistance 給訊時揖 CIAT: data 1m th麓 numbu of vlrieti輔 water in the materíal evaJ臨te益也 Table 3S 制thìn three toJerat總~da扭曲ca1io臨 by growtb habit. showsthat 甘le~Po肘悅。，'typ晶(P566， P757, ~675) sh.owed excell~nI.~!:~ar:c:~h~e~~e Growth Pe時ent Yîe1d Reductioní 'Jamapa' type material (P302, P737, P45會) Habit Low Mode-rate Hi事h τ。祖1 ha垂 a relativeJy uniform yíeJd reduct時nof 〈輯程 峙甜%>錯唸 絡站 48 perce財 The largest yieJd 穹的JC- tíon in the first experiment (飯灣紛 was for 6 14 21 the black-'祖eded P512. While black T ype 11 varietíes showed the hi車hest tolerance (29) (67) ( 4) 。臨} level，絡站 clear that the 蹄蓮ponse 18 not Il 4 26 5 35 甜lated to 時ed coJor per se , A summary of (11) (74) (14) (1明) 廿三e screenm草 resul脂 for the 盟∞nd 111 2 19 6 27 experiment is presented in Table 36. ( 7) (7 1) (22) (U關} Total 12 E多 12 8.1' Ser< 0 睡 foUowing 的轟atlOn. Stomatal closure during the onset of slre55 3840 445 734 145ll5 nonnally r自UI甜 in higher canopy ili te間peratures up to a limit 是et盯mined by i the reradìation characteristics of the leaves. Varieties exp前lencmg progressl鴨" Iy higher t. T values during a drying cycle suffer higher levels of tissue water 臨時品， genotypes P級2 and P729. M閥surements Measurements were ì訟tiated at ap備 for 將會2 indicated th位 it .uffered 車reater proxlfna認Iy maximum leaf area ind閱 (7 到ress which was also veri鈺ed by vi叫al day翠 after previous irrillation)at 1100耐 1230 observation. P729, which.was previously daily in 44 varì位i晶 (growth habìts 1,11 an益 identìfied in Peru (CIA T Annual Report, 1II). R揖滋1&1詩I詣ts are av制aì施labl扭e ，fQ匆言 five days of 1975) as having possible slrt.5 resistan冊， m鵲翱r甜eme削z唸閒3扭 b忱efω，Or間e the 臼fl扭rst 問ins of the ha益 a strt.8e這 canopy lemperature slightly w帆揖鵲on inSe線pt扭εmb悅e棺r 扮197η7 forced early below the control plot. Table 37 sum­ 扭n闊， 臨缸izes Ihe ~ T 問道主ding渾 over five 益ays show 命L= τ values for two e別xtr軒e搗r闖πn肘2蟑e according to growth habit. There is a definite tendency for higher “ stress" in Type 1 materìals compared 10 the ìndete• ml閱te types which was also verified ín JCO…11:工三 field ob盟rvatìons τhe results are pro血ísing for quicldy 294斗-t ↓ HJ! and quantitatively evaluating water 8lfess re翠 ístance on lar臨，e numbers of materìals without rely跟單 on the 組bjecti精 method l.5 of vìsual 部orin車 or other more time­ consumin草 methods. Dry season research at CIAT ìs pl剖珊ed 10 correlate the results of the method with y阻ld reductions in st閥割 trealmen!.. The method could provide a meful tool for screenìng Qf 祕vance謹 material. S growth habit 1 tratio設 of soluble c缸忌。hyd站起s were greater in 的鉤 tban in P紡車 (Fig. 15). 14 UWFMmihZ立特1州 F urther studies with these two cultivars are underway 12 !ú DENSITY EFFECTS ON NITROGEN FIχATION 8 The effec! of planting density on 6 nitrogen fixation ìn P49車. P590 and P635 • was stud姆拉 using the BI鴨綠ale parallel row desi軍n. Between and v. ithìn row 2 spacìngs were varìed on a 1. 1i 1.0 ratìo and plant dens泌的 increased from 5.5 to 120 4 一12 pìantsj闊天 Weeks After 們ant甜g At 39 days after plantin車， the eff配t of 多了ìgure 15. Diffl叫甜￡揖 ín the 時，1uble tarbobydrate populatìon den,ity on nitroge泊益xation ('ontenl of nodu臨 in 11 fUltlvanJ Qf Pha，混沌，Iw vane益 3ccordin車 10 cultivar心 On a per plant \'ulgaris. in 叫淵。"神 growth habit 8-42 1977 CIAτAnnual Report N2 F血ation 軒棚。1C2H4Prod恥甜肉nt-l hOur~l) 叮寸守一-一「 'T 14 121 W! 8 6 4 2 」一午一斗一一斗-4!! }…一~…~~ 20 40 胡鸝 I曲 120 Fig敵軍 16.lnßu..間 of p111Dting d. .甜 "個叫鈞。已棚封建輔扭ninJc咄ivarso( ph斟eolus vulga帥， 39 days .fter 酬峙， at 指，gher densiti臨鈍。W研er， N 2 flxation elevated concentratlOns of 801泌10 臨F per 盟it Iand area showed that all thr甜 bohydrato (Fig. 20). varieti鴨 had ma耶路um flXllti叩酷 the 均h鴨t density (F也l7a). The 附.tive ni缸ogen 椒粉。ninP498如 pJant density p缸alIcl學 yield-d研sity rcspon棚 in this 叫.tivar (CIAT Annual Repo前. Although some variation ìn specific nodule activity (SNA) w晶 det叫“ (Fig. 17坊， much ofthe differ個師in flXation w翻 眼tribu帥Ie組 change in nodule f:間h weightj plant (Fig. 1吟.lncr睡到ng densìty also changed tbe pa概m ofno垂u1ation in 120 all tm幣 cultiva時 At the hì轟h前 pJa削 P1臨tf/mldensi說缸 nod凶的帥攝制ned botb an mcr幫凶臨車 proport時n of tbe total pJa削 Figure 17a. Effecl of pJantinc de臨甸 0.0轍。食棚 臨.rbohyd間te (Fig. 19) and somewbat fi.組酬站 3 cultivars of 昂tJseolus vulgaris. lIe.n 對呵，.鴨 8.43 / SNA (u molC2說4 prod臨咽地 f"，祖訓.n咱也站1M tion on bean nitrogcn f1xation waa 2M一一… evaluated usin鑫祕制品泌van P S90 and PS26 and two maiu popu扭扭。且一。臨 a vigorO\且 type uaed on 鵬越做棚，臨dthe other similar to improved m血ze types. B輸n p海發直 and pod w割ghtl pIant for PS90 融部ono臨ltur啥， or 騙過間也鞠d with the two maiu populations ì麓 shown in Figure 21. When PS90 \\1臨 grO\\ln with Amari\lo Tropìeal, plant gruwth a紹 pod development w揖 not s啦蜘瞞你 different from that obtained in 鶴。n胡培1個間，前阻軾 92 days af翰c plan<都 F總輔導I7b.EIr.醋。r pIlJÚlna d四lItY呵呵間攝電 ting. However, plantandpod d研elopment 組喝啤蜘伽均祖 3 他峙，肘11 of pf騙uolus vu智.，1$ W齡 red騙。d when P590 w割 a揖摺iatω witb the mDce vigorous landr斟蹲 m副蹄­ EFFECTS OF 睡EAN/MAIZE Plant deve\opment for the b甜n cultivar ASSOαA'fIONor可 BEAN NITROGEN PS26 was inhibited by 鵬閥割ionwith the FIXA宮ION landra甜 maize(Fi品 22) 制閥r1y輔 SOdays af組r planting. Although monoculture The 訟亞uen備。fa be鍋內naize 輔甜cìa“ maize plo胡 were not planted for co血﹒ Nodule Fr甜， W叫ht 加1 p1-') 1頭，自 AP63S i翩。l .P'90 口 P498 12!抽 …一…J…一… 120 PJan紐1m' F還ure 18.1攝制nct: of ，通甜枷1 <1前甜y on Il甜甜.1全國b 'lJeipt in 3 rul恥輔導 01 Ph.甜甜如 l'ulgaris 且9days 甜.. plan蜘J. 國-44 1977 CIAT Annuel R﹒'。前 令香 Tota1 Plant Carbohydrate in ~吋剖開 Figure 23 shows揖asonalprof且帥。fN2 3.5'- 一于一 7…十一一 fixation for PS90 ar滋 PS2暉 grown in 鳴啪的ulture or 磁8個íated wíth 臨恥ZC. 2 ，5←一-叫一 W誰說 P590，在xation reachcd a 攝制mum of 2O.6.J.1mol揖/plant/h。語言，“你ys after planting an益 4間lincd rapidly ther閻公缸­ Nodiff軒閃開 was det間轉d berw輯錢扭扭， 前on levels and duration in monocul扭扭 or associated with maize. In the sy臨bioti儲海 weaker PS26，臨axim閣。f1xation in mon剖叫tu峙。但U何“ 50 days after pl祖b Plantsiml 峙. Fixation was 叫間:d sli戲Ily by Figure )9 , Influence of pl帥tiol density 哺育h association with ei甘ler m做點 By the 68 P"Tc冊祖gc 01 岫悟:抖snl 冊捕。'hydrate n:co'Yer叫扭 day harvest，抗xationinallPS26tr祖tmen扭 穆哺叫輯叫主阻ltivars of 鼎山'('0/，關 vulga叫 had declined, and no fu詰泌rdiff肘個個治 pariso鈍， both 間aize popul剖io阻 t的ted were appa間nt. lt app組rs th軒'efore 時祖I develope垂 less ví草orously in assoc姐姐on wb泌的mpetitíon for light 臨街m with the more aggressive P5警告 than 悅th nlltrients 1秘話臼 plant development in PS2昏， maizel climbin轟 bean associa.tions. this Soluble Carbohydrate CQr明甜甜凹的。J Nodul明彷帥曲制) 20,-.- …一一叫一一…一)…γ……一………--. 12 4 輯 80 I拇 120 剝削ts/ m' Fi斜闊論、 Effttt 叫pIantíng de雕lIyo傀儡e etb*n叫.oIu輯@喘rbobydratt cont個，t ()fn叫叫開祖3 cuJ愉阻.01 Phaseolus 山Igaris 器68ft Program a相 / Fr輔h We唔hl SÎP枷 l的 1401…… • P590 P岫叫 wt 墊 mon研臨ur. ( ﹒的90 pl酬眠，叫.hCIMMYT 臨m ‘的帥 pJant 帆..瞞自 !and臨海圖a1Ze i泌卜 。 p蜘州 wt.. m叩叫悔自 3 的甜 pod 剖，叫th CIMMYT maize 100卜…… t:. P590 pod wt., with landr獻給 malle 80 翔。L←一一 20 去。 嚼…的一… 關 1曲 Days a.fier Pla銘:捕鑫 Fîgure 21. BQn planl W弱。Jt ar喝伊dwelahl 函，枷ect曲ivlU' PS蟬Itown 岫翩。但oc:ult眩eorl8擺傀儡吋witha la闖闖峙肘 C1MMYT 回aÎle. growlh Iiroitation does not norn油llyo阻ur f間ation. Studi都 areínprogr制stoevalua輯 durin車 the period of 叫做e 的問車en f1X誠ion in 桶位ze{bush b個na輔闊別時個 F resh Weíght &1 plant 「→ i • P526 pl聞￡帆 mon臨叫ture 1揖尸… .•. P526 pla叫 wt. with CIMMYτma1Ze P52ó plant w丸‘N'ith la.r站捕輔 maize 80[----.0 P526 pod wt, I'ìlono捕lture c P526 P蟬 wt，帕拉 CIMMYT maÎle ð P526 pod 帆，制愉 land捕捕 malZC 60 i j 1「i 一JJIJ污言 - 20 F有gure 22. Be臨密切制 W'i&I縫制d pod ..elght!拼蟬rtfor tbe cultivar P:Sli麗蓮10wnin甜甜制u.hurtor.揖oclated w認h a 1m曲研e 耐 C鷗IMYT m.1ze. 8-46 19n CIAT Annual R峙。開 20 8Q Days after PJanüng 的制re 23. S騙岫岫1 profiles ìn N 2 fixation for P5帥 and PS26 grow給 alone甜甜甜d.tcd 哨曲 a landtace 叫 CIM揖Y'I maÎZe PHOSPHOJ直US FERTILlZATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION Thc CIAT Ann制1 Report for 1976 showed te攝“ black b細胞就泓lÙY mo僧 tolera帥 to low soil ph腦，phon揖 than colored culti啥時﹒ Thia year, cultivar­ phosph。扭扭恤扭ractío間駐Id theír in神 fluence on nítr08帥重xation were 續tudied. A con岳重uous phosphorus gradíenl was 闊論.Jíshed í發 which fertilization 啦th tríple superphosphate varied from 心750 kgfha 油盆臨時詛帥誼。，f 50 kgfha. T祕時y cultívars of P. vulgtlTÌ3 were sown alon畢 the P gradient 師4 研叫臨揖d at flowe討前車輛d maturity for plant develop血e肘， phosphorus uptake 齡Id nítrogen Hxation. As shown ìn Fìgure 24, nodule fresh 附ìght at flowering in each typc increased with ìncre拙in草 levels of phosphorus. Type Figu扭扭枷唔哺個 in 帥枷le fr~b weîght 1II and IV cultivars consistently prod越明d 恥nlop約tent 知 p (，耐îlization 祖 inßuene蟬 by more nodule tì副lcfplant. grow臨 babil. (Dolo 岫棚甜品。wering.) 梅制Prog捕閉 多47 / 賞。dule fl棚hw句hl i都認揖ed from 28 10257 摺gm/plant 閥.d p前揖餒。f 益。d踐 phOllpborua from 0.20 to 0.27 p缸噶懿 witb 泌肘鳴，做囂 ph閥'phorus but root fres垃 W紛紛t 糊糊附加臨會41 to 0時 2211 mgm/p祕給andfromO.14toO.l垂per揖揖P con牌nt.Th磁 i僻E鴨SÎII8 P levclsi臨Z甜甜d 0.25 thep制珊制 of P in the IIOdul臼 and 1，臨V自 Leaf 一一的一 翩。問 than ín the r冊臨 (Fig. 25 a，的. .....，r).~;l l N2 flXation at flowering Was also markedly inthenced by phosphorus sup-aEO ……4……叫什吵一心斗…………→ ply, though not all cultivars reacted equally. Figures 26 and 27 show nodule Stem; ~巴你叫 fresh weíght and flXation íncreases in four 叫Itiva峙。f P. vulgarls relative to the mean 1.-'. / .-+-~_心及制ts_....J_-片 for all 紛 cultivars. These differences were 。 15卜七P咱可fkL卡一的心思呢平( not due to the production of more nndule L-t I前勻-Jiiö 400 蜘誠可 tis甜e p肘臨辜剖 of P in Ihe nodules; 10 Triple Superphosphate AppJied (kgfh的 differe鈍揖'S in spoomc nod叫e activity; nor Figure 25b. Incr曲sein %pho增加rusi蛤 plant parts 紛紛e plants' ab誼ity 10 provide a greater as a consequenεe of íncre制íng P fertiliz剖泊的 pe時臨lage of the 刷品lable phosphorus 10 {Average of 30 culth'ars.) Nodu!e Fresh Weigbt (ffigm;plant) fre鵡 Weíght glplan, L1 00'rl-r--,---,---,-, JO rr-……γ…←~ g 6 ..< <'1 4 ' o Triple 主uperphosphate Applied (kg!ha) Figu時 2Sa. Fresh weight 騙自臨時s in indhidual 縣處輔 p甜甜酷濁的階呵U甜甜 of in白easing P f的建議組.10穗. (Av每個le of 措金.1隘V軒哼 品<4車 Tnpìe Superphospr旭te Applied (kg l ha) Figure 27. N ßxatic 扭 扭 selectcd 祖lIivars of Phl1scolus vulgaris 制 inf1uenced by ins;r，輛輛g P fèr1ilíz訓'0" (D到. taken ~tt Ooft'erlng.) the no挂電泣的. Although P草 and P498 grew than most cultivars, P590 was 忌elow proportionately hetter at low phosphorus average. Further studi自 are beíng done. 臨e80 Program 8-49 f Soils and Plant Nutrition R樹鶴時h contÎnu憾。nmajor鵬dmìnor two plantinp. The same P lev，秘 were clement nutrítion of he酷雄 germpla&翱 時appUed for thc 輯如ndp旭ntín轟﹒ a∞es8Ìons were 輯reened for tolerance to low soU ph珊phorus; plant phosphorus Sí泊摺 the dir輯tyield 阻tioatlow / high P requirements were 揖timatcd; methods of level億臨ndcd 蛤SeI配t varíeti.轉 with low appli闊的n and 甜ur嗨S of phospl扭扭S yíelds at the hìgh P level due to p帥， were 姆說4黨 Nitrogcn fertiJìzation and the adaptation, a toleran偶 indcx wa& management of 到kaUne 甜泌 were also 喘lculatcd by multiplyi治鑫 yíeld ratio with studicd. 航c relati珊 yield at the low P-I制el. SCREEf哇ING FOR TOLERANCE 宮。 Inthe缸甜甜腎酬車， average yielda were LOW SOIL PHOSPHO蓋章US 草草棚d 189 g/m2駐 thc 50 and 曳JO 甸 的O~/詣， resp耐tively，彭總港 an average Germpl翩翩揖lectíons continucd to he toleran揖攜聶ex of 15. G前盟訟ation w帥 揖路encd f or toleran臨 to Iow phosphorus poor due 峙關問時 drought after 馳。ding， l軒的În Popayån. S ince pre\li削s work and plan峙阻ff揖泌 from w眠甜甜祖S índieatcd that 街ezeroPI研el was too throu紋。ut the growth cycle. However, 11 severe a ot摺揖姆臨時間 varleti晶 for P varí.!i.s yieldcd over 200 g( m2 at the low P toleran間， germpla&m was 臨reencd 眠 50 level an垂 4v虹ie封閉 yieldcd 0\1缸 350g/甜 and 300 kg P205(ha. band-applicd 臨 甜 the high P level. tríple 錯perphosphate 仔'SP) under the g自d. Some 432 varieties w前e planted in Table 40 shows the yields of the 10 mo前 sin草le rows 鴨綠 two replieates in 甜eh of P-妞lerant 崎ríeti開 and their toleran自 Table 40 Yleld 個d 岫Il倒勾 一 Yidd high P 綠導best yleld 切.Þ 是 100 也.50 '1 977 CIAT Annual Raport inde:震. P178 gave the 泌嘉誠尉 yìe1d at Iow P Figure 28 mows tbe respon揖 toapplied and had tbe highest toleran間 ind缸. This Pforbothpl關偽鈔. While plantuuffer咽 w臨街區叫“ by P401 甜ld P743.τh喝't it from 揖間聽 drought durin嘉 tbe first 揖n bes間nthal 甜veralvarieties盟ayyìeld pl叫做章， yìelds illCre細ed fro[轟烈沁 kgjba 帥 well or b甜甜甜 a Iow P level t祕nata without P to 3.7 tjba酷;紛紛kgpzOsl凶， high rate of appli，胡tion. AI紋。.ugh no additio棉I P w副 applied in tl睡 S間明nd plan討n轟 more favo賠，ble For the 揖cond 輯t of varictics test紹， clirnatic conditio盟 produ即4 祕轟heryìelds yìclds wcre 121 and 1草 1 g/m2 at thc 50鶴4 witham麟i撤wn of3.7t/ba witbtbe泊itiaJ 300 kg P20s1祕 levels， r制P盼你cly， givin車 app蚯蚓ion of 870 kg P20s/1楓 制 averagc toleran揖 index of 28 p軒個nt (Table 40). Due to better cli制tic con­ Figure 29 sho智慧 tbe 詞語tive yield of the ditions and r鴨id糊1 eff<甜:t of P applied in two 語制n plan惚tP in relation to t益eP tbe first 臨reenin莓， yìel斂。.ftbe 鵬ond 輯t co鵲棚trationin卸詛峙lutio也 T泌體temal w前電如nsidcrably 泌gh前The間 we時必 P require枷啦。fthe crop w揖甜ined 翩 varieti閥 yielding over 350 81 m2 at tbe higb theP叩發臨甜祕onatw祕給9Sp扭曲ntof P leve1. Tbe hi紋揖t yielding varieti輔W軒'c: maxi晶磁n yield was obta絨線。 Thus， the PS07, Pl紋， P495, P639, and P468. requirement for 悅ans w臨愉lculated 臨 O.惡毒 ppmforthe臨時正當從 O.OS4 pp臨fortbe 韓cond plantin墓， wbich 扭曲mparab1e to EXTERNAL F 畫畫EQUlREMENT OF the 0.0的 pp摺 d榔rmined for 仰'm in BEANS Hawaü. Altbough botbcrops bavesimilar P re咖闖闖枷 form祖imum yìeld, b珊a Conven缸。nal 甜i1 analysis provid的 a yields 令妙的ially du惚洛 the drought­ relative 閑甜甜甜。，f phosphon揖 availabili­ aff<認ted f\l'臨時eding) w駐海 much 血。持 旬， but 益。臨 not indica記 tbe P fertilization “問扭d by a lack of P than 開闊.τrus level r肉也ired to ob組討注明的ain yield levcls indicated the均每鞠概ptib泌tyofb暢nsto 這絨館 this dep間傲。n the crop's P 時quire­ P deficieney. 掰開t， i.e. the P concentration in soil 叩lution to ob誼in nearly maximum yìeld, A critial P content in tbc leavcs of 0.3轟 as well 腦 tbe P flxing capacity of the 側il. F哲明酪W細 determit睡蓮， wbichap自海啦th The latter c甜 be determined by snaldn草 soi1 for six days with 0.01 M CaCh of 鳴的.usPcon閥混trationsand 制udyzingthe 紹興rna祖nt 關lutíon for P. FroI認 this the P-峙中tion 峙。tbe甜食 can be 錯1culated， 閥dicating the amount of P to be applied to a 時間組絡組il to ob捕in a specffic P concentration in soil solution. 一 τo determine the P requirement of 。 Fi閃電轉蟬鳴鐘 beans, tbe variety ICA-Huas翩。 was .s拉開d 盟。dì峙 planted in Popay約 in plots to whicb TSP 已一恥 was applied and incorporated at eight levels 時nging from 0 to 2敘調~ kgP20slha correspondìng to a soil紹lutioncon間ntra.倆 叫一j 位。n range of 0.01 插 0.112 ppm P. Tbe P Application in K.g PzOt/ba plo誼 were lirned到 2 tlha and 時celYe這 100 kgN，SkgM車，關d I kgBI尬，制ldtwobean F明，lre 2.8. Tbe initì.l 攸關輯揖詛鈔岫d r咽曲01 crops we阻 planted. The 組建0位d crop etfi時電令啊。nd 甜甜i悅的 ofnrl制lS )evels oC ap掛為dP measured tbe residual effect of applied P on bea掌握 yields 誼會 Popay缸L B輔防衛。胡繩m 11-51 f ReJatìve Yield 間呢 source and the rate of P fixatìon by the 甜iI: slow 甜lea甜甜urc臨 rcqui時 good 甜泌 Critìca.l Levels fertilizer con祖揖 to dissolve and should be Bc:ans Corn 單附 broadcast and incorpor揖紹， but banding is recommended for water soluble P 11閒← sources to redu研 r阻ation. The optimu觀 application method for each 80ur回 maybe something between broad輪揖 and b臨忌" ing, depending on the rel糊eand 似的捕 rates To determine the optintum application 4() 概念你叫， thr田 P fertilize路- TSP.basic sla囂，制ld Huila r臨k pbospbate - were applied in 棚泌 trlangl剖制 shown below Figure 30; the tri剖19Ie 祕揖 .intul剖:ed broadcast appli祖.tion; the 旬， 臨組d appl這:cation; and the intermedìate 揖ction， 揖rip application‘ Fertil阻:er電 we時 applied ppm P 冊 Solution at the rate of75, 150, and 300 k草 P20s/ba. Fígure 29. The relativ f" yield 01 叩開 a耐心WO Fi部A時 30 shows the 時spon揖 to the 甜甜揖軒 ofbeaJ的齡 alfe r電 % Relative Yield 蝴「一…-~，心血 p 甜」 叫一一 l 訝i 。γ :1ljaz t i l l - avz 7- L H S Fí辭彭金 37， The relati1'e yield 叫 b••蟬 and CI!酬va as atr1軒祖d by 時iI pH, per~閥電教訓棚積攝制制tion 轍d 甜nduc 在ypsum， elemen純lsulphur，組lphuricacid， pr酬的usly studied in the plot. Thcre was rice 棋raw， Zn1 Fe, an是 Cu. little difference in respon甜 atnOl還gthr聽 bean varielÍes. Bean yiel公 d都Z組sed Y時lds of P498 (Puebla 152) we時 dr齡tically as pH incr胡.sed above 8.立， extremely low b臨aUse of B defi的ency. whenNa組turation increased above 5 10 10 Average yields of the remaining five per闊別 and the conductivity increa.ed varieties 間sponde社 10 appli.組缸on of I and above 0.15 10 1.0 甜.mhosl臼n. Beans were 2 tlha of S, 5 Ijha of gypsum and 10 10 kg considerably 攏。re toleranl than M Col 22 翱翔札 Figure 37 shows the relation but bean yields were drastically redu明d at betw揖n the relative yield of P7蓋章 and pH. levels far below the 15 percent ~何組tura.胸 percentage N a 錯turation，甜d electrical tion and 2 mmhosl cm con益泌的lVIty 也at conductivity compared制thMCol 泊， the áefine “ sodicß and “臨Jine"" 組誨1 resp自­ most tolerant of the three cassava varietìe. tively. Agronomy Agronomicr鳴甜甜h ìn monoculture a但是 maizejb棚n 齡sociations and preliminary ìn a醋。ciated ma泣eI bean systems con愉 yield eval揖tions of climbin嚀 bean (Type tinued al CIAT and Popayå位­ IV) germpl師由驛站的ions. M onoculture bush bean research con捕和 trated on: (1) prelimìnary yield evaluatìon BEAN MONOCULTUI主E TESTlNG of gennplasm sel都lìo耐 and advanced br蹄蓮ing lin峨 (2) uniform yield Irials 揖 F時Iiminary Yi eld Trials Colomt泌; and (3) the Intematìonal Bean Yield and Adaptation Nursery (IBY A的z Two prelimi阻ry yield trials 齡 CIAT Further agronomic s個俏的∞ntìnued on evaluated 117 non-bla惚， bush b組.n(Type Bøan Program 8-57 f 1; 底. III) 揖語clio盟(Table4吟. Yidd levels 錄。兔-black materials, five wbite and brown for Type I variet扭扭cb輯們?如泌 P7露在 Ii掰s sbo'鴨4 揖揖Uent y叫d ∞mpared 10 靴= ou扭滋滋ir惑 (P7草草 bas tbe tbe 泌gh開，t yielding variety in tbe control cb缸齡teri揖i屑。f Sw必isb BroW1l wh必色 group. (P302). In almo臨別l 崎8CS tbe 論sb輯益 widelyut草包cd 臨 apa時nt in tbe P材igr研s inc!ud祕 tbe bigb-yie!ding b!ack: u的“$揖tes.) Type 訂閱lection， P4S9 However, in tbc b!ack:-sccdcd group yield Icvels were sim且缸 to tbe' best of tbe Another preliminary yield triaJ at CIAT controls su割開，ting tbat tbere 鴨間祕gh前 aJ帥 evaluatcd 2S advan曲d br帥ding Iines yield 伊ins in brown and according to ∞lor (Ta blc 42). Among the materiaJ lban 隘 b語ck-s個dcd Table 41 Yi eld of the bes1 entri軒岫棚。 Pr副m般總時 V給I4 T“帥'" 01 CIAT. Grow曲 Se越 Yield ldentification NllIne Habit Color kg:ha P阻IimiD益可 Trial No. 1 P776 Torto論處 III 8eige 3213 P7單單 Pl 線今?車3 YeUow 3168 PI53 PI m的15 Brown (mf 3155 r I3s PI17。‘94 White 2980 c。給“叫g P692 DíaωIC叫“m Red (m) 2731 P458 ICA Tui 11 8lack 2388 P675 ICA Pìjao Il Black 2372 M趴an of 81 materi曲 237。 I.'iD ,05 494 C.V, q已 13 P，eJ棚inary T,!al No. 2 P684 PI 1ll1-262 111 Beíge 2925 抑制 A級的間 11 Wnite 2774 P622 PI211 -412 111 Beige 2720 Coo室rOIS P675 JCA-Pijao 11 Black 3052 P7事。 11 White 2875 ?掛2 D也col Ca1ima Red (m) 2345 Mean of 36 血aterials 2112 L.S.D.O‘ 05 科G c.v. % 13 I Triall: 81lir閥 in • 9x9l I.tlÌÇe, 3 瞻仰 Trial 2: ~36 \'Ar..的*概制組胎化，縛，. 1 m :r:r. mutt蛤4 8-58 1977 CIA'τAnnual Rep。蜻 Table 42 YÎe誼。f曲e酷輔tprom樹蠅advanced breedi睹盟詹姆巾包詛攝ePrelímir咽亨 YieldT，她ls'atCIAI. Growth Seed Yicld Identi其曲“。" Géfiefation P呵Igree Habit Color Kg/ha "蟬l-Blac:k M.騙到.1， FF 12-13-1 FS P459 處 P5的7 11 Whîte 3114 FF 11 -6-1 1'5 P459 x P館8 111 Brown (d)l 2897 FF 16-3 1'5 P459 x P明4 11 Brown (d) 2845 FF 1今26-3 1'5 P459 x P似翱 1lI Brown 2loì22 FF 17-4-4 1'5 的組 x P個4 111 Beige 1739 Contr，祉， P302 約 3個齡4 11 Black 27M P459 Jamapð 1I Blad; 27H P675 lCA Pijao Black 2óN Mean of 11 control$ 25 lJ Mean of 36 閉室揖8 2465 L.S.D 44ü C.Vω 嗶 11.2 B扭蜻 M叫“扭扭 FF 6-弘1 1'5 P5路6 x P459 11 Blaçk 2954 1'1' 49叫.1 1'4 (P459 x P曲ß) (POO8 這 P描8) 1lI 81ack 2827 FF 4-13 1'5 P4S9 x P568 Il Black 2經 12 FF 2-6-3 1'4 P459 x POO6 1I Black 立法。6 FF 泌的9.1 1'4 (P459 x P48輯) (P459 x P5金部 IJ 自laιk z7步3 Co越貨01'" P675 ICA Pijao IJ ßlack 295 lS p7絢 Puebla 152 1II Bro前詛 2637 P49草 Puebla 152 III BJack 2630 闖闖龍 of 11 controls 2410 Me間。06 叫制制 2抖。 L.S.D.0.05 457 C.V 喝 11.2 ! 36VM觀間 ín a 面 E 壘扭扭間 wíth j 鵡脾. inclu崩崎 11 甜甜trol \'壘""揖刊。r 開d\ln訟， ; y盟Jd ofthr腎峙"'" y種姆拉姆曲.tr岫扭扭詛閥割 , d.嘲rt broWl哩， Unifon獨 Yield T rIaIs 的als planted in the s如ond 甜甜軸ter of 1976 atCIA Ta給epopGaeMnezta訟w謗att，z 全球都kand 扭曲UI臨缸. available for uniform yield non-black varietl輔. Generallv. the 蹄。問 Bean Program 8.59 Z棚就轉1軒說。融 were not 甜pcrior 10 the with control varietÎcs (Table 4旬. Two 忌時t ∞ntrol varieti揖仔able 43). R閱ults bla惚. advan備d b間“ing lines (also areal蛤&鳴誰ablefor血iform yield tri泌 at， include述 in Table 42) were superior to the CIA T with black 缸泌 non-black li賠s in b側的前rols. W揖hin the non-black group w除ch both 車位mp站起扭扭lecti.。臨鵲起i 組.me of the Ilermplas臨時1甜甜。由叫個 “van個社 br輯dir海 Iml自明甜甜血par惱 showed high yield levels‘ Uniform yield Table 43 Yìe岫 oftht' m由tprom蟬啤融甜k輸dn輸部獻像攝制甜揖b 臨金融 u攝ior喝 V..Id T位a1，世 CJAτ and Popayán CIAT Popayan Seed Vield ldem ... 5輯d Yield Id開tification Color K.gíha fi措tion C010f Kgjha Non~Bl.(k MaterÎals1 04826 Cream (m )2 27帥 001224 8τ.J\1t ú 1980 P788 YeUow 2478 P017 BroWn 187等 01212 Red 2469 G仰805 Red 1565 。6391 C時am(m} 2388 c"帥.01在 P692 Red (m) 2726 P524 Cream 2477 P156 White 2科主 P459 Black 2422 P392 Whîte 2418 P756 White 2064 關組n of I已現齡erials 237益 1544 LS ,D, 0,Q5 279 675 c.v. % 在5 25.7 Black Ma1en.)s) POl4 Black 2451 P船9 BlacK 2937 P422 Black 2269 P226 Black 2801 P199 Black 2247 P431 BlaCK 2765 Controls P459 Blaεk 2238 P675 Black: 21'130 P675 Black 2229 P459 Black 2的。 P5發6 Black 泌的 P566 Black 1639 Me翩。[25 甜甜甜'ials 1揖8 22ì 1 L,S,D,0.05 350 674 c.v , ç;毛 12.7 19b 時鴨辭""全嘩..迪拉悶. l ups. F 閉吉Z 磁申...揖 , 2," VllS融時也'"凶uk罩， J np莓， B-60 1977 CIAT Annual Report τ的1.44 董海峙。4 臨e 臨帽t pro融懿扭霉體信ies in two U.啦。約總 YleId TrI..' .t CIAT. Growth Yield ldenti-稍 Growlh Yield S蜘d ldentifiεation Ped穆質鴨 Habit Kgiha 品catJon Habit Kgiha Color Black-s掛d甜 material Non'心lack-s揖d國間.terial fF 2.恥3 P4S9 x P翩。 11 2617 PI41 2831 及時 (m)' P455 11 2531 的寫 2732 哲說te H 各9‘ 1 1三566 x P4主9 Il 2458 P70B 2536 1挽聯 P53J 1I 2峙4 PO紛 2467 Bröwn (m) P280 II 2甜3 FF 174-4' 1I 216) Bcige Controls P675 -IlIlI 2162 P756 11 2446 White P459 時卸 P675 11 2153 Black P498 1924 1月.92 1929 Red (m) M臨終 of 持開開es 必96 幸。" L.S.D.O、05 381 448 CV ，iJ忘 11.3 13.7 Efficiencv of lattice desi.麗的 12% 106% , 16 lhle$ ln each HÙ.I, 6116 lattic唔. "會pliCluωM. 1 mOC' mmtlrd Wllh 總-eondary cQlor , Pcdiø,rcc. P狗。， p紙" tri紛到 other 1叫她叫 eval喇叭斜拉 35per時nthigher 錢anthc 組組nofthe five stabìlity of thìs material acrosS en­ local 組組間.T她叫“的ts that germp泌盟 viro酷鴨綠峙如d promising lines entered material 甜1配ted under tropicaJ帥nditio臨 into the IBY AN program for 1978. h輔 a wide adapta晶。n range. The four highest y時Iding mat訓訓s across 1個ations International Bean Yield and Adap­ were the biack-seeded Type 11 varieties: tation Nursery (IBYAN) P302 (PI309-S04); P4S9 (Jam符a); PS訟 。1051 ， 1-1138); 如d P惡行 (ICA-P每齡已 Results for the 1976 IBY AN are Some of which were 絨500U扭tand訟gin available f or 41 loca鈍。由 which range in previous CIAτyie滋 t結al發 at alti蛤4扭扭p Jatitude fm臨 I"S toS5"N. Twentyvarieties to 2000 攝SI in Colombia and Ecu凶扭扭111 iocludin車 a 路總:e of.輯是 colo時 were in e缸lier re輯arch by the Programa 揖祕te垂 for all locatìo阻 C帥pe路拉vo C棚甘oame討捕.no de Me­ joramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios M雌n yield of the five best IBY AN (PCCMCA) in Central America. ent封閉 (in both 甜。pical and temperate zones) for the fi時t 41 sil間 (Table 45) was Mean yield for both IBY AN and 1個過I Baan Program 8-61 f τ.bl.45. M.臨 y攝dof2ê缸躍蟬個JIOd草棚噁棚"踹騙錢.. 1976IBYAN at 31 信呻岫峙甜甜傀儡pr耐a馳 2。甜$扭醋， Yìeid ín kg!ha Group Mean of Group Zooe Mean Mean of 5' Higl>甜t yielder2 IBYAN Tropi，個i 1392 175載的5) 1959( 11的 entnes Temperate 2078 2曲1(13 5) 針織 11卸 IIIYAN Tropical I措3 16攝~I揖} entnes Temperate 1925 2391( 1掛} M酬"r伽hifl酬 yiekkn .ll C帥 l臨走2晶臨叫牌YAN 糊糊細微他n ol fî"e ì腦i叫fle!. atç甜1 W!.'lll;峙 , '"酬 of b i.Jhell yie姐啤珊珊"蟬包個1I0ß 帆帥臨i:h tßnt: 研tries in the 扭扭扭C扭扭扭懿 was hi趴肘 betw嗨，車站喘詞。ns w iJI be evaluated when “你:van that of the 缸。pi自 where dis臨輯 the fu草 data set 臨 ava誼able. elopment w磁揖V軒'einsome10儲諒。喵­ The faclors a路。C姐ted with yield variation Da ta in Table 46 sho明白e frequency of Table 46 Fr問uem:y Qf modettlte (1冊。1m ka/ha) 10 .xc.U棚1 yleld. (車站岫 kl/hl) l.bIe.甜 by 曲， lin祖祖t.d 扭曲e Orst Int處rnational B欄n YI.ld and Ad.pl.li開 N‘Ilsery (IBYAN其 位絨服或L2!.泣訟i Lin明 Seed Color Growth Habit "3研沁 2500.)恆揖 2000.2499 !5I以1- 1999 To祖i -llI-I-IiiIii1EiM:IlIl--I-I:HIII:ll ­3128z2E2i42-42-42312221- 1: 的制 Black ? 9 忌 5 。 9 P512 4 9 1 24442832 Pl02 3 8 i 9 3 P459 5 9 8 7 6 P458 8 9 5 8 ? 3 P675 3 0 6 7 們組 3 7 8 5 9 unMFLOE 2 P402 4 F 5 P524 Z 5563 P498 L 恥 訂 P539 叫m P757 咱 抑 PMl Whîte 4232222 制 P755 Red 品 P756 White 劫 持 P758 Brown 惜 P637 Red 時 叫 P692 閃 P759 閃 閃M P392 Whîte 『2 H H 8.62 1977 CIAτAnnu甜 Røpon P)•(J 2 , .ι1 P~66 可75 F咖間 38. Plo' of regress帥"時emcienttB i川 mean yield.甘棚i個叫棚伽扮相mm個 IBYAN 酬酬。 h!ah..t y!.lding .ntri酷Ilocation) 恥車，喘輯 in 峰回.perate IOD輔 yiel是 over I到站崗就醋。即 than 2敝國ß kg/ha F耶路 1 絡。 shows ma做詩Is clearly at411明ationsτhewidea最終P臨垃on ofthe grouped a，峙。rdi時 to subtype: the black咽紛紛， Type 1I entri的 is notable. “Jamapa>> 草roup (P4S誓， P302) are in a The poorer performan師。，f Iînes 叫ch 齡 similar ar時 of the graph，臨 well as the P7至5 (Pompadour 勻; P637 (Lin制 17); “ Porrillo>> group (P566, P757) and the P秒2 (Diacol Calima); P75會{說“cloud) Puebla 152 group (P498, P758). and P392 (Sanilac) appears 10 be associated with the determinate Type 1 and Table 47 compares the yiel心。.f the possîbly the comparatîve earlines. of these variety means by type in 10 temperale and lin的. 31 tropicallocations伺 Northem hemispbere breeders con間ntrate on τype 1 ma話rial Ar句御自on 叫到ysis of 組ean cultivar f or dry bean pr。謹uction but τype 11 yield/locatìon on 扭扭曲錯位 y雄Id (捕a materialoutperfo虹ne社 Typelatte揖pera借 cluding zero yîelds where the錯棋路urr祕} 以草包。也 10 addit時鈍， black-1l自de逗留i自- for the fi路t 3'會 loca屋。ns (Fîg. 3旬， shows that five black Type II varietii臨 (P302， P459, P6愁，的風 an益 P566) had the Tab !e 47 A\ 'crage yleld 伽 kg/ha o( the 26 197‘ 剎車hest average )!:ield (1.6 ti ha) but with IBYAN ，arieti帥p'ouped according to growth habit wl恥h were t曲ted in 41 制de varîation 紛 o values. P566 was bett盯 sites. apapted to the lower yielding si!帥 o 認1.1 3). The lowest yielding group 白開胡b 詩abit (-< 1.4 tjha) of four non-black Type 1 No.of yarietìes (P392, P637, P6'會2， P755) all had Zone Experi血ents Il III 7j values less than 1.0, indi晶!inglow 聞ean performance across enviror扭扭nts. A Tropical 31 行。1 1871 1492 central 草roup of 11 Type 1, U, and 111 τe閉pcrate 10 2428 2673 2276 臨ateoos with 晶晶益 yîel彗星。，f 1.4-1.6 tjha Difference 恥727 獨802 -784 showed wi謹e variatíon ín õ valu.間 S甜"抖。gram 8.63 / Table 48. Avera, e yieid (kg/ha) ofth. 2t 1們每 IBYAN var編輯章，叫抖<1.幌研輛車扭曹啪啦啊，棚1edin 41 slt軸. No.of Gr.閉 Cúlor Zo給e Exper帥lcnts Blaek 民叫 White 臨rown τroplC續i 31 1877 1584 1411 1609 Te閉醉rate 10 2619 2137 2352 2500 Diffe時nec “.742 -5事3 -941 她891 tions were the highest yie1ding at temperate From eight trials with P25孽， theavera單e 1ocations (Table 48). The tab1制 a1so show optìmum density for monocu1tu時 W齡 the superior performance of Type II 甜甜的紹說 for 31 locations in the tropics. Bean Y時ld. ， kgíha For tropical 10也tions， black-s借垂ed varieties 鵬時 genera益y 組pertor to non­ b1ack materials. l了一 ;片 蜘Ma閻配枷a The 1977 IBYAN was divided into (I軒C~ pl海a揖軍酷色絃.0攏z磁a峙姆} black-seeded and non-black-seeded sets of 20 varieties since the col1aborators ex­ 3到站 P時58祕甜ed co10r preferences. At a l1 1ocations the best five 10cal materials 揖i紹給d by tbecollaborato時 were included 。 ina5x51a給自 with three or four replications. Some 34 countries 3∞。 col1aborated and 108 揖IS have 忌甜n forwarded. BEAN/MAIZE ASSOCIA TION 2500 TESTING Density Response in C起mblnll Be紐省 20M Two 投ials at CIAT 軒aluated optimum plant d閱sity for P589 in monoculture 缸牽挂 in association with four population den­ sitÎ翩。fm甜甜。ver a range of盼“itio描 Figure 39 shows that the optimum 悅扭 心……1 plant population was uniform at I初，做沁 plantsjha. However, as bean density 鵲cre舖ed 臨a也ey揖Ids decr閥馳位. It w撥電!et前mined th齡都onomic op­ timum density is obtained when the value of the marginal incr間揖 in yíeId equals the I至 price of the s明d for planting 帥 increased 9軒lSìty of Bea酪 (Ul' pl制制抽} densìty and a seed[bean price ratìo of 2: I Figure 39, Yi~d of d智nbinc b揖n， PSS9，麓，‘你辦法.d was assumed by maize (跡泌的露nd be阻對制峙. 車許64 1977 CIAT Annuall這&po時 100，很lO plants I ha but there was a wide range of optimum densities for thiscultivar depending on environmental conditions. Low densities for c1imbing bea肘 in monoculture w軒e r目。四mended sínce they 時給誰ranch wben Ught í間。tali臨itir潑 factor. Tb.e惜 ís noevìd聞自tbattbefar盟er wil1 acbieve much yiel是 Z自ponse over 100淑珍 plantsl悅。f 忌揖酪閱畢atd1e騙。f envìronmen磁I conditions. 3，0曲 n…1 C ompetition between B扭扭 andM到踹 ( l 乳制時I IH十 It was found th齡 for all four Phaseolus 忱 li V 4 ( i bean types tbe bean yield was sbarply 枷 的 I reduced by simultaneous planting com. J T pared witb planting 10 days before maize 4的 i +1 (Figure4的. However, theeffectofplanting Mai踹 τypes 1 and 11 bush beans 10 days after 缸持電 ma誼e w鵑認斜斜斜ifi胡nt wbere品 tbe yiel訟。fTy終s lII紹這 IV (揖{Ili-di臨bing Fi繆lre ~位畫畫f扭扭。r relattve p論關時曲'...棚 ylol融 ofm到.. (H-107) wl血 4 旬，蟬 of 恥籠岫. a爽d cli血b臨囂， r臨P如tiveJy) we甜甜verely 自垂ueed. App，缸'ently.c1imbing typ揖 could not 仰伊制tb stro烤紅油ize competition malZe y時Ids with four types of beans from ICA I主制207. Fi車ure 41 shows tbe demonstrating tbat the climbing b叫肘 reduce maize yields more tban tbe other types, esp甜ially when tbe two crops are 叫 - planted simultaneously. At CIAT, l I1 1 的mul騙擒。協 planting produ師是 optimum l mmvmlm yield of botb crops in assO<:iation but 恥 j Ul !斗 preliminary ob揖押斟ions 齡 Popay龜n - 誰 兮 indicate tbat this ís te盟"血tu甜 dependent U 開 兮 仆 and rel酪ive 如 the 輯rly crop vigor oftbe M 廿 two sp蜘蜘. 一 仆 仆iM ，J i The relative comp前itive ability of 20 f diffe闊別 maize 耳enotypes in association ­ witbb輔nsw鵬以帥 investigated. Figure 42 compares tbe yield of tbe 10 best y盟ldin車 maize variel~帥 botb in monoc叫tu扭曲d associated with Type II 臨d IV b揖酪e Maize yields were more 揖V前ely 間du值是 byType IV th制 by lbe Trpe 11. How軒缸， there was also evide寬闊 for differen揖s in competitive abilÎty a攏。'ng the maize -5 在 轟enotyp臨 Tbere was less 時ductÎon in the yield of 鞠)) maize genotrpes，盟"也ally Diff.甜甜傘Iß tho錯 with a ter泌的lcy to lod直e. Root planting dat峙 lodging of the maize w輔 sharply reduced 仿制re 棉 Effec咎。r ,....tiv. pl翩翩彎 曲臨 0' 血 a.sociation witb beans. ln many trials 融..1臨到ze 輯S扭扭tion 0的融制 yid融. with tall maize genotypes this factor has 糊糊抖'OØf8m 8.65 f 提包:u Y給綴， (kg{hal !這相tifî且tÎon o 扭。位自ul棚問 Maize 1 Mezda T叩扭曲 6 ICA 蹺-207 !ZI A懇請師iat叫 wi愉 Type 11 2 ICA HS-2牌 7 ICA H“ 253 • AssocialeQ with Ty pe IV 3 Antig且 x Rep. 00血 2 卸anco S帥，trop絡處( 4 Amarillo Subtropical 9 PD(MS~) H.E-l能 l 5 Tuxoeño Caribe 2 iO ETO 7，叫到。 6，“神 • S,OOO 4,0001 3，欲抽l 2 3 4 S 事 8 9 10 Maize cultivar 肘姆bdd Fi1興體 42. yltld 個mpar章，關 of 10 maize nri蟬輯扭醋。noc叫岫re and. a!蛤制制甜叫枷lWob艘潛甜ltivarsof Z曲輛輛ne Cro ...梅 撫恤 r甜ultOO ín insig別民儲.nt y神色d differen摺S weret間ted in monoculture and in都socia­ betw自n 岫個甜d and monocrop 棚ize tion witb m紋ze d肘m聶 three consecutive yields, 時棚。隔.R制組lts for one 揖晶。n areshown ín Fi斜間的， Average monocrop yìeld讀 Tbe y語Id of Type 11 beaDll was depe掛 we阻 r叫uced58p位血的 in品socì泌個 wìth denl on the y拾Id. of the maize genotypes ma泣e. Significant v缸做到differe翩翩 were (r= ..0.品，9"**) wber晶. there was no ob揖rved ìn each system and between the relatio勸說ip . with the yìeld of climbing two systems. 1n tbe tbree 扭扭。蹄. the 楠ns， Low yìeld臨.g rruuze genotyp輔嘉軒e correlations between yields ín Ibe two 淤suf虹口ent 甜lpport 10 也e clÎ!羽絨ng 切ans syste朋s we問: 0.51 , 0.88 (bolh in 18 d.f.) to allow a bigh yield. wher，蠅學祕ghyielding an益。.91 (7 d.f.), whìle rank correlation maiz路 were more cO'臨petiti、地 coefficients were 0.54, 0.5串， andO，學3. Yield red uction and varietal rankìng botb were Genotype x Sy.íem Interacti樹鵲 influence這 by seasons, Since varieti輯 wl甚ch perform wel!揖 Climbin蠶 beans were al80 1自100 for 蹄。nocultu閱單ay not be tbe best for three 甜幽ons in monoculture and in associated軒opping， 20 bu.h b組nvarieties assocîation wìth maize an益 tl時間副主i峙。f 8.66 草書77 CIAτ 肉lnual Report 囂臨a 車輛Q Yield (kgjha) o Monocrop Yíeld Correlations between Systems! • As扭曲ted Crop Yield rank order: r :; 0.54'" o品 Per-cent yieid r叫ucUon yîeld: r =0 .5 1* 糊 s 先進 糊 糊 1對峙 1000: hillJ 萬蹄弘一 ~ h ωN ∞ '‘ .m. @ 州 吶 們 軍 r、 鳴。 h 心p 們 h 咐 。 s 。 帥 ∞ 所 A m 吶h EZER 單 的 m 的 '~" d 呀 w 但M 弘m 0. 們 弘w 亂A 弘v 仇" 0. 卜L 0. 弘h h 時 h n出 趴 0. ι。 弘N h 已 m F 盟關nL峙軸 們 m h 才 u Figure 43 Bu攝 b個D)'ie站。bta:扭譜 rrorn 棚。 e腳卵Inl 呼啦帥，何做176以2事長 B韓紅 Yí.ld 融為/加 r…………一 。站咄咄時p yield Correlations b棋ween 時st.ems: E,E。 A鈍。eiated crop yie話 rank order: r 混成章。牢牢 Pet臨終t yield re位uct阻E yield ; r 其 O ， ~t** 帝一 ,扎 4 SM 3卜… 長~~ F ;:: ι i 也 囂 ' 這 @ 守 柄 Z 這 吶 。 們 。 咱 N 叫V跑 吟 的 唱..p 完 ， 。 N @ 。 卜 。 們 阱 咱 荐 。 前 >。。 0、. 吶 弘n 們 們 W 叫 “ 們 。 信沁 也V 已 們 叭h 枷 仇 已 包 N 叭 們 年 們 ι h 此 們 < B叭揖n 弘Lin抽弘 已 ， 尸 心 恥 亂 F硨誼穹 44. C誼盟雖越鑫 b輸給 yiel攏。b祖ine4 from 倆還3ε開pp峙時抑制 (Tria1 7臨到 Ilean 悔。g甜m 也-67 r r祉e-mw，dbme。mpoma嘲ns包aWmdmEmaZnyLd 岫ZuLY伊TmE『REM倡S一M個- 開-P悔tMavmEU-aaVmnEU阱naM ，daahkumMBdf且gUHn詛i2珊LM. dd桐，也油勘twet盟 the 圓，明wm"盼mbined with a reduced c祖ffi甜甜t of varlation for error ìn monocult.前電 T.bl.49. CI岫趾軍事 b攝nH棚Its f鬧鐘 Trial16l4l. Bean 恥甜 Yíeld 揖 kllha 現 Yield Yicld Rank No Variety 已建ono A倒間， A峙。c.JMono 徊。no As叫ç. 1'501 2782d移 971.b 3主 13 15 1'364 3453. 124.18 36 1'6 3030&吋 107.1ab 35 8 11 l'相9 322.1a啥 951.b 29 4 16 1'5量9 29SOç.f 12420 42 11 2 1'483 277ld-g 1048.b 38 14 12 1'393 311 3&-<1 的曲 30 6 17 1'706 3355..., 1084.. 32 3 9 1'353 2969..f 1183.. 40 10 3 的制 2743å噶 10890. 40 15 8 1'259 34輒袍..， 10lilab 30 2 14 1'326 卸射a..， 11‘l2ab 38 7 5 仿制 3187.-<1 92抽 29 5 19 1'3事5 2947c~f 10790b 37 12 10 1'16 2975軒f 1091.b 37 9 7 P719 2149í 472ε 22 2Q 20 1'507 2443g恥2 932b 38 18 18 1'525 2SS7f.俑， 1師3ab 是3 17 台 1'672 說妙7e-h i個.Iab 是8 16 13 PS26 2239hí 1143.b 51 19 4 Mean 2897 1038 36 C.V. (%) 9.8 19.0 , Oat祖闊....間1凹m followo!!d by 翩翩e Idkr do no哩 differ J單單i臨..."，椒油韓酬。(leuer~ m a =JUIDfl 叫5何時時串串那諾硝nt dift1闖闖H酬...間~Imentl， 曬-68 草草77CIAτAn夠“胡 Report CI扭扭.bing 墓蟬n Vari揖y Trlal發 (colorOO咕輯de是)ma時間ls íncludíng black showed good yìeld p翩翩al. Some 300 Type 1V varieties 甜i輯:tOO for yield potential and grain coJor were sown The yields of the best 20 varieties ìn 瑚th 臨aize ICA H-207 in preliminaryyield Popayán are presentOO in Table 5 \. AU but trials al CIAT. They were al閥 plan臨d at one of the vari叫i峙。rigi珊扭d from Popayán us且ng old maize stems for Mexico. P364 was tbe highest-yielding support. In Table 鉤， the mean yields of the control variety at botb Popayán and at best 20 varieties al CIAT a間 compared CIAτ， but none of tbe 20 higb咧.elding with the b自t of eight standard c海路甘01 varieti眉目 eilher 割te yielded weU in both varieties representíng the best varieú揖 i酬cations. Six of the varieties were cur悶ntly identified. A number of new significant1y bi車hery甜Id秘轟 (P OLOGY TESTING as the expected retum for all possible agr恥 dimatic conditions must be considered Hondur踹 when evaluating introduction 01' new technology For over a year CIA T has been collabo時tin車 with a Honduran prog悶悶， Insecticides. 品npoasca kraemeri and P閱單蹲點a 益e Malz y Frijol (PROI\是YF) 間 ApiOll are considered 個 be two of the 接站館臨e tbe incor肘。fs冊a11 and medium principal c油站tram阻 10 increased bean farn韓持 throu車h prod哨位vity Încreases in yields in Central Ameri晶. However, in b嗨翩翩4 始rn， New bean 鴨rieti間， d扭扭扭als low inciden甜甜 poor applíca儒 f甜泌踏踏J ins蛇ticid揖制益 herbicides were tion made “p時ventive~ insecticide t開t必 onfar姐￡錯" fields' in 時間nloca誼。悶 甘甜tments consistently 阻.profi祖ble 都 all 氣lring the “Post扭扭弋 the 韓cond Ho級­ locations. The c個t of 閻部t姐也 could be duran planting seaso皂 which 時 redu臼d by initiatin草 control when pop­ ch軒齡韓紅綠 by 盤。扭 irregul訂 an益 ulatio酪穿騙你恥。即mica句“ma紋絲 甜du將看錯infa誼 tha經 thefi1'8t輯晶。n. 真是由t levels.τheeff輯tiven翩。f field identif\ca­ of the 魯總路 a揖 produ臼d 垂uring the tion of P咽詣 before “cur抽晦:'" ins關ici仇 Postre臨 fo宜。'win鑫 tbe ∞rn of the fi甜 錄時ying is being t械電位. 甜臨G瓢， In 醋。.t y'揖1'8 water 輯時揖 canbe e"p制成h甜甜V虹ieti揖 must be developed 認erbicid帽 It was fo克lnd that h前明 for these conditio臨 bicid酷 have several types of effeets … on yiel訟， on labor C08tS of w輯d control, an忌 V ...i etal T揖.Iin，_ In six of 目ven yield 。n thear咄咄ltivaled when 歸齡ðnallab肘 trlals different CIAτselections (black. availability for w，組din草 ìs a crîtical 甜甜吋 varieti輯) gave significantly bigher constwnl. Wben the 草rst two eff，輯結 were yields 自an tbel∞al reds. However, there i. eval臨t紛， one tradìt蹄nal herb說你仰和 a local market pri自 discount for black sistently lo.t 捕。neyan謹 red羽師是 yields in varieties due 扭曲阻umer p間feren時s for 在fly percenl of Ihe trials. Anolher her­ reds, and 缸port markets for black. have bicide, m揖hobro脂肘。錢， W臨 profitable in b閏n unstable. When profitab益ity of the .ix of the seven sites ev棚 when zero rωand black-seeded varieties was com­ opportunity cosl for family labor was pared rather th帥 yields， the red varieties a關umed， During this 甜翩。ntbeu轍。fthe gave signil日cantly higher returns in four of appropriate herb以為 had an effì研t on seven trials. These results emphasize the yield, perhaps 甜甜Itin轟 from tbe incre.船“ importance of considering consumer water availability to the beans. prefcrenc閣制 well as yields. F armer profits and the feasibility of a new Simple economic analysi. i泌icated the t自hnology fitting intoa production system ímportan帥。f s明d color in eval臨tin直 are the appropriate measures oft抑制品制s varieties and the riskiness of high inputs for ofanewt輯hnology while comparative the Postrera 關心50n ~且ven the higb yields 缸e often poor indicato間. probab心ty of waler .Ire純 The develop­ ment of削 improved early red variety to fit Fertllizers. Using incremental betler into the Posl間ra season is believed b泌醉如囂， a油10.t all fertilizer treatments 10 be the mosl important component of a in 泌目gìons r唱“lted 泊胡缸路。me 10揖制 new technology package for the PROMYF ∞四"揖d鴨綠 zero fertilizer. Althou轟han program. 揖rl誨r plantin畢 date 制嗨ht bave reduced thc 108棚， tb輔e ~揖ults indi臨.te that 蓋亞鴨trepo， Colombia fe法泌zer 措 a risky input 酬謝der i肘@車ular wnf祕仰自di討。翩翩d without ∞ntrolof Agronomic e又periments to identify an other yield-r紛ucing factors. Risk 制 well 惚prov.必 tccbnology for srnall farmers Bean Progran有 8-71 單 單 hSM總MK ω 』 E 。 J ozf m這每Et M b aw?啥44 隊 u S 叫 你 。 抖 ， { m.-N 。 4 成 。 器 eo 。 H 。 S 囂 q , U 叫 h 叫N《 寸 ， E 兩 M “ H 阿 法 吶 。 N。 " 昌G 門V 叭 l 縛7 ，O -。A 4 萄 控總Es 傀 制結E W 萬。0 E 耐 v“ . 心 鎧儡m 恥 l N * s 開 m 側 A z 扎 同 。 《 C 均 M ) 屯 』 車亡Z 盲 真3 佳。 E 八 種 單 l 呵 品 h m 伊 怒5 s 品 單 叫 伊 hω 。 品 g 。E 3 呵 發3晶 3 。 E 川 g Uh叫 @mN 吋 忍 當 川置 甸 2 盲 b 挖 J 故M 苦 Aw F 叫 M A 區 。 v 們 w 啥 。 諱j 耳 E 宮 M 叭 革 a 。 M 2 的 皂 你 學h 可 SB 向 訂 E 門m 悶 d 叫 叫 M 目 N a - o 喇 ， 阱 抖 Sa l恥 》 h尸Aj 此悶ω 當 萬 宮灣 時 g m- 《d 單 . ， A 苟 Z U自 、 Z M 且 w - h a叭 ω -或， 叫 尸 q “ 叫 呦 u = N 包gS 」 E 臣 t 可 E 口E -向 叫 。 E M E P 緝制E且hF d m “ ω 串 N 。圓 也 ~ a 叫 S w “ hH .品 的咽O n明 啊 B B g 單h 置 E 揖 h a 謂 E a 間 8曾 H μ 回 EV 自 Zt回 蚓 首 g議 控h a 。 抖 ， 吶富 R到N m “ 、 E 告s W明 0 { 。 品 “ | - " 。 N 制 Ei S L - 臥W 叫 向 吶 Es a M 益B道 B E 沼a Ma v a 扇Es S M揖 E品 M 也 呼 K 鬥 # M 且。 自 ~ ~ O甘 z l 叫 F 于 晶 - S叫 們 L 誡 抖 aZ H 鋪K 你 吶 料 旭- u 盤 - ， Sz S G 啥F 必 ， ， 日2 惘 盟判 心2 品 Nυ a A 圳 叫 的 們 問" } ) A a 且 - E a 適h E 到 ; M 叫 們 你 阿 宮 當 - ' m gE 。 g t -- 圳 此 心 V 的 M 醫a 串“目 抖 “ W dh U g 且當ho - BgZ q 童 M aEo E h 串 ， A聶 aEZanv M wo hgZ E L O " 哥 圓 a 呵 ia 叫 這 們 吶§ Z 違 ~ 單 吶 bs o a gh穆 Er b S u ­aOm M 呵 “ - 。 Z E z宮 草 a 抗 '4" 仇 H - E M 胸乎 尸 9譚，u呵 啊 宮 豆豆 。 N 吶 E 揖 誨 呵 闕 z E 叫 曲 ."& a 瞥 z a g H巴Zaω 、 晶重曾盯 ， o 聲 a a SZHs睡晶 呵 居 z 草 包兩 宮車路 盟 a E aH國=耳 ， 軍 軍 i 紗M ) 這 草 時章a 盔 g 語 凶 量 屑 E貧 a ， a 言 ES e語 a M富草。 鳥'建 A 神 - i u，e 2 。 a肩az 求 吶 語"偏 R 。 寫M 鐘 i 走 “ 晨 例 實 E ua h 柚 翻 a看- 星 " 謂 a旬H -章Eo 吶 . ， 啊 謂偏 車 信 。 鬥 呵 吶 E喜- 星 “ S 軍喜 苟 ω章S -主 a 。 向 軍 u ， 愁 。 據a 法 咐吶F 何 尪量謂 揖 色 a 、 5毫 ，此Y 濁 車 u ? 阱 ， 官雀 a 鬱 g 的 hg 2 勻 益它“ F 一 m e Ea 4 E畫 進2 曹 益 o主z也 . 。 器 A a . OS i 的當 a aE a 串 呵 。 誼nUB w Ea 莓 Z畫EM ， 孟 u 呵 巷 零uR呵 呵 毯d- 穿 g 基道 點凶掌S忽n ，ES 整a 草 E 金聲 鐘 Z 霍a Z，管醫- 圓 O 童草 種z莘 -圈 ， a 達 H可(這e 島 醫草莘 管 善-種 這 - 弩 - a 嚀 。訟a惡 A 海 ( E 軍 這-野 扭 a 量 g a e詔m 惡 蓋 軍 總 品 紹 草 貧 弱 單 益連d 盔 監 z 古法a在 書- 毒 夸轉h 包 織 草 ，星a 農華 恥 屬 ~ 嘗 w 給 富 。 單 ， & 畫 a 當 草 語書a辜 B 超 夸弩吋 品 m 咱 器q h 旬僑b 咱 麗 蓋 濤龍 o 草 氫 曹 a- E 賽d 綠 E麗 Z Z ，a 誓怎 B 】 官g 倆 華 草 誼h SE 帽 也 裝 軍揖 d 阿 富 雙 筒 b M B 責、 。宿 蓮 心a ZWE m 耐曙 w a 事 恥 轟 革 矗糞幣 w 第 R ， 軍 伊 臨 的 w h 伶 結h 量 略 S 當 星 F』 a : a F - 時 ' 心 當 ﹒a “舍Egh 叫 。 輛 M ﹒ 量 " 難 R a 喝 e L 還 叫 車 窩 - 喜 m F 臂 U 囊 ­ 拉 、 單 單 、­'- ， 軍 g a s a trials. The technolo卸的 inclu社ed ímproved technology incr扭扭s farm ìncome, farm c1imbín草 selections， phosphorus. increased employment and bean area. Farm level organic fertilizer, and ìnsect and disease profits sbould be further ìncreased witb control (Table 52). Results showed that ìmproved red climbing and b臨h type new technology for climbing beans reduc­ !(ermplasm ìncorporat盟g r，揖臨ta臘神 to ed the cost of purchased inputs. I' he higher some 社i臨齡的 for whìch sp悶ym轟 is now population density of Calima a位已 necessary. assodate社 inputs increased the coSh (咕 ih.: Sto臨囂c in R船艙epo， P時間。臨 field new bush bean technolo車子I\. evcrth，，"h::..~， res時間lt in Hui1發 and N ariño indicated new bean technolo車les mcrea諮ed lanU t: l that small :arn時rs sold 94 percent of their income by approximately 40 per叫nt beans soon after the harvest. Therefore, beans had lìttlc effect on farm fam i1y nutrìtìon and farmers suffered from the Labor anilabiJity vs. 目前bicid側. The post-harvesl price collapse. An問alysis of princìpa1 constraint on new technology bean sampl臨 from 18 Reslrepo fam時 adoption ìn a coffee zone such as R恥.Irepo showed that all had 時f10喝 proble臨軍‘~íth may be seasonallabor av似JabìJity. Labor storage 臨倒s， prìncipal1y. Zabrotes sub. 時quìrements i配r組sed 26 to 36 per碑氯t 戶拉關恥 Ei車ht farmers sold theìr beans Wl紋1 the new I起hnologies. Syntbe你必ta rath軒絃缸lk齡p tbem for ho血.econsump­ were 桂erived for two Jabor 臨VIll轟 tion; none stored beans for 盟orethan two technolo~拉酪 witb herbìcides' (Table 52). orthr揖 montbs;閥d four treated the beans 錢erbicid輔 süghtly reduced net in∞me 晶 with a1drin or dried them ìn the 8un. the cost was g間ater 甜甜 that of the released 18bor; howev前， tbey would .till be The risk of 8torage and tbe 閻明.síty for utiliz軒lif僻翩。nallabor avaiJability were a ìmmedÎ品e post-harvest sale at lower prices pr，揖Slllgωnstralllt. may be important factors ìn the Jack of farmer 閥terest ìn ìn甜甜singb揖nprnd毯p Toeva1ua蛤 tbefl抽sibì甚tyof鷗tr祕ucin車 tivity. CIAT B鶴nEnto盟。logy has found tb自e four new be臨姆hnologies into 星級 lhat veg海祖.ble 0誼S effl甜lively ∞ntrol Z. Restrepo rar血ìn草 .y前e頭， profit­ 捕的甜甜甜泌甜甜紛 be蟬 (s研單位" 自品放訟法g p1齡雄心r fl缸ms of diffe闊前t tomology) and is pr閥ently testìng this SlZ屑 were 如臨puter prc海闊mme哼J con. . practice ìn farm 蛤vel trials. sidering avaiJab1e 說nd， labor, capital, and a1ternative 削ivitil揖 ìn tbe region. Resu1ts ECONOMICS OF 宜HE BEAN/MAIZE m也cate tbat if tbe yìelds of Table 1 can be ASSOCIAT lON o btaìned on farmers' fields, then tbe new beant配hnologyp都kage wil1 be profitab1e Economic 缸划ysis of twenty agronomìc over a wide range off.扭扭 siz揖 (Table53). 控位ls at CIAτp時，vide是 infor閥割ìon on Profit m品糊認ation es缸酷晶晶輔甜甜ade yiel“ ov，位聽齡。臨 for 臨onocul扭拇 on tbe effe說傘。f the new techno1ogy on f缸血 level profi鵲細d Ia誨。重這揖 for a climbin草 beans， monoculture 血盆凶，組d bean! maize assocíations (sìmultaneous typical Res甘吵。 fa臼n (7.車 ba) before and plantìng). Sensìtivity of net íncome to after tbe new techno10gy introduction change ìn productìon costs, yìelds of eacb (Table 54). Resul臨 show tbat the new crop, and relatìve prices of beans and maize were eval.岫ted for a serì屑。f 1 The farm 1eve1 testìng in R輔trepo did not lnclude conditìons relevant to Latìn A阻eri倍­ herbicides, It w攝制制服咄 that herbicides would Wh i1e there ìs a 阻nge 怨恨朋/臨aize price have no effew;況。n yield.. C曲..甜d labor ratios in Latìn Ame話喘一2: 1 ìn M認i∞ 間臨闖紅間t of 伽榔110010，駒s with h控峙id'租 and 秘書插在 llast Y揖rin訪問:一 tberati。 'Were ob祖揖甜 from CoJomb趟，三盟uke1 da悟星接d ìn Colombìa i. 時latively stable 齡 3.5 to other studies" n洛伊爾鴨旬， 4; L (See Francìs an社 Sanders). 器@抽Prog站開 8.73 / T甜Ie 53 P阻隘圖畫輛自繭，伽祖 PI圓圓伽曲ree dIII. .棚 u.，嘲“岫扭曲. <011'..制轉叫囂帽"嚀。' Colomol.t. F缸臨$研 A明真帆ty 暫發終 2.5 H. 7.8 Ha 22.7 11. ActiVlíy Level Colombian Gros、、闊前gin l Pesos 102.042 276.410 667.875 。Id coff，時制制Z H. 1.5 1.5 L5 N ew ooffee area H. 5 立.3 9.3 Cassava Ha 。.2 4.1 B峙的 Technology IV {bt. se臨甜銬。 Ha 5 3.9 ?經 Labor 揖Iling: Jan，-M肘， 站缸忍耐峙$ Labor 總攏ng: Apr.-June M鞘-days 23 Labûr htrln車 Jan.-Mar， M臨-days 280 956 Laoor hi'ting Apr.-J蟬'" M關.w(\ays 123 456 F紛制誰說.bor Jan.-M缸 M甜- j()b :;1{ü Labor hirìng Apr.-June Man-days !4屆 12.1 Family labor ; Jan.-Mar. Man-d吋急 導4 先是 Famil~. !ãbor Apr.-June Man吋苟言 色4本 x毛 5.ce tOOlnOI哩 I 由I Taole H 車.14 1977 CIAτ Annu.t Røport Table 54, (continued) New Beanτechnolo起Y Activity Before After Acüv法y Leve! Colombi擅自 Gross Margînl PeSO$ 2詣， 1揖 276,410 Best Fa nner Bean Te chnology 11 (2nd. semester) Ha 3.0 New Bean Techno1ogy II (2nd 甜田間組r) Ha J.9 Labor hirin,g July-Sepl Man-days 124 192 Labor hiring Oct.-Dec M削勵day:; 184 191 F.閥ily 1籠包or J世y.s叩E Man-days 100 1 伽} Far臨ly labor Oct，.1:均已 Man--d吋S I曲 100 ,""' ..成 ~包 'ofT掛姆" Figure 45 shows thal monocullure m剖1e the bean ,' maize assodatωn more is the least profitable 01 the three alter­ profilable below lhis ralio , The equal nat研es ， Monoculture c1imb捕囂 beans are profilabilily of lhe lwo bean sysle羽" at the more profitable above a 是 1 price ratω.an吐 4: 1 ratio prevailing in Colombia is consisω 說叫 with farm data coHec甘挂 in Huila wherc bOlh syslems 墓ave almost i咀enlical Net Jn甜甜e(Co瑋10001 returr菇、 and 1h e choice of the 語ystem appca閃d to be a func!Íon offarm sil.e and j labor availabilitv 曲 Theadvanta星e of monoculture clímb俏麗 Mon帥;ultu-re b冊臨§ beans 益εpends critically upon the labor 50 and suppo討 cosls. 1n a small farm sy說忿期 圳lh surplus family labor and local materials available on the farm for 軒， titïcial support. monoculture beans could be profitable al 叫bstantiaUy lower price ratios. between 2 and 3: 1 {Fi草ure 4位) This analysis has only considered e恥 pected income. However. small farmers are also concerned with income vanation (risk). lJ剖ng the 的guaranteed lncome" concepl. risk is calculated as the minimum m∞me produced by each aClivity with a given level of probabi1i ty. G.l!.ar也3組ed 8 mco血豆、can be c治Iculated 制 X~X“'~~‘ wherεX 1S the minimum ìncome goa l. X is 'M抽ω捕...祕棚，福融駕鵰蜻iM with pr揖蟬主睡 ω...'" mean mcome、心 IS the "t" level at “基" , c，處鈍，“"'，.... probability and 九.. ís the 51andar往往eVla­ ....酬愉""蜘峙1'"甜翩翩恤臨 d笑鵬k3!扭軌電b tion. This minimum income assures the P"滅跡""鴻"蠟ui ofC。紛投~“))!u一 'M哺翩翩總翩翩'"恤.. ~臨 ki.'ba 椒油 COIIts of farmer th剖開 almo說 all ..5es his max­ c，線t&'OO()!M. imum 1055 or mímm泌的草制n under mO::.t F恥re4S. Nrtinco臨efrom3閑時翊啊紹祖甜 agroclLmalÌc conditions 制11 be above lhe 甜，叫叫 b翩翩/m.eizep的ee ratios. given X. 10 Figure 4ì守 il is clear that beans 臨ean Pro曲r.m B.7S f 'La間官恤(~íJ fOf飄泊研岫呻糊糊們l l1bo~咐'"鵬嘲 w過儲海ur with 冊% probt;bilil叭叉-先代 J WN:re t. .al 揖峭 Pn的 3之前惜你盟n ， maize) , Flgure 47. Guaranteed nel incume frum thl閃電 Stilke\::: 。他bò. 言。 loUμto>S21 ，O個 :-.\，，1;的講(叫 1甜X治 lab<>r .. O. total 紙牌。 cmpp抽麗特，..臨 s at se‘erul beanl研制甜 príce rati幽 2 ')111 1;的 ::.CoLS笑治{l， ;"bvr 1# ç 01 $.woQ, t \lllll JI 航"。 . Tre.Ü， ..C"I.S1XO。 此ahor =0 , !(Ital 電峙的 !"rdh重會 CoLS 治O1O.labor:Co: 學民總是 1<'1"，. 41 伽拘 Numm F e/baHn act VMMJ 制 m hrH eer cropping even when the monoculture‘ 總 剖臨 H “ Wm ， sum SM“ mn 的 B 樂 envw 。 i呻。 a ，時 beans are more profitable. Most farmers, 開 勻 糊 剖m 此是動 妞 m吋 U 時 的 峭h 幟，幟 u心 臨 who have the n闊的sary labor to use tl扭扭 叫 糊 m assooiated cropping systems, must be ∞n僻問吋 with the risks of crop 108.. alone are rislder than tbe beanj corn Therefore, they may be expected to choose assocí前ion until tbe price ratìo is over 5.5: I assooiated 肘。pping to 時duce pr必uctlon {鈴早已 probabilíty). S盟all farmers wbo costs臨d 10 achieve greater ineome stabili偷 avoid bigh rìs泌 may prefer 臨時CÎated ty. B-76 1917 CIAT Annual Repo問 Appendices A妙的必ix A. List of Promising Lines of 紛前'eo/us refer揖d 給領 the 1977 轟輯錯 F間管制11 Annual Rep個毛 • pprro唔m扭M曲鵝 CIAT Accε...0純 ldentification No. No. 。r Registr器t100 SOUfce POO4 00 2115 PI 31iJ.818 USA P帥生 1741 PI 海1-824 USA F軒揖 Z帥5 P) 310-739 USA P觀海 2056 PI31恥制4 USA POO9 2959 P也ho Amari誼。 GUA POII 3729 Arge叫抽.2 VEZ POl2 5474 BRZ 1289 (69-6584-3) BRZ POI4 2146 PI 310-909 USA POI6 3車13 Truji性。 4 VEZ 1月。 17 3119 M叫絡。 12-1 VEZ 凹的 。143 PI 1φφ146 (SEM) USA P揖9 。302 E平1 !的治制 USA P 1I4 0417 PI 173-022 USA P138 0556 P117~參4 (Oturak) USA PI41 。569 PI 176-713 l:SA PI53 師45 於 179-715 (民聞封 USA PI55 。卷51 PII似)，729 USA PI67 揖85 PI 182-{掉? USA PI68 0686 PI 182-011 USA PI69 。687 PI 182-026 (Wìndsor 1m灣阱。 USA PI74 。，716 PI 186-492 USA PI78 。728 PI 18令505 USA E呵79 。684 1月 181~領悟 lJSA Pl82 。756 PI 193“5‘9 lJSA P189 。780 Pl 194-578 USA PI94 。797 P1195明391 USA PI99 1220 PI 196戶927 (F, CrioJlo) 日SA P203 臨時 PI 197-970 (Bayo 8erendo) USA P204 。819 1月 197-971 (Berendo) ιSA 的關 1259 PI20卜333 USA Plll 奴制 PI 201 -489 USA 臨@輯Progr.m 8白77 / P?Z何間g，zi學a問tr鑫 CIAT E .=鈴Iótr Ide臨ifi且110n No. 緒。 Of registratiQß Source P226 1308 PI207-掉這 (C.C.O.B-44) USA P239 1423 P122!於甜5 USA P243 1434 pn2<弘.938 甘甜岫 hundert fur eine) USA P246 1050 PI2的叫634 U主A P256 1524 PI 282.QS2 USA P259 1093 PI282心的 USA P260 1帥8 PI 282.Q74 (0胡nero) USA P2ßQ 1682 PI3揖H59 USA P2品多 i的4 PI 307-752 (S-137-N) USA P302 1820 P1309-釵揖 USA P306 1833 民主09-853 USA P318 1962 PI 310-醋。 USA P326 鈞。6 PI 況。也?咱 USA P332 劫犯 PI 310-767 USA P334 2034 PI 310-784 USA P349 22ß I PI 311-930 USA P353 2327 PI J1I砂92 USA P3至5 2337 P1312-l睡4 USA P358 2382 PI 312.Q輛 USA P364 認40 P1313-6主3 USA P365 茲崢 P1313-晶2 l'SA P386 3269 A醉祖揖草e闊的 70 MEX P392 4498 5a甜甜 USA P393 3736 Alobama 1(1-1012) VEZ P401 3065 Blan叩 (OUA.Q 13η OUA P402 3807 8rasÏl 2 (8艙。 de Ouro) VEZ P42串 3輛7 C.C.G.B. -44 (1-462) VEZ P422 3724 Compu輔10 耐缸。 (1﹒蟬的 VEZ ?這32 3153 F. de p前叫 (OUA僻的知} GUA P437 312ß F 帥醉。 (GUA.Q321) GUA P433 3131 F. .呵紋。 (OUA.QJ25) Gt'A P439 3205 F 目'I!fo (GUA'(躍動 GUA P449 3451 G關""J騙峙 11M MEχ P4S5 扭曲 Hailillo (GUA-l油 16) GUA P4S8 14454 ICA Tui CLB P459 3645 Jomapo (1 -11 1的 VEZ P461 3974 Jin IOB (C叫) CRI ?揖8 34輯 Mω.00騙.7。 MEX P418 4177 12-B-P-3 (1唯心59) CRI P4l!3 3565 Oa.xa蠅 39 ?、，1EX P488 4142 PorrUlo 70 (狗-579) CRI P49S 3352 Pnebl這 151單 已.fEX P498 3353 Puebla 152 5至EX 11.78 977 CIA'τAnnu甜食eport I PPmmNtuFi-aa C an臨 AT s accesstOn i軒ntificat揖n ?這。 or Regi鈴時tíon Scurι且 E字致揖 33揖 Puebla 173 MEX P多。1 3363 Puebla 1帥 1、4EX P卸4 3374 PU晶1a 304 MEX F到7 5693 Ca.lifornia small wrute 643 USA P紛9 4487 San p插阻 pinula 72 GUA PSII 3627 S-182-N (卜714) VEZ PSI2 4122 S-I由i-A-N (N-555) CRI P524 4421 S-630-B (C心3) CR1 P525 3871 Truj益102 VEZ E戶52峰 草草72 TnlÍiI!o 主 VEZ PS3:; 主'526 Veracruz 56 MEZ P章指 3531 Veracruz 157 MEZ PS39 3776 V" 據:ruela 2 (1-1062) VEZ P5岫 37個 V."盟揖尬誨。-1071) VEZ P545 37輯 Vcn闖闖誣指性-1073 VEZ P$甜 軍進34 51051 (1“ 1138) VEZ P S6 1 ‘152 單插船I (N-283) CRI 仿制 4495 P01T過10 Sio'鴨tlco HON P輛7 5478 Ta鴨 !>RI P揖iI! 5479 PR-1o-l5盟87 (PR-S) PRI P5靜 5481 C甜曲圖給 72 加EX P588 44'S ICA hua岫晶。 CL8 PS89 2S2S PI3B-624 USA PS開 5702 C.r醉聽聞峙 CLB PS97 1222 P1 1%-932 USA P622 揖抑 211o\-12 USA P623 騙錢 27R CRI P631 5帥6 Con據11 046-C t;SA P634 5683 ICA dura CLB P63S 科52 ICA .IIII世i CL器 P637 4523 Un軸 17 CLB P639 3467 M岫峙揖n 31 ME芷 P643 44S9 NEP-2 CRI P64S 3至91 Diac油1 扭曲. (1-幼4) VEZ P646 韓軒 PI 203-958 斜-203) USA P6神 ‘312 Puebla ‘39 MEX P670 指揮 M削紛峙。揖輯2捶路。 GUA P672 4164 01-1-5-1 (N-3 1S) CRI P675 452S U錄輔 32 (!CA pijao) CLB P678 3058 Dc vara(OUA繪制29) GUA p.揖2 扭扭 H 1 Mulatinho (8RZ-343) BRZ P甜2 5諧調B BRZ - 1087 (I-Hi2) BRZ P甜4 1320 P1 207-262 (tlalnep酬，捕歸} t;SA h麟阱。"，am B-79 Program CIAT Promising acceSSlon ldentification No No. 。 r registrabon Source P685 5694 Com.1l 49-242 USA P的l 4489 Cui旭.pa 72 GUA P692 斜" Di恥。1 calima CLB P的3 5653 Ecuador 299 ELS P696 4791 Honduras 46 NIC P698 5476 Jules USA P699 5652 M曰“。泊， ELS P704 4795 Porrillo I ELS P706 5701 Rojo 70 ELS P708 4473 Titan CHL P709 4485 Turrialba 1 GUA P712 4792 51052 NIC P714 4505 Top 叮。p USA P718 4789 Cubagua YEZ P719 5710 G.N.UI.31 USA P720 。832 Pl2叫弘974 USA P721 1401 PI 224-743 USA P729 1951 P131~8 USA P737 4456 Jamapa C!>~l P739 4509 M個terplece UTK P743 4829 Para曲 (101. 3) BRZ P746 4830 Rio tiba斟 (101. 10) BRZ P755 44曲 Pompadour 2 CRI P756 4445 Ex-rico 23 CLB P757 制61 Porrillo 1 CRI P758 相輔 Ex-puebla 152 (Brown seeded) 品lEX P759 個76 Red kloud USA P763 3329 Pu.bla 38-1 MEX P766 5719 Aurora USA P775 4197 Black turt1e soup B CRI P776 4472 Tortolas CHL P778 4637 Cundinamarca 115C (arbolito) CLB P779 4638 Cundinamarca 116 個rbolito) CLB P780 2997 Rabia el g8to GUA P782 6380 Kaboon I\ ET P788 1540 PI 284-703 USA P793 5712 Comp. chimaltenango 3 GUA 8-80 '977 CIAT Annual Røp。問 AppendixB ‘ List of CIA T acc肘sions (not classified 攝 Prom甜ng Unes)of A次useoho ref，肘阿薩 10 in Ibe 1977 車組n Pro草ram Annual Report. CIAT accesslon Identiflcation ?這。 啊，咱聞時說00 Süur;;!' G00729 PI 186-506 lSA 。131 PI 189-612 T剝b， T訓nap'世 l;SA 。138 PI 189-4插到哪Je l'SA 。臨5 1月 197-634 l'SA 0838 PI201-317 lJ SA 。齡3 PI 201-345 lJSA 揖輯 剎 那1-抽8 USA 曲15 PI203-93。 USA 帥91 Pl 挂泌-121 USA 帶51 PI 單路419 lJSA 。轉3 PI224回138 USA 1018 PI 244-715 lJSA 1師9 PI28I-979 USA 1079 PI282-024 lJ SA 10臨 PI282-625 USA 1151 PI20弘388 I滴血eQ缸s lunal間 J;SA 1212 PII9令209 USA 1224 PI 196-93卷 USA 1253 PI 200-918 USA 1251 PI201-3OO USA 1365 PI 游~l l(apumbu USA 1814 Pl 軍陣勵海7 F. azùfrado amar咽。 USA 2033 PI 310-783 LJSA 2161 P1311-191 USA 2221 PI311-861 USA 225草 PI311-9個 USA 2262 Pl 311"刻對8 USA 2210 P1311融，917 USA 2497 PI313“主 14 NegrQ t: SA 2597 Pl313關?且 USA G02甜2' PI313-730 USA 2618 P1313-755 USA 2620 P1313-758 US入 2634 P1313-77每 lJSA 2829 PI 319-631 Frijolap給錢。 \;SA 3劫8 Frijol 1'.8ro (G lJA-431) G控at章認..1. 3391 Pu.bla 422 Mexìco 3407 Puebla 441 Mexiço 3445' 。臨明uato 22 奴制lCÒ Bean 屑。草帽閉 轟-81 r CIAT access lOn Identì為崎t100 ~O Qf rtg崎tratlon Sourcc 4{) 16 Stringless Green refug'呵。寸20) Co,;>ta Rì.:a 4231 MexicQ 21何 (1毒品2) CO 'l-ta RÎCil 4503 Widu站 Francia 4揖7 Antioquia 130 Colo冊b，說 4590. 80ya揖 21 Sangileno Co!ombl講 4762* Chl擔pas 163 MeX1CQ 4826 Pintado Bra.z il 5487 Gr揖t ~or由前n U.t 123 (V-12 i7) i.J nhed Kingdom 5714 Seafarer cSA 5732 Mexico 215 Sal\ador 5772 Dìaçol Andino Colombla 5942 PR-70吋5R-55 (PR3) Puerlo RICO 甜14 。輸給掘.Ia 388 (HON呀。491) Hond話時話 6374 Bountiful tlSA 6391 Linea 20667 Colombia 6719 Jubila HoJanda 6732 Strin到e錯 Gr.自nPod cSA 6734 lmprovedτ"ender Green 4船31 USA 7121 G恥峙。 Pr.∞血 (HON-2的3) HoruJ泣ra嘉 TMD-I 8目"，ît* Zamorano Honduras. 11-82 1977 CIAτ 軒"喝I Report Appendix C可 D削criptíon of 草rowth habits of Phaseolus vulgari主 ι. used by th. CIA T Bean p"，草ram Followin車 are the definítíons of the conditions but generally showing only growth habits for Phaseolus vulgaris L., as weak clímbing abilíty used by the CIA T Bean Program TYPE IV: Ind前erminate growlh habit; TYPE 1: Determinate growth habit; vegetal!ve 控rmínals on the maÎo stem; reproductíve tεrminals on main stem; with heavy node product時n on the m制n stem no further node production on the m剖n aft.r 封owermg com擺闊居民 branch路 nol stem after t10wering co臨臨ences. well developed compared 10 main slem development; typ臼 which show moderate τYPE 11: Indetermínate growth habit; 帕 strong climbing tendencies on supports. vegetative terminals on main stem with node production on the main stem after l'i ol路: The most important distinguishin草 t10werin車 commences; erect branches features of the four growth habit5 arεas borne on the lower nod拙。f the main slem; follows: 給rmínal raceme on m品n .Iem for erect plant帆th relatively compact canopy; Type 1; indete訂nínate wilh erecl branches guíde development variable depending on for τype 11; indeterminatc with prost嗨扭 enVtronr哨位tal conditíons 銷社麗的lotype. habit and branches for Type IlI; and m述的erminate with well developed clím削 τYPE 111: Indeterminate growth habít; bing ability in Tyt咒 lV. Intermediate type. vegetative terminals on the main stem wíth oc叫If between Types Il and 111 and node productíon on the m創n stem aft.r between 111 and lV. Growth habit is nol a f1 0werin章; relatively heavíly branched with 5ta起le characterislÌc of many genotype. varíable number of pro到rate branches 割nce draslíc changes in growth habit oc旭ur borne on the lower 鈍。是es; prostrate plant from one locatíon to anoth缸. Relative with spreading habit; guíde development guide development 阻 nota車。od indícation extremely varíable wíth 50me 控ndency to of 在rowlh habit due 10 extreme instability climb in 時me materíals under certa站 揖 Ihis character. Appendíx D. 0制criplion of bean ideotypes accordi絲露 to their charac控ristics un如g de>elop鵬ent in the C1A T 8es" Program. Following are summaries of the m創n ty); erect plant type with erect hranches; characteristics of four ideolypes which limited n。這e production on the main stem have heen defined as goals for 5el目ction in after f1owering; pods borne as high a5 the b時eding program at CIAτ possible 10 avoíd pod contact with the soil; lodging resislant. Defined for croppin草 IDEOTYPE A: 1給你termmate 紋。wth systems (摺onoculture， assoç血hon or habit (Type 11) with a short growin草 sea.on rela y) wh ích req uire bush 忌eans of 且r1y (less than 70 days to phy制。logical maturi- 血a借口ty and where plant densities can be 蜘酬抖。9開m a.83 f 誼aintained at approximately 250 x J()' Defined for croppíng systems requiring plantsíha bush beans wilh stable y盟Ids under suboptimal growing condilÎ 。肘， monoc紛紛拇指闊的ated or relay sy試制啦 IDEOTYPE B: IndetermÎ閑時 growtn 啦間 plant “臨泌的 are usually bel側 200 nabÎt (Type 11) witl、 a 10ng growing season x l()' 1h a and where the leveJ nf a車問啪啦C of more th個 90 days to physiologica1 inputs in restrìcted. 由aturity with a 1008 preflowering period ofmo時 than 50 days; erect m剖nstemwith IDEOTYPE D: Indeterminate 轟rowth few bra位ches borne erectly; moderate node habit (Type IV) with a range of maturity production on the main .tem after l1ower­ types; climbing beans with vigorous ing but with 詠nil剎那ide deve10pment; climbing ability on associated or relay bighly 10dging resi糊nt; pods bor峙。utof crop怠。r 捕 monoculture on artificial contact with the 帥泣， 甜pport; 語mited branch d軒elopmenl and with 揖able 轟rowth habil. Defined f or monoculture cropping Defi位ed for croppi益基 sys掉鵑審問嘻融rín轟 systems requiring a late high yielding variety which can be mechanically clímbin車 ability 10 exploit the yield cu1tivated advantage of cli臨bers and where a relative­ or 輔sociated and relay systems Iy high level of manual labor input is wher建 p1ant densities 叫n be main旭ined at approximatelly 250 possible; cropping systems witb maíze in J{ 1 0l/區a direct association or in relay or in systems where artificial supporl systems are poss• IDEOTYPE C: Inde扭扭mnate 草rowth ble under monocu!ture conditions. habit 仔ype 1lI) with a 闊氣餒。f盟副師ity types; pros甘甜e plant type with well 賀。TE:Ad位.erminate (Type 1) ideotype is developed branches which show ability to nol 捕clud綠 in these recommend剎時閑­ compensale for low p1ant densiti臨 and Howeverfor釘臨s where extreme臨rlin描S irregu1ar distribution; long flowering 朋 requi甜d the only altemati時 may lie in period (compa時d 10 ideotypes A and B) the use of determinate malerials. Type 1 but with relative1y even pod maturity; materia1s have shown poor adaptation龜nd some ability to cümb weakly could be an strong instability of yield ín many CIA'τ advantage. experiments and the 1976 IBY AN. Public級tions AJtieri. J闕，A.， C.A. Frand惠! A. vaß Schoonboven, and J.D. DolI. 1977. A re\liew of 臨時的 prevaJcnce in 臨aize (Zea mays L) 制ld b糊n(Ph甜甜I叫 vulgaris L.) pol)'c叫叫“阿stems. Field Crops Researçh. (io press} Fr岫c閻α2路..C c阻ul詬2位叫!肘v祖Va站血 m。剖n側穹啊οc制削ult伽u時 and 岫as揖s峙。c翩蚓α1油a斟t吋.d wi由帥a叫lZ紙e. Crop Science. (in press) F扭即is， C.A. 捕d J.H. S.關ers. 1977. Economk a關lysis 叫 be制 and m剖ze systems: monocutture vcrsus a訟""綠色ed cropping. Field Crops I扭扭益扭扭{品 P時時} 8.84 1977 CIAT Annu甜，連epo時 Francls, C.A.,S.R. Temple, C.A. Flor, and ι.0. Grogan. 1977. Effects 01' compct此時n 00 yield and dry m叫結f distrìbut叩n ìn maize. Field CroI's Research. (in press) Graham, P H. and H allid呵，.1. 1977. 10的ulatioo and nilrogcn fi:\a lÌon in the genu~ PiuHt!olus. ln "Exploiting the legume~Rhizobium symbi恆的 in tropical agricul叩re. J},'I. Vincent EdîtOL Uníwrsity üfHaw梢， College of Tropical Agriculturc, MisceUaneous publication 1 的‘ pp.2J7-252 GrahaJ剖， P .H. and Rosas, J , 的77一 Growth and development of ind肘erminate bush .and climl附gc的tivars of 阱。'seoJus vulgaris. L. înoculated with Rhizobium. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb) 峙，給3.5()8 Hudgins, R.E. 1977. Adaptîng agronomic technology Îor srnall 祖rm 己ean produ社t('!tì în hl起hlandColom棋譜 Unpublished PhD. ThesÎs , Universîty of Florida, G益inesville. Fla Bean Program 器-85 • Cass progr Cassav個 Program Dur盟在 1977 the Cassava Program lime levels. Sìmilarily 加es were 泌的ltìfied continued Îts efforts to reach í峙。bjectives wìth good potential yìelds at very low levels of: (1) pro挂在lcing a low關Înput technology of appl時d phosphorous for incre制祕 cassava production in areas where it is presently 車rown; (2) developing Althou車h the technolo草y beìng technology for 臨指前a production of the developed aíms to use the low喝t possìble infertile acid soil areas 01 the tropics; and fertilizer levels，每rtilìzers yìeld a hí轟h rate (3) diffusin草 these technologies to national of 摺扭扭 on mve甜肘帆 The u峙。，f rock 削d 10捕 agencies and assisting Ihem phosphates .how particul缸 prom臨easa where possible. 時ur臼 of cheap fertilizer. W詰b moderate fertilìzer levels yìe1ds of 2弘2蓋好ba 且n be A multidisciplinary team works as a obtained on acíd ínfertile soíls. 草roup 10 resolve probJel鳴曲sociated with m研討n草 these objectives. Of primary A major problem ìn these low-fertility importance in the prograrn 臨時tegy is 10 areas and the regions wbere cassava 器 have a plant that 語 per $e efficient in already widely grown ís the c滑ntrol of converting solar ener草Y 10 carbohydrates. d哨位自 and pests. Poor germination is τhe characters of a plant 10 achieve this often due 10 a number of orgarusms tbat were described )a.t year on the ba訕。fa a lIack the plar法íng piece, es仰C終lly ìf ìt is ∞mputer model. Experiment. Ihis year not planted ímmedìately after cutt閻麗、 A haveconf的ned the importan.峙。flongleaf sìmple fungicidal and ìnsecticidal dip Ihal )ife and )ate branchíng. Furthermore, costs only 3USS per hectare was foun是 efforts to seekvariability in photosynthetic extremely effective ìn el訟lÌnating thís 賠妞， which may ultimateJy be u輯是 10 problem 10<甜甜e yield potentíaJ, showe是 that variation in this character ís considerable. The emphasis of dí揖ase and pestcontrol 然 however， nol chemical, The extre臨ely 。iffe時nt 皂白lotypes were grown at thr皂泡 devast的ng diseasecassava bacterial blì轟ht 闊的 with average temperatures of 20險、 240 can be controlled by planting resìstant and 2SOC. The same plant type yield紹說st vanetles. 已是any of the new hybrids from in afl sites, however, for Ihe coole'l síte, the program ha鴨祕削 t曲ted for resíslance which is at Ihe lower 1朋友lt of cassava's and have shown 齡ceptable I的你們m range of adaplion, a different, mo問 when inf，目ted with the m081 vírulent vlgo閉關車enolype was requíred strams. Cassava is fre哇 uently found on Ihe acid τhe superelongatío泊是i揖a曲 first infertíle soil. and tremendous potentìal reported in 1會74， was identified in several ex.i部 for increased production ín these countries of L的n America where it ca哨es zones. Cassava圳11 gìve good yìelds at low 錯vere losses. Although it can be d措E levels of líme (0.5 tjha), however, new semínated by ìnfected plantin喵 ma紐n訟， trials this year have shown that there ìs the fungicidal dìp d的cribed above 扭。pe for selectíng lines that do excep. elimìnates the dì時ases th借 preventm甚 tionally well 剖 this level or with even lower early inf，制íon. Unfortunate勻， dìfferent C.翁sava Pròg間m C.l y 一一一 races of the ca酪alσTganìsm， Sphaceloma to obtain new v訂閱ti的 with most of the manìhoticola exist. A small number of desirable characters. N ew hybrids h部呵 eultivars showed high tolerance to 011 墓。od yield potential, 60 tlhaunder the known races fertile CIA T con也tions， 40 tfha in Ca討bia with less fertìle soils and a very pronounced One of the most widespread problems in dry season and 30 tiha in the acìd infertile eassava in the Cercospora diseases. These soil. of the L1anos Oriental的積 Disease an這 0[:蛤n cause yield 10扭扭。.f 20崎 30 percent pest problems are slill 珊rious but pω草ress but res間組nt lines were found which were was made this year to combine resístance not affeeted wilh high yíe!這 potentìal Duri行車 the d ry .easo n 時vere attacks of Pro血恥ng sel甜tion. from Ihe germ­ thrip. and mites occur and cause y揖i這 plasm banlt and the new hybrids are los錯s of up to 50 percent. The cassava 間ultiplied wilh the rapid propa喜atlOn germplasm at CIAT was screened for techniq鴨、 Th措 system was further refined resistance to thrips and more than half the and sìmplified and is nQW used routínely. material5howed high levels of切leran.e. 10 The promising material after multiplica啊 the .a5e of m;t峙，約gh levels of resístance tlOn, promism車 materials are planted ín have not been encountered, neverthele錯， re且iooal lrials throu草hout Colombía. N 0 臨揖剖ve 眩目ening showed th剖 anumberof ferlílizer or pOS1-e昂ergence applications of varieties are tolerant to both msect垃2益的 or fungíci峰的 were 臨ed except Mononychellus and Tetrallych甜 mltes. for an ìnter阻ediate application offertilizer in the 泌的 on the acid infertile soils N 0 varietal resistance 10 the hornworm Carefully selected plant mat肘íal 祖 Ireated ha, been found , however, biolo車站.1 with fungicides and insectìcides and C海ntrol can be based on maintainin草 p!ante忌，墓。od weed control 措 practices bUl Po /istes populalions i n the fiel晶， with otherwí妞，即 special 臨時 ís 車間的 10 the strategic release of Trichogramma and trials applications of the bac甜rial 進isease Bacil/us thuringiens時 These techniqu的 The year 1977 provided the tllÍrd year 01 are bein草 tested on a Com臨ercial 甜ale; results from these trials. 10 the fi時ttwo 掘rly results su怨那I that the system is years whcn only p阿拉mtnary 甜lections effective were used, the advantage of 盟lected line, over the best local lìnes was quite small The cassava frwtfly Anastrepha spp. However、 wíth lhe final selections from the bore, ín Ihe stem and aUows the en甘Y of 且ermplasm a tremendous advantage was 互訪Wlnla CaralOVQra var. caratoνora， which evident from combíníng good cu!tuval causes rotting of the interior slem parts. practIces and selected material. Stakes taken from damaged plantat的翩 翩，d uscd for planting material give poor Previously, aU work at CIAT has been stands and reduced yields. Merely by onc齡組va as a monoculture crop. Much of proper selection of plantin草 material， the world's cassava îs grown as 3 mìxed yields 崎n be increased by up 1020 percenL culture. Cassava was grown in 鋪SOC-13tton Wilh beans to te5t the pOleOlìal of cas站va Althou草h the de剖悶ble characters of an g創n !egume assoeiation. Very high Land efficienl plant type, lines toleranl to the Equivalent Ratios were obtair阻d - aCl社 infertile soìls and resistant 10 major grealer than L 7 when cassava and beans di甜甜的 an這 pests el and 必OC，制 m雌組red by leaf area index (LAI)(Fig. 1l , ánd root blÙkìng is maximized only over a small range of LAI (Fig. 2). The 明，gorous variety , Popay帥， reaches its optimum LAI at a lower temperatu時 than M Co l 113 and M M缸 59 that in turn reach optimum LAI at lower temp甜苦ltur輯 than E是 Col 22. It follows that more vigorous varie:諒的 must be selected for maxi制服1 yields at lower temperatures aod less 現唱。問喝 varietìes for hi囂her temperatures. Lea{ Life SìmlÙ的on result. 5U泌的t that increa.“ leaf life should be a 揖efωcharacter for improvin車 yield. The simulation model used assumed tbat old缸 leaves were photosynthetícally efficient. The older 泌ves are always lower in the canopy and 科研re 2. Root d可 weight imr個甜甜 rerated 扭 reccive Ie蹄地bt than the upper on點 曲帥nL個fArea Ind輔 (LAI)oflour欄總avav耐$醋蟬 Photosyntl瑚ìc rate of leav峙。，f different 011戶16month毒 al這erp妞，連駒19 in 10捕，金005hav扭Ithree ag揖 W描訊攝制且時是 at 1500，u Em" 揖c.' and a輔..軸艙學討.tur帽. 500 ，u Em寸臨“ (about three咚祖rters甜4 on~愉悅.er f泌Isunlig恥， r帥P配tively)ιAt LAI 5OO，u Em寸鵑吋， thephot帥，ynthetic rate of T一一-E … 1 k甜甜 up to 5吾 days after en間咚閻明 was very little I臨s than that of younger I臨V個 (Fig. 3) 棋是轟轟estìng that 軒en th鵬 older 5 戶→一… i 己 M Col22 leaves can contribule actively 10 10祖1 pl臨t photosynthesis. ;因M Coll13 4← 1治 M Mex 59 獨臘 Popa)義給 M臨2 倍mperatu榨 (OC) Age of 糊V間 (da)'$) Fi斜re LM揖nLeafA持續 Indic輔 (LAI) fr.蟬，.扭 扭曲酬5 aftupl甜tingfortourea揖耐..ari攜輔........ Figure 3. E何關 of leaf age on ph叫帥，萬曲軸1. of 掛 locatioo.s hav帥蓋自ree m祖猜忌冊'1"甜甜曹帽﹒ I帥，輯 d 捕揖a.. u.riety 揖 Co171. C-4 電車77 CIAτAnm路1 翁eport Rather than depend entirely on simula­ new hybríd Iínes by tl\蓋章íng newly formed lion data 10 a軍.es. the effect~ of leaf Iífe on leaves at two, three and four 觀。nIns alter yield, ~ Col 72 with a leaf life of 1;給益ays plantin囂. Only a small variation was found or more was planted at 初，000 plants/ha belween varíeti揖 when leaves were tagged an是 leaf life artificially re是uced 10 49 or 84 al two months after plantíng. However, days or left at i臼 naturaJ level. The nalural when leaves were ta轟轟金d at either three or leaf life was no grealer th益n the 84-day four months large 益ifferences were found, Irealmenl for leaves tagged up 10 two rangin轟 from ω 峙 150 days. The hig益 months after planting and therefore yields correlation belween the two ob研rvations 閑時 similar fnr the 84-day treatment 銷社 suggeste昏過al screenin車 for different leaf control at the six month harvesl bul Ihe Iiv制 can be done by tagging leav自 at three plots wilh the 49-d句話af life had markedly 10 four months.ln anothertrial where leaf redu如社 yields. By nine months after life was meaSli闊氣Iitt!e difference W8S plantin露， leaf life of the controls was foun述問 leaf live態。f 關rly-formed I蟬鳴g ωnsíd軒ably grealer than either 甘eatment but later-formed I揖現s sbowed large and yìeld was 泣如 great盯 when leaf life diffe詰ncc器 depending on tl時 variety (Fig. was longer (Fi品 4). 5)τhis confirmed 崗位 leaves formed in the first IWo months after planting are not τo obtaín varíet盟s with a long leaflife, a suitable for screening for varietal suitable screening t部hnique was needed. differences in I甜f life. Leaf lífe was measured 棚 more than 2∞ Leaf Size Leaf sìze 臨 most varietìes incr鴨揖swith ìncrease in canopy height and then d配lines (Fi路 6). However, the leaf sìze ofM Col72, a non-branchir環 variety， shows a much smaller decline than other varieti的 which have varying degrees of 忌臨配制ng. When branching was restricted ín M Col 113, a branchin囂 variety， Ihe decline 臨 l晶fsize did not 制:cu霄" at least up 10 甜明n months •••• after planting when the experiment ter­ r!呵 minated, while ìn 室主atural branching plots ! leaf size at sev開闊onthsw品 less than half 1 : th前 at four months (Fi皂，乃. This 叫草草扭扭 ι+ that 臨aximum leaf size 諮 not affected by branchin草 habit but that 1臨f 割ze decline L after four months 措囂何制er when 斗 branchin車 occurs Lasty閣r(CIAT AnnualRepo話，給%川 ∞mputer sinωlation model w輔 U蹄蓮 to Jr 幸自lo 市」 predict yields of c海揖ava lines with different branchin車 habits on the assumption that leafsized.配lìnes with tìme in all types. Th時 Leaf lífe (day'j would indìcate that predìcted yields of Fíg'泌闊氣 Le.r life of ca揖軒av制iety M Col72 兩甜 剖ngle stem typ位 would be slightly lower ",0 di押101 tr酬ments (帥，朋deff酬。IÍ lellflife 咽 than can be expected when leaf剖目是ecline fr輔hr帥t yie臨 nÎnem棚th，臨“#間出1 (B). does not OCCUf. Cas'Ø'Va P時g槽冊 C.5 f Leaf些堡壘錢 ……1 仁二二11 MCol22 妓女= 2 MCol72 C 二:J 3 M Col 113 4 MM時 11 5 .5 M Mex ~ 亡三三士J 6 CMC 輯 101 Days af間 p旭ntlng wh時 i融V帥祖揖d Fi齡3時主如歸 life of 50i莫 C攝揖珊珊翩“輔 at differ祖$鍾閉揖 aUer ~攝制，妞， R- d­ m @AWNN 的 f N 柄 說 。 軍 黨 a m們 曲l '‘ OF一 卜 卜……一一 卜 卜一 料……一 輯 卜 20 卜一→ 12345台n 11345671 123456 1243567 1234567 Canopy levels M Col22 M Col 72 M Vol 113 M M時打 M Me.x 5'1 t 、1仁斗。 Fi都res above 曲.1揖 per闊別 èoturflnS afe the 閉眼imum !eaf ar阻捕乞湖2 fígu間 6. Le:af $Í.甜甜IiIrfe~ted by ε醋。py.1軒et of sÎ益甜甜ava yarie“峙a C.6 1977 CIAT Annual 終epo伺 and that root. ae<罵pt carbohydl這.te in exc臨S of the needs of tbe tops. The data 這emonstrate that top growth is a strong 剖tractar話。fcarbohydrat閉關din previous 賠ports (qAτAnnual Report, 1976) it was suggested that in certain ca甜S límitation of top growth cou1d he used to l∞ • Natural br綿cbing ìncrease yield. In fact, yield was incr恤金絲 o Reduced 凶 singJe 榔m. 25 percent 每y restnctmg 如p growthτbe γ~3一一正… 5 每一寸 vigorous v駐iety M Col 113 was planted Months a{1踏實 p!anting and diffe阿nt branching p酷terns were pro心ced by clipping (Table 3). The 臨的t 們必ne 7, Interac鈍。醋。，fbranchìnlpa綠鯽，建甜dl軸f eff.研制ve treatment Incr磁揖d yield 70 U輝。f圓圈酬. variety 瞬 Col 113 percent showin轟 tbat the branchin草habitis extremely ì朋portant for yield. The甜 was al時 a close relatìonsmp hetween tbe actual Root Sink Capaεity yield obtained in the fìeld 制4 剖mulated yield. (Fi苦努 sug囂的自Ig 為駐 the 坦mu心­ In previo恥 reports，結períments 10 tion model d酷的ihed last year (CIAT reduce root numbers by clippín嘉軒188臨ted Ann帥1 Report, 197。偷越 he 帥ed 10 tbat the remaiJÙn車 roots have the cap都ity predict hìgh-yielding type學， to a自尊'pt more carbohydrate than ís available (CIAT Ann聞I Report, 1976). Photo.y的thetic Rate . However, when root number was d如Z揖s­ ed there was always a slíght d部Z臨揖 in The sì酷泣Iation model was used 10 tota1 fCK>t yie1d，組轟轟.estin車 a sink 益的悔 predict the effects ofìncreased crop growth tlon on rOOI expan剖on 阻緝捕 yield. The 血。del 剖19耳目t滋替別 very s惜aII如creases in crop growth rate During the early growth pbase of should lead to large incre細揖 in yield (e.g. a cas揖va 紛p growth 器 very vigorous and roots do not normally swell rapidly. It is not certain whether the roots do not expa紛 due to inabi說Iy 10 accepl car­ bohyd措扭墓。r to lack of available car­ bohydrate. Si臨其ar紗， vigorous top growth at tl草s period may I措 due to lack of altemative 8inks (i.e. roots). When top 紋。wth was 間這luoed by apex 扭曲oval total 肘。p growth 措te (a8 a function of LAI) was not afI配led (Fig 旬， demonstrating that top 割nlc díd not límit tota1 photosynthesis and crop g問wth悶te. Addítionally, while LAI (and h甜甜甜。p growth闊的 wasr絨服紹， root growth rate was increased (Table 2). The root8 clearly can a自:ept more carbohydrale than 1. normally av制Iable in the early growth phase.τ'hese results 絡。 indicate that lop Figure 8. Crop grawth 甜甜甜 a fun吋棚 ofLeaf growth has p時ference over 峙。1 growth Ar，輯 Ind組 of 曲r甜甜揖軒a ..鼎 討回 Cas.sava Progr8m C.7 f Table 2. EIJ，軒的。-f apex clipping on crop crOW1h 時teand 帥。這&!，owth rate of t知制 varltt概d偏紛，*VI. C,op 、g伊r2oawzuth rate Root 3m-馴h 間1< (glj1" wk") (gm-2 wk- I ) 主cr空o慰p 問g哎10哎VAtlh xi帥(噁} MC剖 72 Control 。7 18 28 Apex..;;lipped .54 23 42 CMC 軸 C啞trol 71 18 23 Apex.dipped 64 21 33 M Mex 11 Control 49 蠅, 13 Apex --clipped 33 10 25 M揖n Comrol 64 14 22 Apex-clipped 52 18 34 10 percenl increase 的 crop 軍rowth ra扭 at range of LAl's (Fi品 8). The cause of tbese all LAl's shoul益扭扭11 ina vield 閥creaseof differen臼s has not been determined but slightly 血。自 th卸 20 percent)“ Several the data suggest that yield may be varieties were screened for pl友。tosynthetic 捕C問ased via ìr臨時ased crop 揖rowth rate. m諒。f individual leave單位必 lar囂舍， co酪1S哪 tent differences we問 found betw摺n H缸苓軸tlnd位 varieties (Table 4). (lt 時maíns to be s研a whether these di仔erenc臨 can be relate是 to I n the CIAT Annual Reporl. I♀74.il was d ifferences in crop growlh rate in the field.) suggeste電! that the harvest in桂臨時 a useful Large differences in crop growtb rate ,election tool for cassava breeders. It has between three varieties were encountered al.o been frequently note是 that harvest and th自e dífferences maintained over a indices in cassava are very hi揖h whicb is τable 3. Fr阻b and dry root yields of ca總a..... variety M Col 113 with differ軒.. branc:b c:ønlr叫亂 Branch 紅me No. of brançhes Dry root yield Frc!>h roût vicld 仰自ks af'出 plantîng) 倒晶晶 bra喘氣 púml (tiha) lt , ha) 332 12, 19, 27. 4{) 苟A.可 5.5 17.6 (1曲1)' J-忌， 20， 28 、 38 7.3 22.3 (1 è7) 13. 2ll, 24, 33 10.3 29.1, (168) N0 branching 8.4 26.9 (1 53) 26 333 8 心 8.5 25.4 (J44) ，Y抽 A 27, 33 a 守 9.8 JOJJ (170) 局 26, 32, 39 w 啥 9、3 27 ,t) {15:) j Hjures in par凹th~m..II re pr:n;開taJu 01 叫ntrol C.8 1977 CJAT Annual Røpo吋 ACl捕I yleld one of the reasons for its high yield ('iha) potent.al rhe measured harvest ind慨。f cassav& does not 間ually inclu由 faUen I晶ves. N evertheless, wl間lfallen 1臨ves areinclud­ 叫， real, high harvest indices of over 50 perce鈍t are sti1l愉悅inOO. The relationship between real an位朋捕sured harvest indi，臨S is cons時lem and therefore, m甜甜甜d harvest 閉4結晶 .Iill a valid selection índex althOl萬富起 ít has a system齡ic bi幽 (Fig.IO). INTERCROPPING Relative Planting D射器 As cassava 祖 slow to establish an垂 form a canopy, it n祖y be possible to intercrop 51點ulated yield (t;'ha) cassava wilh a short-season crop such as b臨閑. It was thought IMI one of t恥 most Figu時 9. Relatlon bωwun actu泌 yield u世 importanl façto時 in determinin事 the sÎm甜甜甜 yìeld of ca點軒a varìel)' M Col 113 叫掛 succe甜。f 揖tercroppin事 would be the br蚓th control (yie1d 峙的明ns of root dty 暉，這$肘} τ時le 4. Pbol個yn曲ctic føte of individuaJ體揖軒.10抑醋。，f tS .獻給級體.t1棚 uE m…2輔e-1 oll障制 int棚俱全y. (M揖鈞。，1 nmt f'叩說捕t輯)比 R.\e dm-l hr- Pezrzcaε3ErEatzaz8aane lo i I ) Standard Deviation MCol72 M Col22 32. 1' 3.3 96 M Col 1292 3l.5 2.9 95 31.5 2。每 9主 CMC40 31.0 3.3 93 M Col 1l3 .lIl.9 2.7 93 M Co1946 30.9 2.5 93 M 措喘口 30.8 3, 2 92 婦 Coll2 30.7 3.1 92 29.4 3.7 88 M Col667 30.5' 2.6 92 CMC 這4 29.7 2.1 89 M Col638 29.8 3.9 89 M Mex tl 28.5 2.5 86 M Coll19 28.4 2.3 85 26.8 2.3 80 p台payan 27、 l 2.1 81 v 26.7 3"2 80 MM明 59 26 鑫 2.4 80 。軒持 Slx rtpl‘明峰， (:(Impaflld !O mne in thc e耳penme棚， CaR8"8 Program C“ S / Real harvest ïndex Yield 詞語言IV. 抽血甜甜揖ture (%) 門了I~r I .L-.::::門 Ca揖ava 340 days i∞ ~ I ~， 什-Y仆十LLik Cassava I I Bei anIs、2曲 davs I ÿ 峙?啥?心←←一~… m〕門寸一-I J Bcfote Cl\Ssava After cassava Bean planting interval (weck時 M翩翩red hlll'\'制，( ìndex 的gure 11. Root dry matter yield of 臨ssava at 3輛 Fi扭扭 10 農，1酬。結 belw甜nm帥轍red .nd real a.nd 260 days and yield of b個DS at mat世蚵 wben 鈍，阱輔8 輛4肘。f 臨“ava. b甜P5 were planted with di何'erent plantina d刮風 時lative pla的in轟 dates of the two CfOpS so the 胡車站va w阻 harvested 340 days after 紛到服ither suffers from exce揖lve com. planting. The Land Equivalent Ratio petll!on. (LER) of the v缸時間 planting dates was calculated as the ratio of the land area When措ssavaa紛紛甜甜f財 beanswe時 的“ed in in控rcroppingJ monoculture for ìntercropped 攝 CIAτ， cas攝va root y揖ld both crops. (The la崢 equivalent ratio was was Iittle aff，叫“ by the plantìng date of corrected 50 that àU comparisons were the beans (Fì品 11) compa言ed wìth 間ade on equivalent total land use time.) monocullure cassava harvested at )，錯位 Tbe most eff閥割.t biolog.cal [and use days. When ìntercropp紛 cas韓嗨 W攝 斑￠齡ured by the LER was 1.7 when crops h訂閱sted 鴨紛前服 260 d錢ys， the effects were planted at the sametime, or beans one were more pronunced wìth cas蟬鳴 yields W間k earlier (Fì車 12)τ泌s very high LER bein草 markedly 時dueed when the b雄肘 sug囂的ts that thefe 措 great potential for were planted four weeks befo時 the 蹄tercropping with cassava , Y間Ids ìn~ cassava, dicatcd that one hectare of land can Bean yìelds were not r:蓮、Iced by inter相 croppìng wìth cassava when the beans were planted from four 10 剖x weeks before the cassava , However, bean yìelds showed a marked d叫:line when beans were planted from three weeks before to sìx weeks afler the cassava (Fig , 11), When beans were planted six weeks before the cassava, lolalland use lÍme for the two crops was 382 days. However, when they were planted at the same tìme or lat肘， total land use time was 340 days when C-l0 1977 ClAT Annual Repo時 optimally produce 34 tjha of fresh cassava T wo varieties of ca榔腳亂 M Mex JJ 警 a and 2.9 tjha of beans in les. than one year. non-leafy, la峙-branching type, and M CoJ Intercropping dìd not affect root dry 113 、 early-branchin島、 leafy type, were matter percentage but the starch content planted at different population densities on a dry matter with P302, a bush bean with rew branches, b甜甜 was markedly reduced when beans were planted before and Puebla, a prostrate, heavy勵branching cassava bean type. There was no obvious interac倫 tion of increa剖ng densities of bean pop­ P泊nt Popula討ons ulatio肘 x cassava populations on yìeld of beans or cassava. When two di仔e甜甜 crops are planted 卸車.Iher they ∞mpete f or lig挾， nutnents S泌間叫8時間 W制 planted two weeks and water. As the density of eaεh crop before tbe b輸帥. yields of in阻rι:ropped increa揖s， competition i即將ases. As tbe b臨帥 were 10碑 due to the b組n planting cassava density is increased in 編輯. Yìeld of P備bla 泊血。制淵且lure 盤。益。cultu語言。ot Y揖Id either 時aches a tended to 切結翱揖 slightly 師 density pl前聽這 or a marked optimu冊， dependin車 incr鶴聽是 but no effect w蹄。bserved in 站pon the variety. As b槌n popul甜甜路 綠草念館roppm品 How軒缸， tbe yield of tbe 揖cr臨揖 yields a1so i臨時揖時ndth如 reach íntercropped bush bean P302 i臨時臨“ a plateau. 訝。、Never， opti甜um plant with popul棋ion d組sity (F也 13). B臨重 populatio的 foryield ín 扭扭rcroppm草酪ay yield w齡轍。時揖verely r祕臨“ over 訟i be diffe血nt f:拘捕 those 服 monoculture， pop滋atio滋滋融iti揖 wh臨 in語rcrop但是 Bean y時Id (slm') 280 270 2曲 250 2捕 180 170 i掛 Bean pop晦恤金 (plantsl血弓 Fi斜re 13. Dry 融制計eldof棚。 varl紛融融甜甜甜 by pla"電deJ蟬峙。.rb輔攝a1OJ1e輔攝融輔帥啪啪nwi臨 twoe輔導ava varieti輔. ca捕。va Program C處 11 r Ca棚間 yìeld (tfh的 wíth M Mex 11 than 制th M Col 113. (M 輯(一γ …-.'-~----… Mex 1I has more 輪rly ví臣。r than M Col 113 aI吉普 emerged above the bean canopy two weeks earlíer.) However, bean densí吟 吟。ve 10 plantsf m' díd not affect cassava 主。其 yields (Fig. 1是) W hen cassava density was íncreased bean yield was markωlyreduced(Fi品的i 2。一 “…、之 However. y蛤ld of M Mex 11 íncrea揖d with pla肘 populat的n ìn both monoculture and 肺結rcropping. Y ìeld of M Col 113 臨 悶。甜甜 ulture reached a maximum at aboUl 時弘一…一…一… Cassavlt/ Bean 5000 plantsfha訊社 then declined. When M 1. M Mex II!P 302 • M Col ll3 iP 302 I Col J J3 was planted 前 more than 紛紛 10M M的 IliPueb詢公 M Col i !3 /Pu喇. I plantsl ha and intercropped with P302, the eassava yield was 關perí肘 to the oL… …一-一…心的…wι -… m m! →一耐J monoculture \evel at any densíty. Thís ~ 紹鍾的師 that intercropp悶g beans wíth Bcan Popul剖叫的 (plants ， rn i ) cassava in certain ca師學 may ÍIlcrease the Figure 14ιa點a\'a yields a~ afft'cted b) inten.:rop~ yiel是 of M Col 113 above the 晶。noculture P說I wìth tWQ btan varieties at \íl時抽g den&itj但 l軒el althou草h yíel是 never 認ached that of 什千…「 …… 5.'~三-';;:9正沿海TíY.OI正õ1if. 科研re 15. Ca3唱vø )'ieJds 制吋 bean yietds 都抖時間tllge of maxjmum yìeld 甜甜'ftd-ed b~ tas揖峙掛虹.t d甜甜ies in.緒。>éÎali(鷗啦珈 beans and in 盟。nocutture C.12 '977 CIAT Ann.ol Report h是真是就 11 in monoculture. While the yield incr揖扭。f M Co1 113. may appear anomalou霉，組rly competi位on may have lowered 臨rly growth vigor reducin車 the 1ater LAI 10 near optímum; con.sequent旬， 防治ltIlprove社 in a proc臨s símilar to that which occurs when apices are removed. These data 5U麗麗的t that it may 1咒 dífficult to breed for hí墓h yield in inter綸 croppíng sy5tems without depressing the yield of the a峙。ciated crop. Nevertheless, when the best monoculture yiel斂。f 39.4 tha by M M的 11 胡d 2.6 ti h& by Puebla 、/1\ were used a這 a reflεreoce， LE鼠'501'草reater 1.00~\心……÷ than t were cons扭扭ntlv obtained in thi忌 trial {F ig. 16). A5cassava 挂念nsity increased 叫十 j~'. .14 when M C 01 113 was plante述 with Puebla。 l.and E.,! uivalent Ratios declined but remamed faJrly constant in other com­ binat時ns， Yields in th臨 exp軒滋1e閥 were :trrîT1LLi lower Ihll.n tho錯。，f the planlin草 date trial; 5.5 6.2 69 8.0 9.3 11.0 14.0 18.5 trus may h,ave b揖nduetoP的lemXinthe Cassava dem泌的 b輯ns. The highest yields of cassava (M F咕U悶 16. Land Equivalent 錢atio (LER) 01 M位 11) were obtained at the rughest plant different c臨睡u/b騙"糊糊cialíons四揖pared to be“ population (l 8，S∞ pl扭扭/ha)wher職sthe highest LER's We峙。btained at much ul剖叩ns may be 謹.fferent for int盯croppmg lower plant populations of ca蟬ava. This ca甘ava and beans. however. bean pop­ 削gg甜臨 that optimum c細翰va pop- ulatlo制 comrnonljεmployed can bç used p發thology Special emphasis was p1aced on research 心ced stem galls on several cassava clones t。“tenm摺 losses due to Cercospora leaf The effect of protectant fun單ic泌的 on díseas的 and the use of cassava bacterial 泣。rage and germínation of cuttings w部 blíght (CBB) infected plantin辜血ateria l. also detεrmined under field conditions lO Thc efficacy of 器.reenhouse and field evaluate losse5 caused by the lack of 盟reemng 軒aluatÌons for resistance to sanitary precautìons for planüng material CBB were also determined and studìes were done on the varia起ilìly of Ùle causal BACTERIAL DlSEASES agents of CBB and superelongation. í' a !!l!'l u、“ ßacterial ßli臨IIt (C器臨} Var時li峙， from the CIAT 草盯mplasm bank, an是 promising hybrid5 Were Studies on patho轟，enìc variability ofthe evaluated for resistance to CßB、 causal a車:enl continued this year with 2會 甜perelongation， Cercospora leaf d站eases cassava varieties with different degrees of and Phoma leaf spo t. Prelìmìnary res臼tance and using two 前rains 甜pre甜恥 etíolo車ìcal studies were alsoundertaken on tative of輸給 of the virulence 草roups 1, 2, an unreported bacterial ,pecles that in- 3, and 4 repo話給他t year (CIAT Annual C綿鞠叫 Prog時m C.13 / Report , 1976) 已 τen 45-day-old Dlscase rating、 greenhouse cvaluatíon plantsf variety I strain 閑時 clip柵inoculated. 5咐寸 |了六 「1頁 Results confirrned 是ifferences in virul扭扭 4.5汁… ω - i -……… 一一才 arnong the strains of this patho車間， butthe 2 : 14 4到 strains did not interact differently wìth the 4.QL十 …一的… )→→一一一一一----， …叫 1 戶。 434S*'" cassava genotypes tested. Conse有uently ， 3. 5日一 the exí剖開ce of dístinct 閃閃s of the CBB pathogen has not been deteπníned; the most virulent strains must be used for 扭扭enmg purposes 2OKLhL 曰5.0 E語ld V$. greenhou揖sk覓得，~"'"拘l““. 1帥，OOOlha. 主 Sample oi I 50 p1a禱l，lplol oviposìtion will significantly rncrease pupaewe時 collec祖:d in the same field from 踹tur泌 e轟轟烈rasít甜m. which it was calculate:d that Apant.eles produced about a 29 percent par細itism 1獻精1 P甜甜t設點 Apanteles co停 揖le of homworm larvae. A drawback 個 gre軍'Qt僻 and A. IlJtU'ncanus都制單portant the use of砂ant.e/es a益 ahornwor臨 larval larvalp獻糊it間。fthe晶晶ava hoinworm in parasi語 is 誼le high per鶴I1ta紋。f hyper­ Colombia. Th臨e braconid w鋪ps ovíposit parasitis揖 ob揖rve莓. s抑制 different in homworm larvae and the parasite iarvae hyperp缸asites w可ere coll甜te這 fro盟 develop there. Mature larvae migrate fro閥 Apant.e /es at CIAT and a 說udy of 112 the host and pupate on the outer 綠in， Apan甜的 C自∞融 coll間ted on three f orming a white colton-like cocoon around occasions showed an aver斑紋 ofS6p軒睡U the 間問帥.of 也e homworm larva. hyperparasitism. Larva1 pa賠51t盟m by Apante/es 8acillus Thuringle泌的Is probably 0臨U自 durin喜 the rtr臨 thr明 hornworm 盟S扭扭.Ob時間a位。閥誠心崎結 Applications of B. thur的Igie附祉 a 給前 du泛鋒轟 tlte Iatcr 途揖ars Apanteles ∞扭曲盯個J bacteriaJ d細a峙。fhomworm usually emerge甜dpupate磁 the 輯錯rnal Jarv齡， were m祕e when there were high 說lñace of the homworm I獻精eaCewhours pop滋atio峙。fd話必將就Jarval i扭扭扭• B. afler emerge血:c. Th呻吟益lc帥。on甜甜恥 thur的Igie財ísw齡發ff蛇ti精ag&inst the first passing the homwor盟恤rca輔 average.3.8 four ins揖閱 (the 說fth w齡 nott揖te:d) but centimeter. wide by 4.1 centimeters lon喜 most effectíve a車制酪t the first. In tbe Each cocoon contains an average of 2S7 treated fields four days after app益值泣。n Apanteles pupae, about 80 percent of fírst ínstar Iarval pop滋滋10恥 d血時品εd88 which emerge after 6-7 days. per田nt and second instar larvae, 46 P訂閱nt. After síx days third 阻star pop­ Ap酬甜-1es adul祖 we時 liherated into ulations decreased 84 percent and after 加rnworm-甜甜祕細心 dur均 1977 to three 傲ys， a 70 percent decrease was eval臨ted larval parasitism. In the fi甜甜 trial ob時間“ for fourth instars. It should be 11 coc∞站附問 release益闖關話。lated noted' that the untreated first Ìnslar field and 40毒品)(;oons co挂牌te挂 after three hornworm populat峙n of tbe control w都 W間ks. At 桂樹 ti攔， 3給棚"話sÌt泣ed z泌uced 給 percent， probably due to bomworm larv臨關4 畢33 益。rnwo雪揖 natural parasi紛嗚嗚 the field prior 姆拉le Ca輔ava Program Cω27 r beginning of the 叫perimcnt; the tlúrd Ute plants were 2. 4 a錄4 岳-months-014， 紛跑r hornwonn population of泌揖甜甜rol thr輯錯parate ratm.車s were made: 。現e was also r楠品祕 53 pereent 蟑螂 to based on the level of whítel1y ínfestatkn; 位tremely h帥.vy 施拉& one based on the number of 有~lútel1y pupae per leaf; and Ute third. on the de草ree of HOST PLANT RESISTANCE plant damage. Mit揖 AlI l69 varieties were heavílyinfestεdby whítefly adults 制1d pupae. However. :he Sereenin事 In greenbou霉e and damage symptoms ratin草揖dícates 觀剖 S扭扭曲。鵬已 Screeningof圍歸a珊珊ric甜甜 physical damage may be only mode:ate for 糊i.stanec 如 Mononychellus an挂 although the plant may be heavily叫ested. 了全mmychus mi臨 co肘inued under ∞n­ While yields of these varieties may not be trolled co恐ditions in the 甜Z鴨羽house 酷語 d間。tly affected by heavy whitefly in­ 草了研nhou揖. Promising varietics 聞lccted festations. these 浦口到i時 may be sus揖pti­ duringp問氓。臨棚鴨ninp (CIAT Annual ble to virus帥 t附 Report. 1975, 1會16) were 甜啥叫瑚ted in 甜plica臨d t結ais 鞠 identify the most promis伽g var派i髓. and 705 必ditio個i Thrips varieti帥 W前e 研al臨ted usÎl海 the 時sis論羽個 scale (0-1 r的i.stant; 2-3 The CIAτcassava 草ermpl斜m bank i泊n鞠t純e閱@紛4也t扭帥er附e削'吋i 紋，247 a晶晶sions) was evaluated for F間i誼f車浪豈y咕返敏h泌lt 叫VM祕秘‘詞紛海 w鴨e蹲 揖I甜扭闢d 螂 掃$拉tan<臼 to the thri阱• Franklíníella pr。o血盟血主塾磚轟 f必。肘rr帥擱i泊'祖旭n揖 t扭。品M.t抽a酬， '純n1$吋I純lf}叫oa削a帥a削d wí/liamsi. durin轟 ootural infes臨tion ín a 3釗l 揖臨瞞t 懶i詠鐘恤2且2揖趾t 岫t。 Y京: urti刮甜脫傘 Twenty thr聞訊monthdry輯峙。袋.R臨ults(Table I令 v缸蚓ieti偽e軸sh祕ad悶i翻且揖 t岫ob泌。z給hM.槍螂u呵甜o叫a showed abundant sour硨S of resistance to a帥錢d T. urtj甜， 甜I indi晶tingadegr，髓。f缸"058 thrips in the cassav曳&屆浦sion忌. Morethan Z軸祖tan開 not pre悅。usly susp鴨ted. 58 perce酪 were highly r輔is臨剖(弘1 on a damage 賠líng 臨ale of 0-5) 組d only 20 Fleld 臨時間祕囂 fOf M. tanaj棚 P前cent we甜甜喇叭ible (3-5 on the ，輯lstance. AJmost 2孩沁扭曲aVIl vllrie討時 社副nage rating 輯紛紛可 Wlúle mo時鵲vere were evaluated for M. 措najoa resis峙訟拇 during a 撒1‘ual outbr盟成磁 CIAT.One Table 14, Evalua電iOß of 2,241 VIl叫etl酬。f時聽軒a hundred a泌益fty-two v間成郎 (6.9%) forreSÎst甜甜學蛤緣1. 晶宮ips Franklinielk1 were 甜叫“ resistant and 4草草 (38.5%) 削11旬， ，間，咄咄 ..tu械制甜甜omintht 鴨rl閃開 showed 觀揖nnediate r扭扭扭n帥­ yield. Undoubtedly, a mo時關vere mite at鵲ck would bave r鴨綠綠 in fewer 間做臨就 Darnage No.of Percentage varietil聞 and som. 油畫ie甜甜甜，lccted 臨 scate vanetles wìtwn gradcs 時制臨崩mayhaveb自a揖捕P斜.How研'er} th間e r鴨uIts indicllte considerable 922233445 656 29.2 時海istan揖 to M. t削ajoa 齡td前 CIAT 656 29.2 conditio間 which， b輯削騙。，f the sbort dry 3帥 16.4 時緝。ofl8 (2-3 months), do not al10w Jarge 555 mi組 pop曲ti開發給學位ld up. 124 5,5 129 5.5 Wh韓a創論 102 4.5 176 u One hundred sixty-rune lin峙。f cassava 34 1.5 gennp磁盤 werecv叫uated for resi.s臨nccto G 制 the wlútefly (Aleurotrachelus sp.) When C.2B 1977 CIAτ Annual Rapo時 attacks of thrips could'alter these ratings, 旬， resp配tive紗t to S噶倫) i州的ted witb these results indic汪汪te that resistance to on1y one or two s臨les around thc hud thrips is the rule rather than the .exception showed that a severe scale at臨傀儡綠 bc ín cassava germplasm produc旭d when cuttings are planted vertically in the field under id輸l 叫“ s叫i的 vironmental conditions (when the dry season begins shortly after planting). rhe adverse effect of s且les on the However, it was found that the germìnatìon of cassava cuttings during dry m間ctícid軸-ma1athìon， 4 percent at 1 se制制時 has been p記viously reported 草! liter; trìazophos , cc/liter; (CIA T Annual Repo丘， 1974) ， Astudywas methamidoph帥， 1 cc/liter; and Triona .. 做到車間通知 εval臨le damage of 也e whi記 malathion, 2 cC" Ig/liter…alI prevent祕a 時ale (Aonidomytilus albus) to cassava rapid 捕前開闊 of 斜斜e populations after cutt閑談。f M Col22 絡站辜hly 甜sceptible plantíng, The treatments were more variety) treated wìth methamidophos and effec訂閱 forCMC40 誼lan for M Coll13, 吱ored for 0財斑。nth be如何 plantin車， indicating a varietal 間spon揖 to 臨a1e Dama草e 車站善自 werεalso correlated to altack. germination of the cultings after plar訟法草 ma 問泌omized block of four plots with 25 Yield 1輔耕s. A field of M Col 22 w.細 cuttings per plot (Table 15), Germìnation 研aluated 揖 harvestfor部秘密你措age磁ing was conSl位訂的Iy reduc祕 when scal，恥! a dama惡毒時師事部咐。f: 0 pl捕歸 witb infected cuttìngs were stored for one considerable fo1裕華ea毅d noneorfews揖i醋 month and 回secticìde 甘甜E崩ent did not 。n stems; 1 red協tion ìnro話age缸tds揖les mcrease germmat lOn. coverin車 i棉s than 50 pcr祖nt of s扭扭 surface; and 2 輯V軒海 defo益atio鐘， d且這 Treatment of planting 臨aterial. Obs肘， terminal buds a泌臨論如mpletely vations of cuttings of CMC 40 and M Col coverìng the 鵬酷現lrface. One hu泌red 113 (selected fo r tolerance and susceptìbili- plants of each 臼ma革;e grade were harv酬祕 their wei畢ht r腎。'rd餒，組4 indìvìdual d獻給a串egr泌聽∞rrelated witb Table 15. The effect of the l" hite snle yieldlosses. R剖ults showed a yiel針。峙。，f4 (Aonidomytilus albu吋 on tht percent for tho揖 plants 恆 damage grade 1 germination of C IlSSQ\'8 叫“Ings (nr. M and a IOS8 of 19 per帥ntfor也血agegrade2; (01 ZZ) tr棚，叫 with methamidophos and 揖 of 3 sto間!d for ont mωnth prior .0 The latter damage 間P甜甜位組 a 10 tJha plantin~ % germìnation Biology of Aonidomityh揖 alb阻﹒ The bìology Of the whìte 臨ale， Aonidomitylu.s Draa冊bnage S卸r甜 Uns岫時d albus Cockerell, was stud間d in the laboratory (temp , 260-280C, RH 75-85%) 已cale l Treated U甜甜甜甜 Trealed Untreated on excised cassava .lem. (M Col 22 and M 84 12 Col 113) , Male 臨ales passed through two 。 9主 95 nymphal insta自 averaging 10 and 6.5 days, 33 40 88 91 respectlve旬， and a p間pupal and pup訓 2 17 16 特 85 stage tota1ìng 4.5 days , Adults lived 1-3 3 12 3 JO 23 days 叩桂 the male life cyc1e was about 23 4 ln a 揖mp1e of 30 females, three 。 4 2 9 “ys. nymphal ínstars were observed averagin車 紗， 5and9da戶， resp甜tívely.τ紛紛ir延i ! Da:纖纖紗OI;Ut場“功推 o報袋。制必鏘; 1" f1納W 飢渴lU ato縫補 'od，ζ 0 nymphal 自註缸 ís the ad u\t stage. E轟轟s are h祕悔過院提攜 .fb嚼，似的、rttd \10 11 tça風，.騙她α哨位""，，，，，， u蟬 pm ofin結羽哺研恥蛤滋臨的mplett!y 甜甜嫁時ttJf可弘 OVlpO缸ted un是er the scale and ny臨phs ca輪訓鑽研嗨ram C﹒草9 r 個erge durin嘉 a 館ven-day period. Peak for every tria l. Th阻 may have heen due 10 emergenceo臼urred 宜。m day 3-5 and each the po閥bility that while the gr必e 縛 f的臨leproduced 關 average of 43 nymphs. 的lttings were more damag.紹， they may Nymphs， or*研awlers>> are mobile for up to have come from a better part of the plant. three day霉，酪 which time they become lnad位iti啪， thisyiel針。詔patternob甜:rved 5t剖iO'師ry and f，輯遜總泌tiat甜. Males on the three 錢驛站 was not repea在“ in the have wings and can f1y while the f，酷nale is trial at CIAT where a dìfferent variety, wingless and 攝制ionary. Differentiation C在在C 粉" was 肺結. Only th附做臨絲e betw揖n the male and fe臨ale occurs dur油畫 gra是聞 were nsed in the ClAT trial since the second ins祖r. Copulation 0目前8 、Nhen dama草e w齡 less severe. 麓的u1ts showed the female reacl祖s the third i描tar. that cuttings with damage grade 3 yielded 紛紛t1y higher than un是amaged ∞ttings， Frult F1i樹 po臨ibly 卸掉ause they may have b自ntaken from a better part of the pla制制 well. Cassava fruÎl flie5 (An帥，同阱。 pickeli and Á. manihOli) da諸祖ge plan:討2轟 詞輸Iybugs 鳴獄前ial by 伺nnelin畢 in stems of gro制n喜 plan個 an是 pro討這ing an enlran自 for the Outbreaks of the 酷鵲Iybu車， Phenacoc­ bacterial p斜hogen ErwinÙl coralovora 個'S gossypíi, caus紛甜vere defoliation and var. coralovora which臨U揖S8eve時間tting dessication of 揖ssava .tem tÎssue on the of stem tissue. CJAT farm again this year but mal剖hion effectively reduced populations. The effects of fruit f1y damage and 甜.bsequent attack by E. caraJOVQ.冊， on The biology of the female mealybug w鋪 cassava (Var. Chiro捕) in fa鬧鬧草，'fields in 到“ied with 24 females pla時d onexcis祕 C斜斜對這個嗨， Colomb攏， were evaluate垂 ca臨ava 學峙ms (M Col 113) in the a品。rding to five damage grades 曹hich laboratory (鵲臨p. 260-28"C, RH 75-85%). were correlated to yíeld 10晶es (Table 16). There were thr.e nymphal instars with Yield 10甜甜 of the da揖aged cuttings averages of 8.6, 5久制社 6.3 days, r甜"。 揖nged from 4.2 per，何nt for grade 1 。臨.1 tively. Adult females 叫rvived up to 21 damage) 10 33.1 p肘甜甜 for gr祕e 3. Yíeld days. Ovíp值ítion was initiated between 10帥輔 for grade 4 were le時 than訟 grade 3 the ftftb a1吋 seventb day and continue泣如 Table 16 Eff酬。Z面臨時@相岫吋峙 thefn曲的 Anas/r建pha manthori and the bact軒蚓抖油呵甜甜winJa 揖闊的問-ro on gem由甜甜tn of 帽揖..﹒甜綠語醫﹒ Yield (tiha )2 Farms % Yield D如nag.ε G盯mma岫a Yield 剖 C1AT 斜aJç: 1 (%) 2 3 主 reduction (t!hap 9123490 8358?387274 93 2 39229613929 34 3323 40328534@26329 9 』。 ‘ 41.7 23.9 ai e 44.5 4.2 21.9 2 S5 P4 38.4 l3,9 22.1 A0 U 34.2 33 .1 26.2 妒 ，E 37.7 18.3 L v ..滋 Agt' scale: a browlI dl揖o!oflltion 撥給灣 pith aru; 2= dw:o!ocal裕n iHld ~vrr.e roning 1:H恥純白:d1><'[ C1，;，U Ulg~， }醋 ~eve l'l: ro!t!Og. ..r 伊h: 4 '"線V<)1.. rouìQg (J f I悅 IUnnel and I lIe pllh iU磁 、 V ;of酬，仰"w瞞你ro.a ι "ariety r認眼ed wuCMC “ C.30 售量71 CIATAnnu揖Rep酬金 fìve day.. An average of 328 eggs per Since c都.ava propagat lOn m剖erial ìs female were ovipo.it必 with the most eggs commonly stored' for seve揖1 months produced the fil'llt 是ay and st酷似Iyd前reas­ d uring dry periods before planting begi的 ing thereafter. All eggs re臨aìn in an egg at the onset of the rainy season, a pouch on the posterior of tl話 female's body preliminary stu社y was done 10 determíne until the nymphs hatch the effect of termites on stored planting material‘ One-hundred untreated ca時ava While ny翰phs in aU instars a賠晶。bUe slem. and 100 slem. treated wilh a spray they may feed ìn one ar臨 for 臨veral days. mixture of 10 percent aldrin甜d IOp肘扭蟬 They p詩fer 10 feed on the undersides of parathion we時泣。red for 80 days í琵 the i問ves or on 個nd軒誰ems. The female ìs field. Insecticide applications were made wingl制軌 whereas 臨ales have w ings and every 20 days. AlI the untr甜甜言Istems had 罰.y. lermìte d組臨ge whíle treated 這tem. show啊 ed a 24 percent 10蹄。f planting material。 Several predators and parasites of m開lybugs and scal酪 were collecte娃 at τwo expenmen臨 were conducled to CIAT仔'able 17); not all the parasites have further sludy prevention of 扭f揖i紐約祖ck been comple崎Iy id珊t証ied. on 揖ored proprasation 臨到缸組l 削d p時vention of termite da融a草:e 10 cutlings afler planting. In the f控制 expen阻ent， bundl的 of 15 ca路ava slems 臨ch w前海 T曹mit輔 treated with an ins如ticide and slored in the field for 80 days. 功聘單揖t effective Termit揖 (Coplotermes' spp.) at臨ck treat甜甜 (Table 18) 鵬聽a1drin applí弱 cassava 血ainly in 也e tropi臨1 lowland.s. 磁 a dust at 1 gj ste蹄， (0% 10輯) Clorvel They feed on propasation 單位erial， gro恥 applied as a sprayat 1 ccjliter of water (0% ing plants and roots. Principal dama昌e 10師) and 揖vin in a dusl appU臨，tíon at 1 appears to be 10錯 of cuttings; du泣ng gl slem (6.6% loss) Meanwhil傘， 4岳 p訂阻nt prolonged dry periods plant esta泌ishment of the un扭扭扭d .Iem. were destroyed by 開n al甜 be 揖verely aft配t綠. terπ說tes可 Taþle 17, N.tu棚1 pt~備相rs of Ao"it如mytílU$ Ql，缸..c啊k軒掛 ....1 ..1積enOCQCCUS goss.少pii Town帥nd 則吋 C自kerel1融曲盟ava. 到 CtAτd阻扭， 1977. Order Family Oenus Species Ptedaúon Co!eoptera C個扭扭;1姐ae Cleolera onera扭 Mealybugeg齡制這 nymphs CIeo'era sp 師雌lybug e盟~ and nys經phs Scymnus spp M輔lybug cggs apd 吋mphs O>ccidophllus , p White scale aU ny臨pballltaie ?這europtera ch叮帥pid岫 C誨rysopð 甜甜Ú!， M臨Iybu第嗨醉 and吋mphs Hemerobíidae Symphtrobíow 坤， M甜lybug cggs and 時間phs 。申.tcna Syrphid揖 Ocyptamw Jtenogð.tlB 站糊lybug nymp Ì1:> ￡咒。開pJex Lepidoptera Cosmopterigid揖 海叫誨rces sp. M甜Iyh時aod \', hite scale 哩醉缸吋 nymphs ca輔制8 Program C.31 r T.ble 18 Effects of applying臨時間]p間ticld醋。" planted in a randomize甚 block with four 臨e prennoon of terr訓健翻mage on plots of 25 cuttings! plot and evaluated 80 ￡國晶va propagating materÎal st甜甜帥 days after treatment. The most successful days in the field treatments were aldrin applied as a dust (3% 105') and a cutting dip with 10 percent I時都揖阻2 Application1 如嚇份} aldrín 組d 10 percent parathíon (6% los.) TermÎtes destroyed 15 percent of the Aldrìn d國$ G untreated cuuíngs Clorvel Spray 9 Se'\IÌn d阻2 。心? INTEI主CROPPING POPULATIONS Chlordane spray 8,) Fenthion spray 33,) A prelíminary experiment was done on Control 46,7 the protection potential of intercropping Monocrotophos spray 帥，，67 cassaval beans τhe followin單純真ecl Aldrìn (10%)φ populatíons- the horn峭的 (Erìnnyís parathion {I 0q;毛) spray 73 ,3 ..1 10). the cassava lace 加革 (Vatì紗 Thira啪 spray 86,7 manìhotí), whi扭扭2自 (Aleurolrachelus sp.) Thiram dip 86,7 and the shootfly (Silba pendul炒， 一瞬間 monitored weekly for 2.5 months in Spray 叫帥益ppl叫嘟嘟蚵 .t ! CJ: h\t'[岫怖叫叫‘ monoculture cassava and intercropp“ 哪læatlorlS叭叭，m cassava/beans. In addition, a comparison was made between insecticide and non­ ln the 甜∞nd experíment cuttín，且s were 臨時ctícide treatments in the intercropping índiv泌ually tr時ted with an in緝部tìcide and system fable 19. 點關押i睹。n jn çassava 翩翩哺附心附呻譬如tusan/b叫呦喇喇叫 加學軒tìc揖.， • % population Mono叩Iture l lntercro持自ig1 時duct.ioo ïn mte起roppm齡 WiUt Witnout W協 Wi.thout m師oeultu吋 Insect m甜cticid& io闊的總ide 間sectidde生 磁時~ticide 市已iìthout 咱這ecücîde LaCé bug 3 leaves 4,5 5,6 2,7 3.8 32.1 plant White品 y: II臨ves 7.2 6.5 H 4 , 5 訕。 plant Shoot fly plot 2, 1 立，。 1.5 2, 2 Hornwor臨S plot 0.5 Q 建 0.5 。 6 30 ,0 抖。'"V、冷rm 唔醉!parasr“血d; 50.7 51.4 51.2 45 , 5 plot h闢閥、.."，::1\ ~ \1ex I j Ik.l n \1M川、 J"ürn:切 Smtet比啥 ""l\h M \ot t叉 "份“融、發 E酬的ulfan C.32 1977 CIAT Annual 錢ep倚門 H ornworm larval poputatíons were Lacebug and whi紐fly populations were low軒悶 the intercropped ca拙ava than in 剎時 lower in the intercropping system than monoculture cassava but lowest when ín cassava monoculture with or without msectlc泌的 were appli“ 切 cassava pestícide applicatîon. 吾吾owever， the lowest monoculture or intercropping (τable 19). însect populatîons were obtaîned when an However. e草草 par臨終Îsm was lowest in the insecticî桂e was applied to the înt肘crop­ íntercropped種 non-sp悶yed plant8 and ping system. highesl ín the 揖ssava monoculture Varietal Improvement This y臨r hybri位ation， evaluat蹄。 and 48 tlha{year, or 16 tlha/y組r dry weight 甜1闊的on were intensified at CIAT and in with le鶴 than 700 millimete路。frainfaU is outlyin草 trials in Colombia. Data were also acceptable obtained on the first 草roups of hybri心 from crosses among 僻lected parental genotypes. Second Sea50n Trial at CIA T Two 時plicated yiel這位也18 were This trial was planted in De甜mberl會76. harvested at CIAT , Carîb.ia and Durin草 the trial to個1 rainfaH was 70S C缸imagua. Each plot of all trials had 30 millim就，ers and was weU di棍rìbuted. The plants per genotype and .ach trial h處是 two experime前 was not irrigated and no replícations. Plant spacing was 1 x 1 meter f.rtiliz.r, fungicid醋。r in臨cticides were 斜 CIA了， 1 x 1.5 mete路齡 Caribia， and O.車 applied. Results are in Table 21. x 1 由民軒 at Carimag關. After 12 months the ce詰tral nine plants of each plot were Yi elds were generally high (average of a11 harves組進1 for data, leavin草 two border genotypes was 35 tl ha. fresh weigh吟， τhe rows. average root dry m剖tery措ld of the top ten genotyp臨 was 21 tlha/year or 57 REPLlCATED YIELD TRIALS tjha!yearf:問shweight. Twenty呻nehybrid selectio由 y話lded more than 50 t/ha fresh F智富t Se.8on Trial a電 CIAT weig恤， outyíeldin車 the local cultìvar more than 100 percent Total rainfaU for the year was 655 millimeters and the experiment was not irrigated. No 品ertilizers， fungicides or Fi將這 Season Trial at C義rib脂 insecticides were applied. Two-hundred hybrìds and 25 germplasm selections and This trial was planted in June 1976 00酬。1 cultìvars were pl制ted in July 1976 r otal rainfall was 1100 millimeters and the for evaluation 眠的u1ts are in Table 20 dry season (with I.S8 than 50 millimeters of rain) lasted four 啦。nths ， The experiment was not irrigated and 00 fe話挂站前， Yields were 島enerally low (average of aU fun車站ides or ins倒叫做s were app益成 genotypes was 26.2 tjha. fresh weight) Ei草hl于one hybrids and nine g盯mpl品扭 Ne vertheless, many mater祖ls yielded more selections and control cultivars we時 than 40 t! ha and some more than 50 tj ha evaluate是. Results are in TabJe 22 , The fre8h weight 一叫tyielding the local average fresh w剎車ht y時Jd of the top ten cultiv缸 by nearly loope比ent. The齣erage hybrid selections(39 t/ ha fresh wei草ht)was fresh weight yield of the top ten cultiv缸益， double the y時浴。f the local cultívar E訕軸鴨抖呵蠅m C-33 / Tabìe 20 Se)ect叫 r酷uJt$ of 1he nnt season 阻plicated yie岫 trial 輔 CIAτ(hllrY輯ted 15 Apnl 977) 袋。ot fr甜h 附ight Root 釘子 Root dry w位ght Harv穹的i yield (tl抽/y臨時 間latter content yíeld (t /hafyear) mdcx Hybrid selKtioJl晦 C揖 309-211 5O.8 .353 17.9 多? CM 301ì-197 5O.3 350 17.6 66 CM 323-30 疇.3 .344 16.6 .54 C組 317削 16 48.1 320 15.4 49 CM 對-5 48.1 。 288 13.9 73 CM 321仆 70 47.8 、 330 15.8 64 CM %-23 47.8 .280 13.4 后1 CM 309-281 峙， 血。 14.4 .68 CM 321-15 46.1 344 i豆， 58 CM 323冶9 46.1 291 13.4 61 C闊的2-12 毒草 o 327 14.7 參2 CM 1 倒也 14 44.4 288 12.8 75 CM 307-135 44.。 349 15.4 43 CM 152.30 43.9 321 13.7 58 CM 308.1 43. 3 376 16.3 組 CM 309.32 43.3 296 12.8 69 CM2~ 42.8 332 14.2 .65 CM 309仆 l 42.2 342 J4A 57 CM 157-7 41.7 .2參6 12.3 61 CM 307.133 訓。 i .297 12.2 52 CM 3帥.84 41.1 .37至 15.4 47 Germpl甜甜甜lection M Col1684 41.9 321 13A 雪給 指 Ven 21 草 41.7 328 13.7 .62 MM喘口 39.0 334 13.0 自 52 結攝制 59 37.6 290 10.9 4發 M PTR 26 耳4.7 305 IQ.6 51 M Pan 70 33.6 。 312 10.5 54 措 Co11468 33.6 307 10.3 51 M Col 1292 28.6 、 344 9.8 41 M Ven 270 26.7 348 9.3 53 品種 Co\ 655A 26.1 355 9.3 38 Control culti時間 M Col 113 (Local) 25.6 327 9.4 44 Llanera 24.7 .321 7.9 50 ~1 CoJ 22 19.7 358 7.1 51 Aver揖g~ of 1111 益，enotyp輔 26.2 324 8.5 56 C.34 1977 CIAτAnnu甜 Report T.ble 21 Sel鈍:ted result !l of the ~econd 閥酬。n repliut~d yield trial at CIAT (harv肘led 200ctobe, 1977). Root fresh weight Root dry ROOl dry weì露ht flar、已st yield (t/haíyear) matler c-ontent yield (t; ha: year) ìndex Hybrid 牌1蜘tíon CM 323恥275 63.1 自 365 23.0 以3 CM 321-1草8 “1.6 “ 388 23.5 .69 C說 327δ14 57.2 346 19.8 CM326峙的 56.7 自 376 21.5 67 CM 305-122 56.1 401 泣 5 62 CM 327也 135 55.3 自402 22.2 。2 CM 305-118 55.0 372 20.5 70 CM 344-27 54.7 353 19.3 。5 CM )40-138 54.2 329 17.8 。8 CM 344- 17 54.2 329 17.8 59 CM J4(峙。 53.3 328 17.5 60 CM 323-142 52.2 327 17.1 草草 SMI-1 5O 51.7 .323 16.7 65 CM 305-38 51.4 376 19.3 的 CM 耳44-71 51.4 .335 17.2 。 55 CM 311-69 51.1 自 364 1M 66 CM 31牛12 50.8 384 19.5 自 57 CM 305-120 且 8 .332 16.9 56 CM 345~8 50.6 .324 16.4 64 CM 327-383 到 3 346 17.4 .69 Germpl甜岫帥ledion M Pan 70 46.7 367 17.1 54 M PTR 2活 44.4 378 峙。車 55 M Mex 17 43.7 367 16.0 69 E在 V目 270 42.8 376 16、 i 51 M Ven 218 4 1.1 371 15.2 59 說 Col J輯8 33.3 319 10.6 61 M Eeu47 32.5 .325 10.6 54 M Col638 30.6 336 10.3 47 M Col 1347 28.3 245 6.9 40 M Col655A 27.2 370 10.1 JJ M Col 1684 25.0 307 '"' 66 M Mex 59 22、 5 338 7 。 32 Contr叫 Llanera 28.5 323 9.2 jg M CQI22 '26.1 少量70 9 已 .60 間 Col 113 紋。由.1) 22.2 286 6.4 30 An rage of a11 genotypes 3再也 .350 121 501 Cassava Program C-35 F Table 22. S，I軒ìed r輯ults of the fir滋甜甜。n repliea悟d yield 制甜甜 C.ri掛‘你總書，臨S吋 29 Apr臨 1917. II months after planting弘 泉。ot fresh we總泊之 Root dry Root (dti門 h, wciEht Harvest yield (tJhaJyear) maUer eon甜甜 yield (ti hajyear) index Hyb，站揖lettion CM 插9-163 44.3 288 12.8 6{, CM 320-2 42.0 327 13.7 .51 CM 309-50 41.7 .328 13.7 50 CM 到J9-32 3章。 ‘2名2 10.7 63 CM 321-78 38.0 .撈。 11.0 64 CM 323-7雪 37.8 323 12.2 02 《了揖 323-4 1 37.6 .324 12.2 65 CM 322-20 3歲? 329 12.1 56 CM 321-85 3卷 l 。 320 11.6 。已 CM 309“ 128 34.8 .318 11.1 60 CM 308仆 97 34.5 。 332 11.4 。6 CM 309-127A 34.5 302 10.4 64 ICA.72-訕。7 Jj.7 323 10.9 58 ICA, 72-3-58 32.0 290 9.3 52 CM 308-75 31.3 .307 9.6 48 CM 309而1 3Ll 325 10. 1 63 CM 3剖開始 30.9 323 10.0 53 CM 3掛仕的 30.8 330 10.2 有3 SM 92-73 訝.9 287 8.6 47 C持 309-110 29.3 279 8.2 55 G軒mpl勵m selec諾。鈴 MM叫持 42.0 327 13.8 44 M C"I 638 30.6 .321 9.8 57 M Col1684 25.2 304 u 。i 指 Col 1468 (CMC 40) 21.9 240 5.5 66 Con.rol cultivars M Col22 33.6 341 11.4 .64 Llanera 20.7 288 6.0 這7 Manteca (Lo崎1) 18.1 279 5.0 48 Montero 吼叫的 12.6 342 4.3 37 Second Sεason Trial in Caribia selections and two control cultivars were evaluated. Results are in Table 23. This trial was planted in October 1976 and was irrigated tw時e during the dry One of the hybrid sele泣的酪 yielded 時訕。n; no ferlil闊前， fungicid肘。rin揖p nearly 50 tlha fresh w位ght， and the ticides were applied. Twenty.five hybrid average y睡ld . of the lop len hybri益 c ‘ 36 1977 CIA'τAnnual Report T able 23. Selec:ted r'軒ul緒。f梅H膛。nd 韓.50>> r~licated yield甜世atCar油站(baTv揖ted6S略temb軒 1977~ Root fresh 彎彎íght 漿。ot dry 哀。ot dry weight II誰r\c!.t yield (t jhaiyear) 間矗立er content yìeld (t!haiyear) in這位其 Hyb討d seledion E弘1 309-196 49.8 .295 14.7 多。 CM 323-403 47.6 J(l9 1-色? 71 CM 178-4 38.7 308 11.9 也64 CM 309-163 37.1 290 10.8 58 C扎1326-151 35.6 294 10.5 主修 CM 310-140 35.2 273 9.6 54 CM 309-713 35.0 291 10.2 .58 CM 314-2 34.8 301 105 。。 CM 309-2Q6 33.5 294 9.8 52 CM 309-146 32.5 297 9、7 46 CM 315-101 32.1 299 9.6 51 CM 主子扎3{)3 31.4 283 8.9 5每 CMI46-4 31.0 、3{)2 9.4 51 CM 309-239 29.8 3{)8 9.2 46 01305-40 24.9 307 7.6 48 CM 305.17 24.7 295 7.3 。z CM 309-227 24 至 277 6.8 46 CM 3l4-20 24.5 294 7.2 59 CM 32C卜2 23.0 扭扭 7.1 54 CM 309.93 22.3 293 6.5 42 Co肘rol eultìvar M Col22 35.0 310 10.9 6己 Manteç;t (1.個在Il 21.9 313 6.9 47 A. .....e or.llg削瞬間輔 29.8 299 8.9 5.1 時i侃tìons (3嘉定ìhafreshwe雄ht)w品 n臼r1y trolled usin車 dísea輯.free planting material twìce the yíel益。f the local cultívar. in 品 i關lated fíeld. Thirty-six hybrid 時lections and 14嘉軒mpl割扭扭l配缸onsand Fir嘗嘗$紛紛nτri剖剖 ζari賠得揖 control 凶ltí精rs we間都'aluatω. Results 缸e in Table 2唔， The tríal was.planted ín June 197巷. The equivalent of 100 kgl ha of nitrogen，玄10 Yíel這s were 辜的lerally low (average of all kglha P，仇， 2ωkgjha K，O，狗也 kg/ha 五!enotyp的， 17 t/ha fresh weight) compared dolomitic limestone and 詞句Iha of with those at the other two locatÎons magnesium were applíed. Fungicid揖 were However, tne average of the top ten applied four times but failed to ∞ntrol 草.enotypes(29 tl ha fre5h weight) was nearly superelongation. Cassava bacterial blíght 50 percent hígherthan the yield of theJocal (CB臨)， the most devastating cassava cultivar and is acceptable for the poor .oil d帥儡e in the area, was effectively co恥 conditions at Carimagua. C輔輔糊 Program C-37 / 1 時能 24. Selected 開糊訕。，f Ihe first st'.Il時n 時plícated yield tri.1 知 Carhbagua (harv自t.d 揖叮 E啊7). Root fresh weight 訣。叫 dry Root dry weight H聶抖的I Y'紛d Itihaly臨吋 matter content yield (trhajyear) indcx Hybr區揖3蛇1ion CM 323.52 33.0 303 10.0 68 $捕 92.]3 33.0 321 10.6 71 CM 308.197 30.6 324 9.9 74 CM 323.142 26.0 287 7.5 62 C捕 314-2 25.7 328 藍、4 64 CM 32)，φ9 14.3 。 321 7.8 55 CM 30多11 24.0 .28學 6.9 68 C措 323-4 1 24 ,0 275 6.6 58 CM 309.2 23.3 322 7.5 60 CM 321 -88 21.5 、 328 7, 1 62 Germpl.sm selectio給 M Coll甜4 32.3 321 10.4 74 M Mex 16 29.9 、31發 9.主 69 M Pan 114 29.9 317 9.5 64 M Veh 218 27.8 317 8.8 62 MM關掉 25.7 323 8,) 53 具I Col638 25.3 老 324 8,2 餒。 MV棚 77 25 ,0 .323 8, 1 ,60 M Ecu 的 18.4 281 5.2 54 M Coll主92 17.4 ,330 5,7 46 MM揖 52 16.3 290 4.7 44 Control Lla臨時已。曲1) 215 。 320 6,9 63 規 Col22 19.4 309 6.0 。4 M Col 1l3 10.4 。2甜 2.7 47 Av erage of .n cenotyp臨 19.1 JIJ 5.9 56 S軾ond S甜甜n Trial 攝 Carimagua the genotypεs whích showed 間me 附lStan臨 to superelongation di閥混帥一 This trial wa這 planted in November such as CM 323.訟， S紛紛-73 and CM 1976; 2S hybrid 甜1cct泌的船d six genn­ 30尊心97， in the fi賠付儲son 怕祉， and SM p1餾蹄輯:甜tìons and controlω:Itiv缸swe開 92-73. CM 321-15 and CM 18卜紗，函 the e珊1臨.ted. R揖ul扭缸海 in Table 25. second trial 一 produced the highest yields. Even under these conditions, the top The 認periment was h.臨vi1y atta<1ked by hybrid selection out-yielded the local superelongation disease and Ihe cultivar by more than 50 per臨甜甜d the hornworm，缸COUI說ing for the 10w yield average yield of the top ten 囂的lotypes (30 (ave阻ge of all genotypes w齡必 t/ha fresb tj ha fresh weight) w腦 35 percent hi單h軒 W的事bt). Tbis is supported by tbe fact that than the yield of tbe local cultivar. C﹒31鐘 1977 CIAτAnnu訓 Report T.ble 25. S.I則叫 results 酥油e 甜甜叫 repll~甜甜 yl攝制.. atC.叫酷*11岫 (h...... 圈，叫 19S唔lomMr 1977其 Root fr臨h weiøht Root dry Root 的哨ighl Harv括電 y絡站 (tiha{y個r) 軍越tter content y必埠。fha{year) irnl胡 Hybrld 揖ledion SM 92-7) 24.7 320 7心9 n CM 321侖的 24.3 .318 7.8 、 76 CM 181-13 23.6 .328 7.7 68 C揖主牌-56 21.5 .342 7.4 6在 CM 305-1 2 l.S 。 283 6.1 75 CM 紛弘37 21.2 323 6.8 ‘ 72 C揖灣941 20.5 333 ~8 。71 CM 1804 20.5 325 6.7 73 CM 18{)..2 20.1 .31益 6.4 。7卷 CM 315-101 20.1 303 6.1 .71 CM 309-196 19.8 .314 6.2 、組 CM 萬蹲-165 18.4 3輛 6.4 台5 CM 91-3 18.1 327 5.9 心 70 CM 305-15 17.4 340 5.9 。且3 CM 323-87 17.4 335 5.8 益3 CM 91-1 16.7 ‘332 5.5 75 CM 拇8-26 16.3 。3揖 4、9 70 CM 304戶160 16.0 341 5.5 .56 CM 309.189 16.0 335 5.4 、 65 CM 328-10 1~。 327 5.2 7.2 Control cultlv.r M Coll684 21.5 .301 6.5 77 財 Col14甜 18.0 192 5.3 72 L111ne閱(1.0祖1) 16.0 。 330 5.) 54 M 攝制持 i至 6 291 忌。5 64 站 Ven 218 1l.2 314 4.1 。 73 A..-erale of滋J geoolypes 18.0 321 5.甚 70 PROMlSING LINES hybrids out-y揖lded local cultiva路 by 50- 200 perce制 depending upon the soil and lt h鵲起借口 shown that in the absence of climate. The hi車h yields of CM 308刪除7in CBB and superelo租車:ation disease, the top all three 1倒海tions suggest that one ten CIAT hybrid 賠i缸tions y盟Ided 斟 lea8t genotype càn cover a broad range of 20tlha 益rywei車ht on fertile時ìls wíth les8 environments with temp軒ature m聞部 tha兔 1000 millimeters of rainfall, and above 24"C (輔e Physiology 揖ctio吟. without fertílí扭玄， fungícíd帥， insectícides or 肘i星:atîo怨， and 10 t I ha on extremely Over the past three years, the initial poor soíls of the tropícal savanna. These harvest index average (0.42) of the original Cassava Program C~39 心、 n.. Y助le 26 ..的恤1" o( uven虛 p"囡囡"0幢幢機勘l1li fðt 1.. 岫妒，棚"瞎指﹒輛“...指 恥 o C~l_益結. ， bE 。 勾 奪 問 】 祠m 仍、 - 訣恥 當這 量 幫 M - 這句 智 幫"叭 q 言 官M喝 . zzi E 宣言 zi 誨-v ii 是。 延 ψ“鵑 dR必 》 旱a你 的 ii z草 ω旬嗯@判一 重 g 伽 @ w押 ﹒星 旬d慎 已 g &一 一φ。 縈 必@ '" ，重 3要. e 蚣 F泣 芷 恥 ， 當 」 H，每編輯<叫 w 制和……叫，臨恤… e z Figure 26. An 鴨肘11棚t selection of roots lrom one of th~ pr聞自inc CIAT.d肺eklped 耐b。 (Cau帥，Co持 2'19'N 7伊S4'W 俱到自 26.0 1.797 CI.y Ioa鵬 4.9(VA) 5.I(H) I.8(L) 0.1還(M) CIAT (V.lle del Cauca, Col.) , 3' 31腎 7f1'21'W l劉海 23.8 684 Clay 7、4(AL) 4.I(H) 恥 5正自} O.69(H) Caí自dotÙa (Valle del C.血仇 Col.) 。鉤'N 7'!PSO'W 1100 2且 2 1.68龜 Silt loam S.6(A) 2.7(M) 13.8(L) O.I8(MJ Pereirá (Ri軸阻Ida)' 。相哩咕 75'4 1'W 14船 19.0 3.171 Silty clay 5 萬(A) 7.8{H) 2O.O(M} 。 IS(M) Popayan (Cau值. Co1.)' 2'27'N 7f1'34'W 17曲 18 ,0 2、035 CI8y 1曲咀 5,S(A) 7. 4(詞) 2,0(1.) 0.04(1.) 口 , """摳，恥帥"的值。 0.，臨.....用，.閣 to 197'時6 勾當她 語 , c.冊"。關"" ""甜甜túlLll dwina JrQ'關曙- ， ) Fert幽"，磁隙研} Nell1叫仙L)A設磁服;乏的扭地，仰的 Very acid: (Lì Lo'v.關) Mcdlum; r. 19.8 16.9 44.5 ‘革 8 32.1 主1.3 El Tambo 22.4 22.3 28..4 26.2 25 .4 24.2 ?這2車站闊論 叫‘ 1 33.6 瀉。4 16.3 33.6 8.0 34.3 19.3 M臨n yie~d I cycle 26.5 20.1 25.5 l 曳。4 3是自5 19.5 28.8 19.6 P申F吋輯 and Peuira si棚間的I yet 岫n電話ed i)() Octúht 361 361 314 Jn Fr的h root yields (t, ha) Varieti臨 Origin Ta臨僻 Brazil 2&.0 24.3 lracema Brazil 21.6 23.3 M Mex 23 CIAT 23.2 16.8 Pîracununga Br回詰 18.3 19.7 CMC40 (M CoI 1468) CIAT 17.9 18.1 14.6 1.1 M Mcx-59 CIA'τ 17.3 16.1 28.3 13.0 Llane時 CMC-9 CIAT 16.9 18.3 17 、3 。.9 M Col-的3 CIAT 14.2 12、3 1.3 0.9 Del Pa.ís Pto, RÍ<:o 13.0 11.5 Badwoman Guyana 11.6 10心。 Twelve mOJ蚓、 G臨悶悶 8.6 5.5 捕時時 55 CIAT 8.2 12.0 CaS$flVa 抖。旬ram C-45 r T曲，Je )0. {Continu，吋} Varietìe.'! Origin Fresh root yields (t:ha) 06654432 Four month Guyana 7 5.0 Chin時管組ck Guvana 再 4.3 M Col-22 CIAτ 3 9.9 18.~ 14.0 6 L' ncle 犯.fack Guyana 4 8 8.0 9 Brancha 8utterstick G怯y益na 6.4 Bittetstick Guyana 且 Singh Guyana 5.6 L. H.Z Guyana 1.8 CMC-844 (M Col 1513) CIAT 25.6 9.3 Yema de Hu海vo Ecuador 21.6 Negri岫 Ecu獻Ior 21.1 Quintal Eι臨dor 19.5 CMC-76 (M Col I 知主} i說4 6.7 M Ecu 159 CIAT 17.2 1.7 -57-56ii1o 8 惜 Mex 52 CIAT 199 M CoI !l3 CIAT ' 。 M Ven 1括 CIAT Q U * M Ven 119 CIAT 2 MV間 218 CIAT "'.弓" s6a;570o SMl 150 CIAT M Co1677 CIAT CMC-59 (M Coll488) CIAT CMC-57 (M Col 1486) CIAT problems; (2) integ揖ting the best cultural Three phenolypes of cassava were 咱也 4 practlces mto a cassava pro卓越ction plante社 at populatio惜。口" 10、的“ and tech益。lúgy package; and, (3) developin且 紛紛。 planls/ha without fertiliz盯 orwith simple, effective experimental desi草ns 10 狗-100-100 kgjha ofspIit.applied N-P.K則 validate 記chnology an社 adapt íl 10 10臨i CIAT (high fertíIity soil)Carib臨 (mediu蹄 conditíons fertility) and Carimagua (Iow fertílity) Preliminary, first-year results have been Long-term F ertility Tr祖ls obtained from CIAτand Car為la Although cassava is 草enerally coo­ Un益er CIAT conditions, fertilizalÍon sidered a soil-exhaustio車 crop， there 時 little di益 not affect rool yield wit l!in varieties data on the effect 00 yield of interactions (Table 31) and no inleraction was found amon車 fertiliz前 ion， plant phenotypes aod for f!位 rtilizalion x plant density on total plam densitíes across a broa益 spectrum of root yiel社‘ However， over all tre斜ments. soil fertilities CMC 40 and M Col 22 produced C-46 ，車77 CI A;τAnnual Repo悶 Table J I. Eff<<尬。fr，削ilization on fr輯h root yieldsof臨時建值3睡".(01恥盯's， m珊酬。f袋:mr plant i.ng den副蝠， CIA'苦， 1971, Fre海h weighl yields (tiba) I<'ertilizr:r (kg/ba) N-P,O,.K,O CMC40 M Col22 MM間 52 CIAτ None 50.5 1 31.6J 時 2' 50- 1個>-100 49.21 33.S' 20.41 f耐Ibi. None 25.9' 34伊 18、4' I(路.()..150 + 20 kg Zn 33.7' 38、 Jl 2立í).l 。 F 惚$1 (P ., O.iì多}即，-"嘲nt within.unl:'he起 2 L5D(到這，j 1.4 帆lhin \lam.間 signifícantly hí串her root yícl益s with higher CMC 40, M Col22 and M Mex 52-were plant densití臨揖 contrast to M Mex 52 plante毛j at CIAT at 10,000 plantsj ha in fíve (Fíg. 27). Commercìal root production was different p齡組rns(Fig.2輯). Results showed only si車n;ficantly affected (P 臨 0.05) by that spatial arrangements 益i是 not plant 益的sity with the cultivar CMC 40. Slgnificantly effect total and commercial root yields within vari前2自 (Fig. 29). As In Caribi弘 fresh rool Y揖ld was expected‘ yìelds díffered 恥gnificantly Sl藍níficantly hígher (P 愁。 05) only for among vanetles. CMC . 40 planted at I告，000 plantsi 悅， although M Col 22 lend紛跑絨服開5e its 其1odification of Rapid Propagation yield wh間 plaoted at 泊，街lO plants/ha (Fig. 27). In Caribi袋， as in CIJ汀， the Thìs year. it was proven that shools for 甜甜甜ion of fertllization x planting rapid propagation do not need 10 heplaced de酪ity was not significa就 mm益ividual rootl絲露 flasks、 as has been the cus胎的. Forty youn車 shoots can be roote社 The lack of response to fírst-year ín a 5oo-\:c beaker containing 200恥cc'of fertilízatíon may be explaíned by the hígh­ coo l. previously boiled water. T his new and medium-fertility condítìons at the two technique 給W鑫 both time and effort今 locatio悶， (p間- and post-harvest 50;l analyses at ClAT and Caribia (Table 32) Bu禮。llality and Plantíng l'酬ition did not show signifícant improve臨ent of fertilities.) However包揖cond cycle crops Plantin車 position and bud quality of are already showingfertilizereffects on top cassava cuttings were studied for theír 揖rowth of the more vigorous cultiva肘， effects on the percentage and rale of gcrmination. shoot pro社uctlOn、 callus Spatial Arrang扭扭ents lorn祖tion and root initiatlOn using the rapîd pro仰伊拉m method. Go。這 cultural practices require ridgin軍 in certain types of 50ils to improve 5urface Two hundred cuttin草s with two nom瑋i drainage an這 10 avoid rOOI rottin品 buds 臨這 200 削th one bruised and one However, it waS not known if plant spatíal normal bud were cut from 研討u閱( 12編 arran草:ements ín rid車鴨、~ould affect yìelds. month喻。ld) .tem, of CMC 40 variety (M Three 挂ifferent phenotyp的 of cassava ~ Co11468) and plante盛的 a rapld propaga- Canðvu 肘。9f8m C.47 / Fresh root )ield (tiha) cuttm草草 planted horízontally in the chamber; (2) 100 norm主1. two-nodc cut­ tings planted with one bud facìng upward; (3) 100 two-no社ecuttm草s wíth one normal bud an這 one bruísed bu益， both orícnted hori.1'Ontal旬; and (4) 100two-node cuttings wìth one bruì時d and one normal b u挂 planted with the normal bu益 facíng up­ ward G討minatìon of the cuttíng持 in each treatment was recorded for 21 days after planting. The 5偷centimeter shoots were ex削sed an益 transfe付ed 如 50O-cc b臼kers holdin鑫 20各CC of cool, boiled water to exar甜的 callus formation and root ìnitìa­ hon Results (Table 33) showe這 the rate of gcr船matJOfi mcrea甜苦陪p泌Iy beginnin啦 。n the sixth day，時aehing a maximum on day 12變 afterwhich 轟erminati!>n continued 42 to increase slowly until day 2ιτreatmen! 1 had the greatest fìnal germìn民l0n. 38 The number of shoots produced month­ Iy from the cuttin草:S over a five-蹄。nth period ìs shown in Table 34. Although differences a甜ong Ireatments were signìfí­ cant durin車 the first three months, thìs was nol so in the last two mo剖hs. T realmenl 1 produced the most shoots. H owev肘 ín each treatment, the numbεr of shoots produ借重l was hí草hest ìn the second month and then 益ecreased .Iowly. ••• fst4; HEondn 尸 ausmcnmHHan H jp thdaair tn-rsfm K9WSrA WLTbqeUMe U o這的n 旬紙 a " ， 是， n 恥刊 scO M叫 制-mM m們u9~pildaancgsnh d必 E2叫 M叫v Mh刷 J創2制t個 間 a CE e ιLR M刷 間Ji A日師 v “ 耐 aMA 吋 H 羽M削 組a C 科地σ問也叫 W t 心r 、 enB 吟丸而c 耐 們 5n車y 興 剖; 《 i dx e A m zP 詠 E間 ， aS " oP UtC CA 控H U 個令e hu A 吼U 泊 "“ a 。開sity (plantslha x lOl) 制 [nleraetìons were evident between qualì­ Figure 27. Effttls of plant dens Ît} 愉悅油畫 yiel獻。f ty and plantíng position of cuttíngs ar豆豆i C酬州叫師胡軍rownatCIAT(Aja綠dC間bla(B). th自εfactors affectε普車盯mmatlon an正i 1911. shoot productìon. The horizontal planting positîon favore這 only the normal two句“d 位。n chamber 扭扭plicated block毒。.fSO cuttìngs but had no effect on the produc­ cultìngs each.τhe cuttings we時 planted in tion capacity of cutt阻g. with on[y one four treatments: (1) 100 norm祉， two-nooe normal and one bruíse桂 bud (Table 34). A c他48 1977 CIAT Annuol F建eport I時1<32. S回1 間的S棚。rCIATandC耐ibia pl甜，制fOff:" plantìn壓制d after 串.11時t hu\'晶lof 揖鉛制.. Soil statu5 Organic P K 臨翱翔 Bray 11. (ppm) (m叫“盼斟 C1AT Initital s崎，"s 3.8 36 0.55 Afler harvest. no fert攏= 4.1 46 0.49 Aft軾扭扭扭1. wi曲 fcrti垣zer' 4.2 51 。但 Caribia I nitital statu島 1.9 81 。 13 AÎter harve:st, no fertiliz軒 2.3 93 0.12 After harv目t， with fertdizerl 2.4 96 。 13 t 到1個}M仆俱LBtasici縛←2』BEHgh ia轟N轟 ,P:úl-K10 ?喔~PI0噩，且可 Q-Zn comparison ofTables 33 and 34 shows lhat the percentage and rate of germination, 借出e number of 嘉軒鳴inated buds i n­ shool productíon, callus formalÍon and crease峰， shoots produced increased , in­ root initîation. Six-hundr臼d cuttìngs each dicatìng that shoot production was c10sely were taken from 12-month-old p lants of correlated with the number of g辟了ninated the two varieties and pla給ted for rapid buds、 propagation in a completely 賠錢忌。mizω block design. Selection of Two-node Cuttings The two-node cuttings t.aken from the The same two varietìes of the p問悅。us bas刻， ml吐吐le and apícal parts of stem, of expen的ent y.oereusedtoevaluatetheeffect CMC 40 an是 M Col 22 constituted of 間lecting two-node cuttings from the Trealments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 峰， respectívely. apical惠的治dle or basal part of the slem on Two 10 three weeks afler plantin轟金車:er- 1 克 i 刊 2xl Planüng distances and 缸悶ngem凹的 Figurε28. Sp剖hll arrangemenl of caSS8n planted 甜甜，鶴o pla籠包/恤，“ CIAτ. 19竹. First figur輔缸e distances (meter,;) befween ridges, sei:Qnd fi拼實軒瓢re distanc軒 withìn ridges. Figures in脾甜甜lt....飽問附柚ber Qf planls pef 訓衍。 Cassava ?roQr~1l、 C-49 f Fresh ro明 y攝部位/na) 的 副贖 Fre曲時現 yicld 卸 Co:且由ereîal root yield 峙 LS.D.5噁 30 章。 10 MM甜 52 M Col22 CMC 輯 到那時 29. 1':11，闊的 01 planting I>>l紛前耐 on totll 阻dεommerci.1 帥訓 y鉛姆，叫樹rft cU:$t.va 珊，紛揚揖 .t. .toruIard 社攝ity of lU，輯o plants/ba,.. CIAT.1971. Fint fiaur眉 ln C'攝電扭扭 are dis扭扭扭{臨、心ι2叭~，(\附唸峙移秒‘ p'“d胡n叭‘叫 油圳a泊峙§h泊.蛤"偕w夸b如z站諮A泊β此山u叫d 削do帥"'"趾已"rrn通a! tt蟬 b恤@釗2均b 姥ω""叫祖拭ι d‘$舖‘叫Llmn蓮砂捨 pl絡誨捕純衍穹吋 、A執 忱!l!l 叫"叫 b，u川ω穹蚵別A必3 揖n珀逕 G 金 枷耐a訓i 岫d 電h悔~ liltter f，獄，崎 upward 、 a仙的 folltw.零tI bv dJff~ten\ letler~ ßrf 凶惡的!l 'ClI.ll!勾心jh;r也削仲忍心。幻 bl Du悅誠j ， mult中 I~ hl們必，: le~t C.50 '977 CIA T Annu揖 Repo此 Table 34, Number ofsl峙。，I> pr叫個甜甜甜個個曲研軒 IIV. 酬。帥恤哺 2轉 t"o-no恥￠臨.8". C輔街串 ptu融d 誼棚。 posi前棚'JIJ世 M哺"d自酬蟬h過研削峙. M軒"卸 after planlillß To臨l Tr，目1m閉室， 2 3 4 5 shoots 111.' 144a 115“ 100a 820 553a 2 55b 119b 1掰岫 87. 84. 476b 3 。缸 l07b 91b S20 還提站 4160 4 79bc 110b 90b 7融 每5. 4210 C.v. (鳴} 7 3 5 9 8 2 1 ror dcfo曲púoft òf lreatme風忌。 _r，“混混Ðte 1, Table 33 , v劍慎. foll蟬祖蚵 diffet岫，. iet棚，雖蠅nif..ruly diffrff凶神益。 .'J 卸 Dunean'lI飢叫“時紹給已電站2 墓前mination w hile cuttin紗 from the api雄i 正lays an益 Ihen‘ contÎnuíng to íncrease section of the .tem of 1\是 Col 22 prod uced slowly , The number of .hools prod蕊臨這 Ihe lowest per闊別ages. Overall germina­ was hìghesl during Ihe second monlh and tíon of cuttings from Ihe three different then decr零ased .lowly over the re'l of the .tem p缸ts of CMC 40 was above 會G perìod for a11 tre前ments (Table 37). percent but ìt was less than 奮發 percent for Treatmenl 2 gave the hìghesl .hool M Col 22. produclìon and Trealmenl 巷， the lowest. T realment 1 PH浴血ed the highest avera詐 1n both varìeti間， cuttings from the 。f. shools; node an這 τreatment 昏， the middle part of the .tem prod支持“ the lowest. Eì惡ht days after plantìn忌 callus h洛hest ge口nination p軒centage. Germína­ f ormatìon 0.組討ed and rootmg began two tlOn 時le for all Irealments increased 這ays later. At 18 days, root ìnitìatíon was rapìdly from the .i"th day‘ peakìn車制 12 90 per也就 ìn all treatments. At earli盯 Table 35, Ger糧油叫帥 per祖滋，;;*&e 甜聶哥erenttim間durinc21 d阿s after planti疆軍oftwo咽。decuttÎDgs祖輩個 fm盟 di寶甘甜t stem parts of two c龜揖ava va的eti攝“ DaY$ after pla.nting τ時軾menl! e 9 12 15 18 21 16a2 6Sabc 78. 84al 8發益 帕拉 2 14. 82a 88. 91. 94a 96a 3 18. 73.b 86. 89. 90. 91ab 4 3. 制叫 62b 67b 70b 71c 5 20 SObcd 己5b 7Gb 71b 77l >>,: 6 20 33d 57b 65b 66b 68c c.v、(%) 69 IO 5 2 3 是 S Tvd四EmtZa鷗fonlulo:w盒iZdJwA如dúf，矗r扭'"EK扭tERinMs-B frEMYIM甜寧賊婦矗k"'" 呵酬1 偶而 d 帥部書。fCMC 割J a, nJ MC ol 泣， "，~ped' ， .:l}'. l Valurw. followcd hy dúfucn!. kUffl ar曹副研uræantly diîfcn:駐'"祖 V.Ol) by DùfIC益且" 甜甜upw..1!1甚"口1 Cassava 抖。gram C-51 r T油le 36. Shoot capacity pro伽咽。"帥er 51，冊。nl棚 P甜甜自 of 神。司.node 輯關總110 1且甜食明教刮過1..棚 這 “咽1 parts 01 two ca認肘組哺ri削恥 No. of buds To tal shoots Sh如ts pcr Treatmentl 嘉軒m，附:叫 produced n'ld\; i揖.b' 1453. ~a 2 的2. 1481. 7ah 3 132ab 1209b 。c 4 143< 1018bc 7bt 5 IS4bc 817cd 5d 6 1370 的組 4d c.v. (%) 4 5 3 ,I FIK dcωriplion of treatmeu'帆-= foot!lO蛤I.T的."給 v削岫 folíowed by d.iffermtlc恥n.n ﹒恥;r..酬 Iy diIJ帥nt (P '" 0.01) by Dúl\è&il" ru臨時即""剖 stages, percentage "f rOOl initiation was and shoot production percenta辜的. Whc給 hí草her ín CMC 40 than in M Col 22. cuttìngs are taken from different parts of the stems of the same variety. germination percentage ìs fairly constant. Cuttìn草s Resul詣血謹ícate that CMC 40 時 more from the basal part of the .tems produced M囂。rous than M Col 22 for 在ermination the most shoots; node (Table 36). Perhaps and shoot production.τhiscould hed肘 to these cuttings are more vigorous. the I訂ger 割ze of the cutt帥於一 a varietal Nevertheless. when plantìng material is charaeteristìc τherefore， ît i8 8U噶辜的ted scarce, basal，即“i雪 or apt咽i 叫ttm草scan that two-node cut泣ngs f rom diffe玄ent a起泌臨edeff輯tively (however, apícal varietics wil! 8ive different gennination cuttings m ust be woody). Table 37 Number 01 shoo給 prod‘8 diß'erent stem parts 01 two Clt總.\'a va實ittles. Mor叫油 after planting Tol詰i τ開叫臨時t' 2 3 4 5 。 ~hoots 241ab' 429. 3154 19個 147ab 125a 1453. 2 29Sa 418a 2930 J91. 166. 117. 148la 3 22i治b 3努a 247.b 1540 l29abc 101. 1209b 。 l34b 22Sb 213.b 16‘. !32abc 149 ... IO!8bc 5 l48b 173b 148b 1320 llObc 105. 917cd 6 l07b 116b 141b Illb 85< 95. 已56d C.V. (喝} 13 9 12 IS 多 16 5 1t vFoadr Va.luu恥ec-st ffoo呻lMlQouwmedo wW bfy t Ed咽ifflmc國蝠，臨『曲閻明.c 1. r.枷". m:ut k:uC'n are 叫nif帥mly diffcrtnl 伊鵬聽OJ) by DI1I1串串的回區Jripk r.a崎~削 C-62 '977 CIAT Annual Report Soils and PI翁nt Nutrition Sìnce cassava ì5 generally to1erant of甜ì1 preliminary tn斜1 growth w輔以etter at 3 acìdìty 祖 is frequently grown on a位d and than 組組ro pp, aluminum, and therefore, rather ínferti1e 50i1s. Howev軒， within the th時 level was used 齡 the optimum. Dry spec時S 垂ifferent degrees of tolerance exist matter produclÍon of each variety w忿忿 an社 varietìes c~n be selected requírin鼻 determíned after three w間b ín hoth 祖師ímum Iiming and fertitizer 10 produce solutíons, and 是ry weight 則必 ppmov軒 good yie1ds on poor soi1s. In 1977, a start th剖 at 3 ppm alumínum w攝 used to was made to screen the germplasm co11偏偏 indícate alumi結um toleran悍， tion for tolerance 抽 soi1 acidily and low levels of phosphorus and potassíum- the FIELD SCREENING three most lìmitíng factors on y時1d ìn the FOR SOIL AODI宮Y TOLERANCE low fertílityCxìsoJs and Ultisols of tropica1 l品n America and Africa. Work al閥 Fifty 鴨割的i也 from the germplasm continued on the nutritíonal requírem冊ts bank，羽絨泊是ing some promísin鼻祖ybrids of the crop and the most economícal were p語nted \n single row龜 with three application methods 時pli揖t自 ín Carimagua at four levels of 泌悔: 0,0.5,2 and 昏 t/ha MgO was 油偽F SCREEr逼ING FOR ALUMINUM porated wÎth the lime at a 宮OLE據ANCE IN NU宮RIENT SOLU­ calcìum:magn揖i祖n eq uivalent 賠tio of T10NS 5: 1. The臨街ne applicatiô惜 incre酪ed the pH from 4.3 to 5.3 關社 decr組閣d 鴨" Thisy胡r， a gr間nhouse techniq臨 was changeable a1umìnum fro閉 2.0-0.3 develop軒 to screen for aluminurn 飽線/ 100 m囂， 甜甜ntíally elimina已登車 tolerance using cassava shoots, rooted by a1uminum at the hi嘉h的t limíng rate. Plo組 the 措pid propagat時n method. S hoots 、~ere fertilized 齡捕di晶ted in Table 3車; in were placed in nutrient solutions COn­ addition , zinc , copper, boron , t割ning 3 and 30 ppm aluminum. 10 a molybden磁nandm鬧革ane臨 were applied Table 38. Fertilízer leveL~ 臨吋知 e酷san exp肘，翩翩線甜 E前恤呵岫﹒ E.伊'riment Li閉e N P, O, 革，0 s Z紅 (kg/ha) Lime 都r輯Ill!嘩 197M variable I叫 1揖 2岫 15 1曲 Ume 甜雪明ru啤 1976B var總ble 3個 立的 10 P 輯時e血n8 197M 500 1揖 variable 翠綠 事take 華!r棉1.ntcnt p 組reening 1976B 1曲。 u臨 糊糊ble 2的 10 K.叫做:ning 197M 民JO u鷗 150 variable 20 stake treatment K fe rtiiiT.ation 事。。 1帥 i部 variable 20 stake treatment Ro電c泣k揖p加197時6IMBte 質帥 l帥 varÎable 是部 10 N x K inter僻lion 5∞ V缸法ble i∞ variable 10 Zn fertilization “峙。 1甜 100 200 variable ManUl可e fert挂uat10n 500 variable variable variable ea...va Program C個53 / to prevent lime-índu自治臨時間nutrient defi剖開帥的. Plant. \\Iefe harvested at 14.5 認lonths. Althou車h plants wefe completely defol叫“ at 01車ht month8 by a severe horriwoπn attack, yiel益 8 wefe quite high. $εveral varieties were eliminated 說C副J8e of extreme superelongation dis閥揖­ Without lime, plants we間 .hOft (5臨時.90 centimet軒s with 6 t limeì虹的 and had yellow botto間 leaves d肘 to calcium an是 ma嘉措Slum 是efic時n闊的. …… t--.-M Coll甜4 Figu悶 30 shows the average 時spon時 of .Jc:I!! !-M的。 i ðL扭ncra ←一一一一…一一一…一……」 the 42 cassava varietìes compared with o Avg. of 42 鴨neti酷| those of olher crops screened fOf ad吐-soil tolerance in Carima在ua. On the average, oLμ…一……;……一……心; o as 2 6 ca，嘉軒a and cowpea are much mOfe acid L臨e applied ('Iha) soil tolerant than rice (垂warf varìeties), corn. 閥rghum or b閻部. Overall ca8揖va Fi仙詞 3 1. Sincle-row yie1d尬。ftbr揖 higl門iel曲彎 yìelds without lime were about 40 percent 翱岫前av輔相§祖訓師1吋 from 畸峙ri甜甜 t輯t and fo)erance to Jow soU “phosphorus. of seycral c甜蜜 al'a var認錯輛 k起 m1 or 必 perce肘。f maximum in the n single row~). fìrsl tria l. M Col 1684 was the mo就 pho諮phorus tolerant, but its yield was Root yield Tolerance unusually 10萬I..Llanera had a low tolerance Varietv (arbitrary units) índex inde泛 of onlv 1. 28 t•s I kscz cnnt AiUorou ' P,Û , 1 i --9ib2 applied (kg/ha) nbp 氾o H凶,a ， 1 nrnl Mm 甘: 喝 例 LM泊waw G n出 t 判t3φ - h准 W 位 削也 n n 剖 仔 由od叫心卡阻 m P幻 191M 9 150 dX L曹 汗u• 叫 ‘ E M1 站 U ρ 山Sc o ρ的" b L 「 間 L M Col 1684 8.6 10.7 6.9' 規 Col6紛 13.6 30.1 5.1 HmUug- ea g是 輛 e 心“ 14.4 373 5.5 可 屯 3 的 ， 們A 9.2 17.2 4.9 CM 309-25 8.4 15.4 4 位 一 M Coll醋。 9.0 19.3 4.2 M Ven 168 11.5 32.9 4.0 M Me策問 11.3 31.8 4.0 CM 323-64 8.2 17.9 3.7 M Col 22 7.2 14.0 3.7 \ 1976B 。 150 M 'IÆ阻 S9 23.0 23.6 22.4' 、if Pan 102 12.1 8.9 16.4 M Ven 246 12.1 10 多 13.9 M Col 悶。5 12..1 11.1 1l.9 \ M Col 1524 13.4 15.0 12、。 悅 V如 217 IV 3之3 10.8 問 Vcn 15。 14.0 191 10.3 M Ven 187 11.9 悅。 9.7 \1 Col 1513 8.2 7.2 會.3 P，\。‘{姆/h.) K,o (kglh.) \1 Mex 23 12.3 16.8 9.0 figurc 32. Sí鈴igle TQll' yield~ of 揖間組1 ..錯 "a va討i'tìes and the a、 erage yields of 緝捕的科ies as ? ùicra l\ce mdex '" 一~旦旦旦主ι一 Y 也凶(1鉤 kg p,o, haJ affected b含糊。 levels of phosphorus and pot發輔i瞞你 C-56 1977 CIAT A給nu剖純.port yields of the plot with 150 kg P,O,/ha for low potas恥um tolerance by plantín串 were slightly 10wer, whi扭曲血e r，臼idual with two potassium levels- 0 and 玄妙說串 phosphorus 肌 the soil raised the yields of K.，OI划， applied 鋪底Cl， lp甚I appl品ed al the 甜仰輛phosphorus plot slightly higher planting and at 60 days. The plo祖 were than those of the first screeni簿， resulting limed and fertilized 臨 indi，且t訟法 τ必le in a higher tolerance index 品 indicated in 3囂， Table 40. M M闊 59 had the híghest tolerance index. Wíthout applied po姐ssium plant growth wa擊。nly slightIy reduced fro血昏昏 Due to no泌-uniformaty of 30il an益 峙紛 centlmeters at 立，主 months. Potassìum 的激atìc ∞泌itior詣，油lerance 血&臼3 of con悅nt of 海F訂 leav聞 4時間卸d 嗨rietìes 織 different field 揖Z扭扭ngs 割草nifica叫你 from 1.70 10 0.98 percent, cannot 忌eco融pared; 臨時間mgm nutnent while contents of nitrogen, phosphorus 叫咱on pr。如胡s mo詰 unìfonn con. . and mag附削m ìnçreas叫 in the absence of dì缸。臨z 真是。悅。哺乳 differential suscep­ potassíum. The calcium content was not tibility to dis臨輔sís 時悅。m aeomplicating affected. Fi揖ure 32 (part B) and Table 41 factor in nutrìent solution screenings give the response to potassium of the most H叩嗨 in the futu時~ nutrìent solution tolerant varieties tested. On the average, scre海ning wìll be emphasized lack 01' applied potassium reduced yields from 1.45 10 1.0 kgl m2, that 鉤， 10 70 FIELD SCREENING FOR percenl of maxímum y時Id. LOW POTASSIUM TOLERANCE LEVEL AND TlME The .ame 100 varieties used for the 品r.t OF POTASSIUM APPLlCATIO爽 phosphorus screening were also 前閃開ed U nder high rainfaU 紛紛ítíon翠綠plíed T.ble 41 誼。甜 yleld灣都攝電。1時制認，妞扭W 輯a pot齡sium can be 105/ pa時1)' through po祖輯插甜甜輔V輯到偏輔抑制制級觀{語 leachingτherefo re, sp起草綠洲瞞的。朋 of 種叫tro鵬已 potasslum are敘肘rally reco融mended. To study th路 effec室， the variety Llanera was 漿。融 y總婚 Tole措淼揖 plante忌， and levels of 告，鈴" 100發 150， and Variety i缸騙祖ryu酪峙 ind目 道路 k草草型。lba were app話。d 輛車，Cl 間 a smgle or split application at various times 1(，0呻參益關 after plant帥車. Thefertílízation regimes are 197M o indicated in Table 泊， 誦，。 CM 308-23 19‘ I 13.6 26.81 Application íncreased potassium con輸 MCol6曲 27.1 29.7 24.7 tents of upper leav揖 at three months from 1.的 10 2.21 percc惜t whiIe calcium and M Col247 20.7 18.5 23.2 magnesium contents were low 1措I not MV闊的 25.2 28.1 22.6 別gnificantly affected by po臨甜iu騙 M M.x 23 1l.5 6.4 2翁.7 錢pplication‘ However J at nine 臨onths， CM 320- 19 13.0 plants in high-po揖SSlUm tr臨tments 學how­ 10.串 16.9 ed yellowin囂。f lower 1揖ves wílh MV間 t揖 21.6 27.7 1谷.8 magnesium con記nts of on1y 0.0岳 per.個氓 M Vcn 18訟 17.5 22.0 13.9 co鴨pare這 with 0.15 P缸ce室主t in plots M Col783 10.9 8.6 13.8 witho結t potassium. This 甜草草的拉 that hi車h potassiu認 applications induced Llanera 14.6 絡。6 13.7 臨袋轟nesium def臨時n哼， but calcium status of Ihe plant was not affected心 Fi那1re 33 T""精都電ÙId<< (V揖緝毒草l~ Yidd(200 q K,O/ba) shows the yield response. Thou草h Y時Ids c..甜甜﹒軒。雷帽捕 C“ 67 / formly reapplied 10 all plo個. PI臨話 we扭 harvested at 11 months. Yi阻01<謹ls of all plot峙s were 肛C《ο，頂n玄峙s缸Iderab!y iωow盯 in the seco憾n1拉ω P抖l削anll間n培矗 than in the {詰ì路rs剖t仁; the highest yield 、w影描 2 1.9 tfha 。吋b帆咖t圳a剖I悶n肘e祕4糾州w圳鳩咐'1l hillit-- TSP、 Fi且ure 34 shows the relative yields of both plantings. Applic遁的on of basic sla草 “ produced the highest yields in the first planting. and had a hetter residual effect than any other source in the second plantin車. Of the rock phosph割成 the residual eff.目t of Gafsa rock was belter than that ofTSP and NorthCarolìna rock ln the first plantin車. cassava only respond勵 ed to 100 k草 P， O ，jha. but ín lhe second planting there was a significant 時sponseto 400 kg P,O, I 惚， both for lhe resídual 輸d K 20 叩pli甜 (kg!ha) reapplied phosphat曲，訟4甜atìng that 100 figu何 33. R輔pon甜。f曲eε且S2va v甜的 Llan側a P,O ,jha was not sufflcient for 血axìmurn M揖nrallev-rb of pô扭曲站棚 appli甜甜 vario個 tim輯 yields. 哺傲 plantl睹到 E甜輪明輸， POTASSI l,;M X NITROGEN were low. there was a sígn;fìcant response INTERACTIONS 鉛 potass;um applicatíon. but no 割gnifi. 闊別以fference between le間Is of applica論 泉路ults of a potusium x phosphorus. tion; a single appl臨tìon at plant;n草 was systemat臨街sign trial witb L1anera 附間 翱perìor to any split applicatìon or single reporteil in the 1976 CIA T Annual Report. applícatíon at 30 days. Thus, under the A simìlar trial for potassium x nitrogen climatic 訊社 50ìl conditior甘 of Carimagua was planted in Carimagt揖 usm品 14 levels a split applicat悔n of potassium 益。es not of potassium combined with 14 levels of seem necessary. The applicaÜon of 20 kg mlrog冊， band-applied al輯錯ing齡K ， SO啥 Mgjha díd not prevent ma揖nesium and ur峙，間sp時tively. Y ields of L1anera deficiency índuced by h;島h po恤崎mm varied betw甜n 1711拾到 low nitrogen訂，d treatments potasslu桶 ral臨 10 30 t/ba with the application of 130 姆斯ha and 160 RESIDUAL EFFECTS K,Olha.No nitrogen 問spon揖W翩。b揖'rv­ OF ROCK PHOSPHATES ed in the absence of po隔臨別冊 nor a pO阻路ìum response ìn the absence of fhe 1976 CIAT Annual Report showed nÎtrogen. Both ele血ents were equally the respon話。f cassava to applìcat協ns of impo抗食品泊Ulcr胡sìng yield but neither various rock phosphates ìn Carima草ua. produced the large response ob祖ìned wilh Thi. year, the trial was resee是“ tomeasure phosphorus in the pOlassÎum x phospborus the resìdual e宮ect of the phosphale trial. appli臼tíons. One of the two 輔扭 of plo站 Csìng values of $1. 500lt of cassava and on which TSP ha位 been applied w品 used $17.50ik車?刻， $1 串，50it草 K， O， and to measure resìdual effect, while in the $23.20ikg P ，O多 (al1 in Colombían pesos), other 組t the same amount of TSP was the value of the increased yield due 10 reapplied as an optimum control fertílization exceeded the cosl of the Nitrog棚. potusìum an是 zìnc were uní. fertilizers and transpo口 C.68 1977 CtAT Annuat Repo叫 1976 1977 眼前ative 臨S捕.va yìdd (%) o Huila RP 40 一-.' Pe姐 RP o N _ Carolina RP • Basiç slag 在 TSP， r晶id\lOl &τSP. annual applïcatîon! :川 4的 。 多。 100 很10 P, o , (kglha) P，O，倩影地} Fì恥1re 34.1nitial (197耐 andr眉ìdual (1啊1) effec'" of惜別胸slev詹姆制d制閻明.ofpb揖阱崎ntS00 1be relat悄 yleld 01 c甜甜va va吋ety LI回era in Ca rimagua Figure 35 shows the effect of nitrogen, cassava on both acid and alkalíne soils, a phosphorus and potassium fertilization on lriaJ on sources, levels, and metho白 of the harvest index. Both nitrogen and applic削的n of 剖nc was conducted in potassíum applications decreased the C a l' imagua on aci性 soils and ín CIA T on harvesl index, indicatin車 that the fertilizer alkaline soils , Fertilization re且imes at stimulated top growth more than root Carimagua are shown in Table 38; at growth. With phosphorus fertilization the CIAT. plants were only f可útilízed with zinc. harvest index increased up 10 SOkilograms The test varìetìes in Carimagua were M of applied P,O,ìha and then decreased Mex 23 and M Mex 59, and in CIAT, Th的問.t1泌的crease în harvest index as L1ancra. Plants were harvested at 12 phosphorus levels increased was al50 months in Carimagua and at 15 months in found 抽 other phosphorus trials (CJA T CIAT Annual 說eport 197令 an這 ind.cates that phosphorus at low 10 in蛇rmed臨時 Je、 els is r，為le 42 shows the responses to zinc most efficient for root for端斜的社 a ppJícation. 80th varíeties in Carimagua prod脫“ Jow y1elds due to a 甜vere ZIr喔喔: FERTlLlZATION hornworm attack and infection with CBB. H owever, they responded significantiy to Since zí就蓓的翩翩cy is very 00聽mon in soil application of 5 kg Zni ha, but 草aveno Caassva Program C-59 f Harv鴨t lndex additional r制pon盟 to hîgher levels; there 。 76 was nO sl單純ifíeant difference bet、.veen band-applìed ZnSO. or broa挂cast ZnO 扒llíar apphcation or stake trea!ments were les. eff甜的時 than 糊1 application. W hen y時ld was. correlated to zinc contents of upp肝 le~仰的 at three months. a criti;叫l level for zìnc defìcìency of 37 ppm was determine桂 for M Mex 59 and 51 ppm for 0.76 M Mex 23. 。， 72 1n CIA T , Llanera responded very well 0 啦啦ally to stake treatments of 2 and 4 ,6,11 perçent ZnSO‘詞。wever暨 most plants O.輛;… recuperate社 from zìnc defícìency , while some suffered from so;] 除lìnìty. Y ìelds vanε彗星reatly because of soìl variabìlity (pH 6.7-8. 0). Best y時i吐s were obtair自卓 0.72 憾!;!h 15曰mìnute stake dìps ìn a suspension 01' 4 percent ZnO or a solution of 4 percent 。磁?一 τ---，→ T ZnSQ, prior!o plantìng. Hì草h yields were O 幽 ιL correlated wìth hìgh zìnc content (n lOre th叫“ ppm) 01 upper leaves but no crìtìcal O 輛 車。 120 1叫:拉開 280 level could be determined. K (kg!ha) Figu時 35. 臨時軒ts of \'arÎ剖必 leve's of nitrogen, Thus in acid 50;話， 50il applicatìon of 脾姆蜘闊別 pot.輔蟬血。扭曲e枷叫 inde:x of ..蟬.n variety L1m研. at ZnO or ZnSO, is effective, while under Car智認agua. T.bl.42 ZiI認曲終重雀躍。f 呻per le:ilv明甜甜甜emo駝的lS 8.站的時禮"“。船 affected by nrious zint treatmmts 時plied 個 two"削i甜甜 or <輔ava in C.ri臨時臨轍4 棚e varit'ty 旭 ClA宮~ Palmi.ra. Carì輯agllil CI!U Yield (tIM) Zn in I臨吋S 掙P朋} Treatment MM閉目 說關輯 23 M Mex S9 M Mex 23 21343732323445 Control 8.3 1,7 25 34.7 38.2 5 kg Znlh麓， z nSo ‘ 12.7 8.4 35 33. 2 37、2 10 kg Zníb露， ZnS04 13.2 7.8 41 JL9 很).5 20 kg Zn í ha, znSo‘ 14.1 7.4 60 40.0 42.2 5 kg Zn!ha, ZnO 15.1 6.0 45 39.1 42.2 10 kg Znj 恤， z，時 12.5 10.2 50 27.8 35.0 20 kg Zn! ha, ZnO 13.0 10.7 50 38.晨 39.5 I%Z.50和 foliar 10.9 4.2 38 .4 44.7 2% ZnSO.. foliar 11.2 6.2 32.3 43.0 4揖 Zn50.. foliar 13.2 4.4 --342632303826 37 .4 45.0 i噁 Znsn.， stake 65 3.5 插 35.6 32.0 2% ZnSO", stake lO.7 5.5 針 34.3 37.5 4略 lOS04， stake 13.8 3.3 筠 43.4 38.0 l 早已 ZnO， stake 9 .4 4 發 站 J!.7 站 29.9 2%Z.0、 $take 8.6 5.5 設 29.8 3ψ3 49毛 Z位科， s組ke I l.I 5.6 52.1 3之 7 C.60 均77 CIAT 翩翩甜食峙。前 alkaline conditíons stake treatments are C.."'V. yieJd (l!haJ 間commended since soíl-applied zinc ís rapidly precipitated 剖 a high pH .. 師講給ure O 揖anure + 150 kg 正，0 FER Tl LIZATION W1TH COW :﹒扭曲u時+ 80 kg P,O, MANURE Jr-叫 A聞發s with acid 冊fertile soils, prese酷ly used for beef pro益UCll0鈍， are also area5 of potential cassava prodUClion. The U5e of locally avaílable cow manure to fertilize 8 cassava is an obvious alternative to the use of imported chemical fertil日ers. The effectiveness of various levels of cow manure was te登記述 agamst manure com­ 4 bined with phosphorus or pota鋪lum applications, and a草amst co冊plete chemical fertilizers (1 C仇殺-20) applied in equ主valenl amounts of phosphorus as 崩 the manure. Llanera was the cassava 30 vanety used. The manure was incor­ poraled while chemical fertilízers were Cow llUlf關冊。/盔的 band-applied alongside the stakes. F總urc 36, I這個，p扭過.01倒闢前. nriety U鵬總導峙 ，留扭曲如臨 01四'lfm阻-姆plieohlt....世間毒蟬 F零ure 36 shows that Ihe application of 留圓b恤咄咐喘阱帽PIWr揖 01 pota甜揖妞，'"蟬par甜 20 an注 30 t í ha of manure doubled the 甜問uiv國e.電轍翩翩tsof呼pUed 10.泌.20chemk醋 yields , but that Ihe a也lition of 80 kg ，倒叫lhen. P, O, i ha or 15íl kg K, Ojha si單純ificantly íncreased yields over those 制tb manure alone. The application of equivalent 20-2海 fertilize{ (including transport)，躊躇 phosphorus amounts of 10-20-20 fertilizers use 01' manure 00 the average gave a hi鑫h前 was geoerally supèrior to the use of manure net relum only íf the value of tbe 血anure， alone , but not signíficantly different fro制 including co誼。f collectíon and applic如 the manure combined with phosphorus or lÍon , were Iess than $200;峙訟. Oenera11y, potassmm yiel社攝cr.甜甜S 鴿個íned by applyin在 p hosphorus or 1'0扭扭lU血 to the m制lure Csin草 current príces (Colomliian pesos) 往這 not compensate for the additíonal ∞st 。f 草 1 ，500 í t for cassava如挂鉤，4ω;Ifor l(弘 Oflh的e fertílizers Cassava Storage Cassava roots d叫erío扭扭 rapidly afler varíeties within 4草 hou凹 01 harv胡話筒品 harvest. Deterioratíon ís eíther 1\在icrob取1 de扭諒。問tion commonly begì悶 physiologìcal or microbial, bUl tbe fo桶前剖 vascular slreakín車， followed by如此 rot， generally 0扭扭事 withín 48 hourli of fermentatíon, and maceration of the root harvesting. Pbysiological de扭rioration is tissues.τ泌s type of det如前ation， which ch缸acterized by a dry b時wn 抽 dark does not ∞cur in any speeial order, í 擊 "閃閃訟， nonnally appearin草剖 nngs nor盟ally notic您的le 話ve to eight days aft缸 aroun益 the períphery of the cortex.τh鵲起arv甜ting (Fi藍色 37). deterioration often appears on suscept治le C翩翩咽Pr__ C.61 /一一一 Figure 37. Two form s. of det肘i甜甜甜 of叫紛抑制。@且終蠟) Physiololh:: dηbrown-dì\rk 削仿制誣扭曲， fonn of rings ar臨甜血e 伊tiphery of the 帥rtex. (Riah') 給加oblal: 甜f你I 帥r削。耐電電i岫刻m略枷g，治叫州$b掛 枷蹦棚e耐 祖叡e釘..剖tí叫on 。叫I1愉h僻er間。。酹tt緝i泓血a純、喘鏈輔. PRt:NING Plants of each variety were prw睡d 10 remove a1l green materìal (leaving only a An experìment was done to eval'揖臨 the 25-c的ltimet軒 stem) and left in the ground ef島也t of pruning on cassava deterìo問話。袋 for varyin單位tervals before harvest. The Eight cas關va v訂iet的 were 揖lected with re叫lts showe是 that the perc開lageofboth varyíng 閃發istances to both physiological phy觀。logícal and microbial deterìoration and microbial deterioration (轍e Cassava d如E臨揖d with time from pruning to Storage. CIAT Annual Report. 1會76). harvesl for up 10 14-21 days (Fig. 3餘， E良之的E 牡如t l閒E一一 一勻一- Detached roots, M Col 圳的cd 帥。ts ， M C 01 22 --------r-­ ~ Detached roots. M Col 1802 一一一一一一…一一 司 Attached roots. 揖 Col 1802 :三二←三竺... +…一 啥 7 14 21 Timεof p:runing (day的béÍore sto用.8' Figure 38. Effecl of stem on 揖紛ava 悶。這 det甜把ration 叫ter 20 days of stofage C.62 1977 CIAT Anoual R.po曙重 Root deterior:訕。n(噁} 間 " M Col1807 M C叫 22 CMC 29 Regio糊1 CMC紹祖 Col 喵 M Col 1802 M Mex 59 Varieties Fi扭扭 39 聾。啦啦，蚓肘at妞n (}f eiCht ca臨補考甜甜棚pruntd e， 14組dlldaytb臨時知仰體Iml帥d喲，甜 f研 141 曲"•• Roots left at個ched to the stem always varietìes had deteriorated less than the 昔etenorate是 more slowly than those whìch latter two. Hence, varietal reactìon to had been de個.ched. As ìndìcated last year, pruning varìes and 閥割揖ance without susceptibilíty to deterìoratìon is a varietal treatment is not related to 間S岫祖nce with characteris鈍， forexa朋p悅， M Col1807 and treat游lent. M Col 22 were more su時eptible than M Col 1802 and M M阻錄(Fi車﹒ 3寧)。 ?這。控nal衫， dama，車ed roots 公扭riorate However, after 21 你知， when these more rapidly than u路da冊aged on揖胃 V缸ieties 閑時 prun闕，做 first two However, after pruning, roots cut 10 。前erioration (%l • Control 叫…一τ)" Pruned at 3 weeks …一… 叫 阿切可..L>..- Pruncd 剖 4 weeks 切切恥 關 企 +P駁ru站n站edm到l 34W提缸，. maneb (4 x J(j.l pp臨 ..L) ----1 鴻 hypo枷悅。 5x 均持品位伊/ / 一一 / -三 / /! / / ----- / /~ -- J ~ 5 10 15 20 Time of storage 付師時 Figure鵡Eff<臨. Rcpublic 2.5 6.1 3.0 9.4 7.2 118 Ecuador 4、5 3.6 63 2. 1 4.9 2.8 7.2 5.2 Tikal GuatemaJa 4.9 4.9 3.7 2.9 4.1 2.6 8.4 5.2 ?這 (IR 1055) Ouyar滋 3.9 4.3 8.6 7.0 77916(G&22-10-6-1O) Guyana 3.7 4ι6 6.6 6.2 Macuspana A 75 M間1叩 2.5 3.2 2.9 4.5 2.9 5.7 3.9 s.醋。a A 75 Mexico 4.1 5.4 3.8 7.2 2.8 8.2 5.3 Inti Peru 3.0 3.1 5.9 3.5 7.2 2.7 8.4 6.1 4 IR205弘18-1-3-2.) lRRI 3.5 草 4 帽 功 IR2823-399-5-6 IRRI 4.1 的 副 IR2863-)8-1-2 IRRI 4.3 10.8 主 1R 1529430-) IRRI 賣 4.4 Bg 償弘2 Sri Lanka 4.4 2.6 5.1 4.6 1.0 2.0 9.0 3 6.。 E C抽喃iSML Surinar亨2 4.3 3.3 5.2 3.1 1.9 2.2 6.9 3.4 m z Camponi S揖L Surina血 4.6 章.6 4.1 3.7 2.0 6.8 5.1 草e 草 C叮svom 草ML Surinam 4.3 3.8 4.2 3.5 2.3 6.3 4.2 U n ""蛤滋治治 》 , 1位臨睡扭曲2 咱剖""縫JC&k of 1-9: 1.益.9:.resis包nI:; 3必率，誰-紐甜均純踹棚1; 4 l)..5:h:m蠅 erite!y划船酬 lbl;; nr 關帥'e.. b"tç; (鼠忌，。旬"'"色"'" 星 J ~for 語詞酹h of jnÚn: 3:尬唔，也叫色“一.1，$ór閣.): $.=給甜ω.. 姥殉揪事"惚。 SI..().6(被捕; 星 • G，詢，tîn臨.tl開"問~.=認ak: taintmned揖銬.L電 1- - 2 . E Z Agrono臨y 。總揖揖s' In甜氓， Quality 盟 " @。 p Country 話eíght M訓uratlOn Bacterial S姆總th Gr叫Z Gelatini帥tlort Yíeld z ldentifica訟。n of origin (cm) (day益} Blast Bli遲鈍t Sli份電話。，gatod帥 L的耳h' T emperature' 11th.) a帥 車R51 -4!i-5 IR20ilR5也 114-3- 1 S'desh 122 134 8 4 3 4 主 7.8 BR51-7牛。 E錢201IR弘11 4-3-1 器'd揖h 120 133 8 4 3 4 5 IL 6.8 BR 4 (BR51-91略} IR20IIR5-114-31 S'desh 129 137 8 3 3 3 主 7.5 IETI785(RP制-39-1) Indm 95 132 9 6 4 4 3 L 7.2 B541b-Kn“ 58-5-3 Pelita 1i 11l晨532E57!i-4 lndon. 1I0 130 8 4 3 4 3 7.0 B542b-Pn自9-2-2 PcJtla 1: lílR532E5764 lndofi 117 134 9 3 2 6 3 9、9 IR2070-423-2-5-1短 IR38) IR20*2jO.nj ;C琵.94- 13 IRRl 91 134 4 5 3 3 3 Il 7.3 IR2071-58令5舟-3(IR42) IRI561 “ 228!IR24'óIO.nIICR94-13 IRRI 103 143 。 3 3 a 5 主 7.9 IR2323-399ω5-6 CR94- 13月晨 1529.毛80/1 jIR24'310.nílIRl4-16 IRRI 103 l3 ì 2 4 4 4 3 IL 7.1 i晨2慧的品-1-2 IR 1529-680ιJICR94戶 13 i1 1R480-ι9-3 IRRl 88 136 4已 4 3 3 3 L 6.5 Bg 374-1 (75。只好 Bgb忌。 111R20 Sri-Lanka 103 132 8 3 2 3 3 8.2 Bg 375-1 (75-404) Sri-Lanka 98 132 8 3 2 3 3 9.1 IR2588-19-持-!-2-2 IR1544-2J811晨 1529而80-3 JRRJ 92 139 4 2 立 3 3 L 8.5 τ甜chung Sen-yu 195 Bin-tang-ChienfIR插I Taiwan 89 132 6 a 3 3 3 L 8.1 p CICA 9 Colombia 110 133 4 3 3 3 3 L 怠。 UI , A~fP:I){何。間輛都騎警 j tnter岫lional rr:揖旭必能夠;alé of 1.9: 1.2. 9攏=海..敵 ; J ， O時 9. modl:r‘wly ~誠Aot， 4，{l.S.9‘m叫￠惚惚!y Ml~街那治1: oJr mterm耐喘息已弘嘍。S甜$<<'ptible , Scale for kmat話 of sr創紅 3犯 Long J'l'llin i色制-，鐵站m); !í =med山mk羽l&th grllm tS 釗'"ωmm) • Gelatinizat糊糊食pcrature 騙你 !.=:inmm硝靴: L :s帕W r Tab1e 4 E揖貓hs of promisínc 的ee 悔，輯 with the tbø&d軒"“軸心fn..lint 掃師棚dtr normal i耐地甜甜 間odüions 耐C1AT. Country Days to Height Lodging Yle1d ~dentificatïon of Origin F10、Nermg (c血} 特 (tJ h的 8KN 6'揖弱_147_2 IR 262/Pín Gaew 56 苦苦lailand 168 112 10 6.7 BKN 帥86-81 IR 262/ Pin Gaew 56 Thaí lJlrui 156 150 85 4.4 8KN 帥86-20 lR 262/們稽。aew 56 f臨íla吋 146 111 o 。 5 BKN 帥87-105-4 IR 262/ Khao Na起紹gNuey 1I Thailand 128 Il帥 G 8.9 BKN 699心-63 lR 262月1'0 161 T柚íland 129 172 100 主 4 C 4-63 P插hZ茲mψp抖p& 119 115 G 。 9 RD 1 τ恤山íI尬la削nd 123 113 。 6.4 BKN 6987-118-l-P I取 262!Khao Nahng Nu叮 11 Th融Iorui 123 107 。 8.2 BKN 掛制-133-2-P l l i 1錢給21圳岫 Nahng Nuey 11 Thailand 126 。 5.8 BKN 6987恥233-2-P IR2621Khao Nahng Nuey 11 Thailand 125 101 。 8.1 Table 5 Numberofnur韓伯輯from 全helnternat抽nolR於eτ輯UnaPro ll'a個 forL制制 America曲mib肘甜甜 1977 No， of 鈍urserïes l Country VIRAIA主 VIRAL-1 VIRAL-S VIRAL-F VIAVAL VIOSAL To祖i zlsl121ii1E1l2iz --12 Ar酵的論a 3 Bolìvía 峙 ， 4 勵 Brazil 3。 2 16 2 Colombia Z Z 3 E Co總aR阻 且 3 ， 且 Ecuador ， 8 重 嗯 El Salvador ， 3 Guatemala & 4 E Guyana •• 8 Honduras 啥 ， 6 . Ja攝制開 422 422 Mexico 2 10 Ni叫悶­ 4 Pa蹄ma 2 6 Paraguay 1 3高高沛育本7 0-6 1977 CIAT Annu剖，種eport I喇d.(糊糊....1 No. of nurseries\ c，昆主 ntry VIR.AL-P VIRAL刁 VIRALoS Vl訊AL-F VIAVAL VIOSAI T哨的 Peru 2 2 5 Dom. Republic 為 Surinam 3 Venezuela 2 2 4 Total 28 28 22 5 9 4 96 v圳1錢1'^‘ι E扭位鑄z熾a燄晶It扭ε褪all農延恤氫目E挖 可Y軒r“§d磁述電dN械‘ φφP E<，舟勿 E恤t滋曲2固睹霉 ，u闢帥z蝸紡 “穹她叫她摺酷atwing vujcllC:$ .S U阱闊的牌、官司副由 V1AVAL F F切耐"'油目妞. V!QSAl Table 6. Number of delægates whopartidpa dele單位的 from Brazil and Uruguay 剖ated t.ed in the second con(erence on the Inter~ that theywould reque.tdirectlyfromlRRI nation叫 RiceT肘ting Program for l..atin the followíng spe.巳ific nurseries: for America (Qr 1977 resistance to low temperatur肘， drought, and alumînum toxicîty. NO.of C伯ntne墨 Deleg刮目 The followîn草 nursçries were of ín組rest Argentina to the delegates of several countries: yieid nurseries of early- and m綠綠油輸單aturin囂 盼elize 2362 varìetíes for upland and írrigat必 con­ 的。IÎvia dìtions; ob揖rvational 刷刷eries of early­ B ，a叫i and medìum.maturing varietí制 forupland Coiombia and irrigated condítion恥的間 blast and sheath blight nurseries; and nurseries for Cos祖 Ri晶 salini紗， low temperatures and deep water. D"亞 Re憑這是btie There was also a consensus of a need for Ecuador 2 future nurserìes on brown 1臨.f spot EI Salvador (Helminthosporium oryzae) and leaf血ald f民hy'帥。主p071um 叫yzae) and soíl Guatemala problems such as aluminum toxicity and Guyana alkalinìty. Table 7 shows the types of Honduras 233 nurseries 自恤blished for 197.8 and the Mexico num ber of sets r阻luested Pana晶a Pa時guay DlST衷IBUTlON OF VAJ通n:“ESAND Surinam 2213 PROMJSING L1NES Venezuela Uruguay 1、he CIAT Rí個 U錄ít collabor剖ed wíth Philippines (lRRI) lOStltutlO醋。fs抑制al countrí揖 bysendìng seed of variet間s and promisìnglines. Table τotal 38 8 showstheq珊ntìty of s肘d from varietìes and promising lines dispatched in 1977. Rìce U甜2 。可7 、 ? " Table 7. Intemational RÎee T開枷I Procr‘m tor Latln America planned for 1971. 晨 E ， 躍 自 a 闖 E2 翼 " m " - aesSS h 華 a 出 " E 宮 包 “ 4弘 a 心 錢 呵 E S eaM。gu主 - 草 轟 恥 銷 。" IRτP 善 村 說 N 可 掉草 里 a苟 H 寶 單 '"“ 旬 H 出 a 縛 草 司 ， 古 U呵 OO叫 Z 這 純 姆 wh m 誦 泊 書 a ， Nurscri輯 Type' 騙h 椅" Z o 、 弘 " 自 a 縛 > R 。 偏 U U 草 。u D 申 z 輯 法 一 g 旭 。 總 M 」 M 『 但 VIRAL-P 6 2 2 3 2 鴨 囂 2 。 忍 32 綠 心 Yield VIRALCτ 心 白 『 τemparano 4 3 2 2 2 扭 VIRAL-S 2 主 主 2 已 2 2 2 28 VIOAL Ob曲研蟬的nal Riego z 3 2 2 15 VIOAL Secano 2 2 5 2 6 2 2 25 Dl關骷軸 VIPAL 2 。 2 2 6 2 2 33 VIAVAL 2 2 11 Environmental VIOSAL ? and Soil Low Tempera Problems tures Nurse吋 2 5 VIRAL-F 2 6 說 道 的 TOTAL 3 8 6 31 10 9 ? 7 4 5 9 12 22 6 11 3 10 5 3 14 186 事 叫 ， 叫RAL-P ln.temaoonal I這位過 Yield !'t ur皆可 fgr Latin Am間i:.i - E.irly-rn.iwring Vantl lÌel 靈 VIR ，U~T. Inter輛“哺.al Rk曙 Yú:ld N"W'項研'Y fQr Latin AmeriCII 卒"呻u)m-malunnll1 ~i\ nfll<~ 童 VIRAL-5 ln甜甜"壘lR嘲 Y îdd: U祖國 N~回')' ror LatiD Ame用a 讀 VtOAL h. .糊 糊糊隔1 爽間 Ob肺'V..UOl'甜言UZ3UY for L.A VJPAL Inten鴨"。總10總導，句“t :-.I~暉ery fOI Latin Amttìta VIAVAL hHer珊tíonal Sheath BliJht τ0le1l 1站:e 1"urury for la1Ín Am老侃組 •• V1QSAL lme~lio船民明&alinìty 0棚"恥前甜 Nur甜"y for Lalm AtmHCII ez 1_輪必制“農經.0翁~iq!W NW'賞，亨 IM Ù>Wτ=書:Je1"atur留搧I..lItlll Ar!前~ 明後Al-f 1糊糊絨緣關 Yú:ld Nvr阱ry 1Qt" Fl晶，ting. Va.回問他f Latifl AmcfX議 Varieties .00 枷蜘 distributed (k8) 浴 女 草 聶 草 C - a -w W 室 紡 < < 科 叩A a治 UMU UMU 〈 〈 E 話 。 心 " R m 判 H 變守 秒 。 ， 一 U E w •• 。 刑 v 這 淵 、 浴 U目 H 棚a 哼 信 Country > 出 【 '" 叫a 祠 A U。 川 室 U 叫 m 堂 哼 35 d欄 。 縛 出 聶 V ， 哼 ， Argentina 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Australia 。 1 0.1 。 1 Germ , F吋. Rep 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Brazit 3.0 l.Ø 51.0 5 1.。 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.。 1.0 0.5 0.5 Bolivia 150.0 軍扭。 100.0 200.0 i nv Belgium Costa R騙 50心。 Colombi.a 20 100.0 Ecuador 10.。 France 。 2 0.2 Phi發ppl終時 0.4 。 4 0.4 0.4 。 4 Guya聞 50.0 50.0 50、0 Kenya 。 1 0.1 。 l Uberia 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Mexico 1.0 1.0 1.0 ?如扭扭'8臨 50.0 Panama 50.0 Peru 草 .0 ?已。 51.0 2.0 57.0 Venttuda 50.0 80.0 UIll學過y 1.0 c Total 4.20 5.32 21 l.S2 414.02 L5 2.0 1.0 1.0 103.42 1.0 已58.52 1.0 0.5 在9 e r Breeding This year ICA 缸ld CIAT conli殺ue法i resístance faclors from 11控輝 or four breeding rice varielies wilh hi車h yields for source學 were evalualed 訟 single row production stabüity, reduced dependency progeny tríals. Some 叭，“10 selections on agricullural inputs and to overcome combining 闊別stance 10 blast, the 1治組t major production constra扭曲 such 揖 rice hopper (Sogatodes), acceptable 草rain bl關 (Pyri叫arw oryza紗， hoja bl組時 quality 臨普車。od plant Iype 瞬間 derived virus, the leaf-hopper (SogQlodes from the promisin皂 F 3 progení間. AII oryzicola) and minor constrai酪s such as 11 ，000 時i配tio肘輛自 pianted 品 h shealh blight (Conicum揖sakii) and salini­ progenies at Ví草avi;閉路cio and expos必 10 Iy、 關tural 師ck b泌t 泌fection. Of 3，4ωF4 progenies thal matu時:d during the year, EARLINESS 330 pro臨ísing Iines we時 selecled and planted at the ICA-Palmira statio裂蟬 τhe fermers in the impo抗antColombian unreplicated plots for yield evaluation; rice zones of Tolima and on the North 1 ，ω。結lectíons 附re advl組ced to Fs Coast prefer rice varieties which are盼你" progen是e5 ， maturing (l絡 110 days)運 Four 甜rly總 maturing v前ieties-IR36， 74輛5461 (blast 於“Ilillne Vari說ies， The third and final 悶甜甜t Bg 34-8), CICA 7 and IR22- backcross for a five component mulliIine we時 combined 揖 13 different 對mple wìth five 鉛urc是s of resistance (Tet紗， crosses for early maturity w話說 blast Colombía 1, Carreon, Díssi Hatiff, an社 resis旭nce from Tetep, Colo揖bía 1 and c4糾5) and two r臨訂閱的t parents (4414, C46-1丘 τhe 訓mple cros紹s were subse­ and CICA 9) was compleled an挂 theìr que給t1y top cross祕 and intercrossed to respectíve B) F3 populations were planted. produ闊前草ht trip1e and five 益。ub1e crosses. The F 2 popu1atíon of these crosses With the third backcross, the recurrent will be evaluated for earlin自s at the ICA parent phenotype was fully recapture卓 as Nat扭扭a and Turipana sta缸。風 in Tol臨a evidenc叫 by the uniformity of the línes. and the North Coast rice growíng zones, The B 3F 1 popuiations were intercrossed to 時sp削tívely. combíne resistance fac姆時 from three different 絢urces (Tetep wíth two others)錯 DJSEASE AND PEST RESISTANCE shown ín Table 9 10 develop a multiple 閃s\s個nt m羽:Itiline Resislance 10 Rì.. Blasl Selec缸on for resistan時 to rice blast, p T的le , 9. Crosslng ((朋bînations with dìfferent , oryzae resistar間相un~es for rice blast , i. one of the basic objectives ofthe b閃電:ding program. The achievement of 1. Tetep 克 (Carreon x Colo揖b，. Il stable r制臨祖nce to ríce blast 臨尪缸ng pursued through 觀ultiple re棚tance and 2. Tetep x (Caη.0夠真 Dissi Hatiff) multíl開e approaches. 3, 1 剖ep x {Carreon x C46- ISj Mulliple R輔is祖E回. Some 36，取10 F2 progeny were selected from mulliple 4 τetepχ(Colúmbia! x D路過5 日訓出) crosses wíth 10 improved parent lines carry開車 resistance facto路 from Tetep, 5, Tetep x {ColomblaJ x C-4心 15) Co1o揖b捕 1, D時制 H就iff， C46-15 and 6. Te tep x (Diss.i H叫if[ x C46- IS) Carreon, The F 3 progeny combi甜ng 妞-1。 1977 CIAT Annual Roport Tab\c 10 Sourc醋。r resÎstance to blast fro輔 Tolerance 10 Sheath Bl1囂hl 信軒司已向phicaU了 díyerse o.rigins Present妙， only tolerance has b僻nfound Recurrcnl Source旱。f Oc的ou炒n到t叮 01 如 sheath blight (C sasakii). Of the three Parent島 Resistance 1010賠錢 varicties seleeted 一路aha童話， Tapoo-<:ho-z and K8 - Bahagia and 叫叫 Tetep Vietnam Tapoo-<:ho-z have been widely used in 4414 Tapo{}叫ct抄一z Chîna multiple crosses as lolerant sources to 44ú8 Ca 902fb:3;3 Chad sneath blight. Crosses were made between the three tole揖戚 varíeties Bahagìa x ClCA4 PJ. 184675.2 lran Tapoo-ch。他z; Baha.草ia x K8; and K8' x CICA 9 Coìo血bia 1 Colombla Tapoo-<:ho-z such that 臨ch ∞mbination Linea S S.M.L 56/1 Surinam would have tolerance factors from the two Bg 9U叫 Rami的d Str J Thailand paren恆 Each 恥ngle cross was top-<:rossed toCICA 4, CICA 7, CICA 9 and 4440. The F 2 progenies wiU be observed un是er field condítior臨 and evaluated. CICA 4, CICA ln addition, an expanded multiline 7 ， CICA 會 and 4440 were also crossed an社 project was initiated with seven different backcrosse是 to each of the three donors for recurrent parent這 and seven different up串rading the recurrent pare浴室s with sour明S of resistance from 紋。graphically tolerance 10 sh臨th blight. Rapid 臨edling diverse origins (Table 10). The first 50借閱ing techníques f or tolerant materials backcross \0 each of the recurrent parents have nol yel been developed. was completed trus year. Five 閥、信， widely adapte益， rugh偏yielding R制istance to 韓aderial Leaf BIi軍ht varieties witn good combi血濃草 abì1ity and reslstance 10 5研制al production con­ Eleven varieties reSÎstant to bacteriall胡f straints were incorporated as pareπt8 into blight 峙的la werεinoculated usÎn露 the br，間到ding pro車站m. Table 11 lists tbe 怯。late5 01' Xamhomonas oryzae obtained parents and their desirable characteristÎcs. in Latin Am研íca. F rom varielal 話ac位ons The five pa聞自ts were crossed in 1521riple presented in Table 12, it appears that the cross ω臨bir關ions 10 combine factors for i50lat帥 from Latin America behave blas t resistan自 from Iwo differenlsources 剖mil虹Iy 10 those obtained in Asia. Table I L Desirable trai電 s of five parents incorporated into the CIAT I lCA bTeeding program 油室917。 Reactìonl Plant Bacteria1 Sheath Parem Type Blight Blìght Pphe0n,cplthuatq eto秘 Salinity 了替詰lper掉1怯re Remajda Tall HR $ S s T Sahagia lmermediate T 1 8 $ s 、 Petita I I lntermediatc 扭扭 s H良 I 5 Bg 66-1 Dwarf HR s S S $ Bg 90論2 Dwarf R S S S I 民~Sl stilrK~組組扭扭 R:: hi轟hlV re萱，，，.則;MR 甜甜哺"輯tely r自ISla !'J t; T悶，如峙，輔仁主祖祖>ecptible 制度油 Unít 。司令 f Table 12. R個ction of several 袖的e刮目 10 bact叫“ and F 6 generations) derived from 22 leaf blight (Xanlhomonas oryzae). different crosses brought from Sri-Lanka were evaluated and 44 were sele叫ed as Reaction1 promising. These were tested for yield potential in two experiments both using Variety Colombia Asia CICA 9 as the contro l. Table 13 shows the results of the best eight lines in each trial. Remajda HR HR Pelita 1/1 R R Bulk F 4 populations from eight multiple Tadudakan R R crosses brought from Sri-Lanka(Table 14) were evaluated. From this materi凶， 768 Bg 90-2 R R individual selections were made and Bg 6令 l R R evaluated in progeny row trials in the F 5 Bg 97-2 MR RjMR generation , Of these, 90 promising lines Bg 97-3 R R were selected for high yield potential, a∞eptable grain quality, plant type and K 8 (mutant) MR MR resistance to h句a blanca and bacterialle渴f IR 22 R R blight and plant hopper IR 2035-290 MR R/MR IR F our F 2 populations from Sri-Lanka 8 ss ss were observed and of this material 166 F 3 Bluebonnet 50 SS ss selections were evaluated in progeny row trials. Some 30 promising lines were Resistance scale HR=HlghJy res措t.a nt; R= R的Lstant; MR:. Moderately resistant; SS = Higllly susceptible obtained Evaluation of Introductions Some 832 advanced lines selected at the ICA-Palmira station from F 2 and F 4 Some 461 advanced lines from IRRI and populations (brought from Sri-Lanka) Indonesia were evaluated and three lines were tested under greenhouse, conditions were found to have a resistance factor for for resistance to bacterialleafblight. Fifty­ rice blast derived from the wild rice, Oryza nine percent were resistant; 20 percent nivara , These lines will be used as parents tolerant; and 21 percent, susceptible in the breeding program , Identification of Genes for Resistance to Purification and Multiplication Plant Hopper of Line 4440 There is a possibility of a physiological Line 4440 originated from a cross specialization of Sogalodes and therefore, between CICA 4 and F 1 (IR665-23-3-1 x the identification of resistant genes should Tetep) and was selected as a pure line, with be undertaken , Ten different re剖stant the geneology P918-25-1 -4-2-3-1B. A10ng varieties are currently being researched to with CICA 7 and CICA 9, it was included identify their corresponding genes in the 1976 regiona1 tria1s, and the First lnternational Yie1d Nursery for Latin EVALUAτION OF PROMISING America MATERIALS Segregation for grain type, plant height Advanced Lines and Segregating and maturity was observed in a seed Populations from Sri-Lanka multiplication 10t with 4440 at CIA T , From th阻 10t， 1600 p1ants were se1ected for A total of 934 advanced lines (in the F 5 purification, which were eva1uated for 0-12 1977 CIAT Annuel Report r ahle 13 P軒forßlitnn' uf the 16 advanced lin個 frOt韓 11 cross~ brou軍ht fmm Srì枷lanka‘ Y!eld c!( of Ltne、 (、 rosses í1 !hal ('0位tro! τ斜斜 1 1170 Bg 蛤2 x Ü鼠 1541 X ob678) u 125 1156 8忽略2 x fiR 1541 X ob67在 7J5 115 1279 ßg 9心2x [j訣 1541 X ob 678] 7"7 11 ) 1313 Peiìta 1 1, ijR 1702 x 1R 1529] ?已 111 1394 Pelíl11 1 1 x [IR 1702 x 1 晨 152型自 1.5 î lO IIb~ Bg 叫“2 x flR 1541 X ob67每 7,.5 110 134~ Pelita 1 1 x IiR 1702 x IR 152嘻 ì .4 109 l 予32 叫做 Il){ DR 1702xl晨 1529] 7.3 106 Triall Bg 峙-2 1R 262 x RcmaJda 9.3 129 1724 Peht3 I ! x [9 b67ts xτK.M-6] 9.3 12討 i 約組4 1R 21 泛 Bg 9泓2 8.5 117 IH4 可 [)R8 x T.K 詞。6] x IiR665 x Bg90-2] 7.8 IOb !話語 3 If毫 22 x Bg 90-2 7.7 107 Ih9J IR 22 美 Bg 90-2 7.7 107 "95 Bg 66-1 x IR. 20 7.7 107 1R54 [IR~ x T.K.M -6] x 斜斜1xl約2 7.7 107 graín qualíty and 鳴aturíty. Ten i mprove社 and seed multíplìcatìon ìn 唱dìvídually plants we自 se!ected to contìnue evaluation seeded 200 m' plots wíth three replícalÍo肘， transplantin車 one 揖edlingl sitεat a d lS­ tance of 50 x 50 centimeters. T ables 15 and τ品k' 14. licht multip)e er惜蟹的 brought from Sri ... L.nk值 的 present the príncipal agronomic charactcristics an，益惡raìn quality of tnese 10 lR 2042.101 x D氛 262χPeli阻 1 Ù 錯lec色的肘。 From these observations、 it was IR 20J5.29ü 美 [Bg 制品文?eJita 1 在 decìde益 to continue multìplîca tJon of basic ., seed from selectíGns I and 10, tr毛主nsplanted II達 2üJ5-29û x E及 262 x Pelila I l] in 4.5 hectares. In early 1978, one of tì時間 l 成 2üJ5-29û x 2 泉 1529 x Pe !ita I Ù will be named as a var時ty ín Colombí翁 by Pdita 1. t x ÐR 26 裳。0671] the ICA R時e Program. Additíona l1y, one ?之一797 [Bk口的關 X I辰 1 拾遺 kilo草ramof 學eed/ selection was 社elive問dto 、三 " the heads of natíonal rice pro革時部s who 勻3-669 x [ll kn 捕。1} " lR 152司 品tended the secon社 ωnference of the 1j { ::令2 民 [Bkn 梯掰 x lR !52咱 Internatìon Rice Testing Program for Latin Am訂lca ， 鳥'..υnït D-13 f Table 15 Prin剖開1811'0'單單Ik曲".....甜甜帽0{ 10 輯1..屆 醜紛紛。mL融e “岫甜 CIAV Reaçtion2 Day翠 to Day囉切 誼eì&ht Yieìd s.語ctlon Flowerins 忌望 atunty k盟} 5。但t甜甜 Blast (tí ha) 106 143 96 2 7 這 2 106 144 參毯 2 7.4 I I I 3 146 99 3 7啥? 4 lt2 147 96 2 7.4 5 114 146 99 3 7,8 6 107 145 參8 3 7、6 7 lO‘ 143 96 2 7, 1 8 i揖 145 98 2 7,9 9 110 142 97 主 7, 1 10 10多 14必 轉 2 H , ，似驛站嚀。flh蕾lle n:pl闢討價凰 :1 i\ccordif還紹給t In信_.姐l~姆總滋趁此岫 OI 1'"數 1孔'.m省臨斂; 2.9.3.9=m蟬uale司， ，約2這 tant; 4 日時 9:m叫￠間cl， 削認呻tible of \ftttr鴨~W毛 6，恥，9.{l;，.呻tibk MECHANICAL DAMAGE IN RICE plants whcre Ihese t通rds make 也絃 PADDlES Z耳環t5. In la韓 1976， wben tbe 絨揖 p旭綿泊S M個 atCIATw揖 redu但總是， Ihe population A duck, Porphyla mart前i呵!， bas 曲U馳名i of I哭，糊rlÍ1lka c帥揖，ntra悟dinaone Iodgillj! aI滋 ímpeded 臨的wering of ri甜 h軒ta間 plot p1帥臨d wilh 4440, where it Table 16 品，喝nq揖Ulyor 時學緝揖110肘。，fL抽.<<4悟，組C1AT. %To垣1 Yield G時io Len，原益 Gelatinization Selectìon No of Whíte Ri嗨1 嗎 H揖d Ri居2 (mml Whi蛤 C開ter' T emperature4 1L8 59.9 6,9 0,6 I,L 2 11.3 su 6,9 0.7 I 3 70,8 58.3 6,9 0,8 4 詢，9 58,0 6.9 。 7 主 71、4 59,4 6,8 。.7 6 10.5 直立， 7、 1 。 7 ? 蝕2 51.5 7,0 。? 8 68,7 45,0 7、2 。 7 9 68, 3 46.2 7, 1 0.5 10 甜， 1 48,3 7, 2 0,6 i 錢ued OD 1:5 11:, ol P'削" .揖 'W恥1， .包祕殉:e and 3f4 øf wbole Jt也. • A時總nooe- ofthl: wh揖 e隔.....輯8 臨時.<0恥...‘胸軸~ðÍ t論 white cm制φ5:whi給認!Ite! 的!chl i1h. t~ \lJ h l!k ;;r"lt, • I‘閣制tdîatt; l司::; tm."帥--尬""‘甜甜璟啾民"曲“相魂".. [)'14 售量77 CIA'τAnnu.l觀epo時 caused 盟vere damage from eating the 30- day-old seedlings down to the ground (F ig. 1). The damage affected 10 to 15 percent of the area. This observation confirms the fact that birds can. for Iack of feedstuffs. significantly limit production. This is the first time this type of damage was noted in the rice paddies and its magnitude is of econOffilC unportan臼 Figure 1. Severe damllge caused by Porphylo martinica arter Ceeding on foliage of 30-d叮叫d rice.1 CIAT Training RICE PRODUCTlON COURSES control; the effect of the rice leaf miner. Hydrellia spp. on the product且on of Fifteen Latin American rice transplanted rice and on dire叫-seeded rice; professionals from Boliv泊 Brazil ， and finally. the chemical control of weeds Ecuador. Guatemala. Guyana. Honduras. in direct-seeded and transplanted rice Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama were tram叫 in rice production and breeding in Experiments comparing y時Ids of semi­ faur to six-month courses. The trainees commercial planting systems in one­ r宅ceived practical orientation in: soil hectare plots were also planned and preparation; planting; cultural practices; conducted by the trainees. While there harvesting and processing; and planning were no significant yield differences. the and economic evaluation (Fig. 2). This was experiment is being continued with reinforced with c1assroom instruction and another group of trainees to evaluate periodic conferences on economic and production costs of these two planting administrative aspects of production systems. An impor個nt phase of training was the planning and execution by 也e trainees, of Training was complemented by observa­ experiments to study the principal tion trips to rice zones in the Cauca Valley. agronomic problems of the crop which are Tolima and Huila. in Colomb蝠. and the present in their own countries. The trainees Guayas River Basin in Ecuador. Trainees planned eight experiments in which the then compared düferent cultural techni­ following were evaluated: planting density ques in distinct ec油logical media and and JÙtrogenous fertilizatÎon on dir目t­ evaluated and integrated their own seeded and transplant叫 rice; the knowledge and experiences with other • appearance of voJunteer rice and its techniclans. Rice Unit 0.15 Figure 2. As part 01 thtir neld txptrlence, tralnHS ltudy tbeαHldltlon of tr ...p lan11nIbeds.1 CIAT. Sp自ial training was provided for INTENSIVE COURSES professionals interested in plant breeding. Training included the basics of阻l配tion of genetic material, the establishment and In late 1977, a short cour揖 for 20 evaluation of regional trials, and planning agronomists working in technical and evaluation of Internalional Rice Yield assistance programs with ICA, Federac泌n Nurseries for Latin America (F晦﹒ 3). de Arro c eros de Colombia Figure 3 EcuadoÑn and Mexican cr.ln蟬，祖slst ln 命e ﹒揖珊Ibl)' and 開曲呵In，oflntemalional Rlce Y~ld TriaJ Nuneri回 lor dístribulion 10 L.lin Amerlcan counlrl回 0-16 1977 CIAT Annuol Ropon (FEDEARROZ) and CARE provided production such as leveling of land instruction on new technology on rice underwater and transplanting. Rice Technology Adoption This Y曲r， a 帶ecial studies project was in shallow naturally flooded fields which continued on the soci。自onomic effl目ts of are sometimes bounded by dilces to retain improved rice varieties and their associated water. Most farmers in the traditional t自hnology on farmers in villages and community use both ri自 cuItivation farms of the N orth Coast of Colombia, an methods, and average rice plots were 0.8 important rice cultivation region. The and 0.9 hectares per farmer for the two economics of upland, rainf“ and irrigated cuItivation methods, r目P目tively. Most n臼 production were analyzed to establish farmers use both sys阻ms; then the average CIAT / IRRI research priorities for small nce arl開 per farmer is 1.26 hec個r目. ri臼 producers in Latin America; and, to detail the socioeconomic adaptations of a In the modem farming communi旬， the n臼 farming society in transition (CIAT, m句ority of the farmers use the irnproved Annual Report, 1976). variety, CICA 4, on irrigated land with fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, and Two neighboring rice-growing com­ chemical weed control. These inputs were munities were studied. In the control 0叫y supplied by credits from the Caja Agraria. traditional rice varieties and technologies (However, some farmers did not manage were used for subsistence cuItivation. 80th their credit well, became indebted, and lost upland and rainfed ri回 cultivation in the their credit rating.) 恤ditional community are non-irrigated. In the upland cultivation system, rice is Rice yields differed substantially direct-seeded in higher areas with relatively between modem and traditional farmers poor soil. N 0 dilces are constructed to (see Table 17). Modem farmers had higher retain rainwater. In rainfed cultivation, net incomes due to higher yields of the n扭扭 generally transplanted in good soils improved variety, CICA 4, which also has Table 17. Estimated yield and breakdown 01 pro扭曲"呵。f rice produc:tion in three d血erent 刮目lI'owilll 呵stems in two commuJÚtl曲 Modern Tr aditìonal Mechanized Manual Manual lrrigated Upland Transplanted Yield (kg/ha)' 3,510 972 984 Value of production (CoI.5Jha) 12.285 3,402 3,444 Tota! costs (Col.$ jha) 12,078 6,486 4,322 Net profit (CoISfha)2 207 -3 ,084 -878 Net profitJ -1 ,501 315 1. Yield estima回 bascd 00 qucstioning 1曲% of fanners in rnodern communi旬."月;C of traditionalωmmunJ t} 2 Family labor included lU a C051 3 F缸nily labor 001 included as a cost Rice Unit 0.17 f I曲治 18. YI.ld 帥d 卸揖kdown 01 protlt of modern co摺munìty achìeve higher yíelds 岫岫酬總縛，(揖 produdl棚峙. and ìncomes th3n the aver絲濤 (see Table 附perativt~ 仰翩翩峙，揖帥m伊耐 l絲" 制車前er"ll醋。f 帥-v懿3Cen 101 197‘- τa幼bl泊e 盼19 shows 帥t缸lIna剖t“ed 防Prοω飢#u氓c臨進1拇駐 。n c∞ost站s for the two c肘οz Villaie variable ∞co揖繃8丸， 迫bor 惚n the 缸a祕di站t岫削r祖削d C叩開明Ive A時唔酹 sy揖slem was 閥ve宮ηy hi喀車h 踹 ∞mpa盯r吋edw喇i惚th 闊e如c祕ha臨2泣eωd prodωu昀。臨濃… 7河4 閻謹 87 Yield (kg/ 捕} 5.140 3.510 p軒c甜電a泌t for upl除a削z鈍2必d泌 and rainfed rice, Value ofyield(Col.Slh的 i袋，258 l丸285 respectìvely，都 co臨pare堪 wìth 17 percent To祖1 CO$l, (c叫 S/II時 15,819 12，07誰 for the modern f，缸mer. It should be noted ?這et profit (Col.+;ha) 2,439 207 也at 阻b5ìst甜甜 farmers u甜 f缸nily 凶bor on theìr farm. but do not co鐘siderìt a C051. However, when f，目nily labor is deduc臨4 a short紅軍rowing period permi!ting two f甜甜 total production cos峙， 0祕y rainfed ha軒的ts per year 紗酷 farmer produ，借這 rice farmers 啞祕e a pro位t in 1會76. eight tons of ri血 onaoneh缸蜢re plot.) Since upland farr暫時捕時酪land on which It sbouJd be noted tbat 酷鎮.e ti血e oftbe oth前 crops can be grown 8ucb 齡 beans， 5ur鴨:ys，益也 pri閥s were low, wet sea帥鈍 maize, and c制措嗨， the rental fees of tbe ra純學 were la峙閥忌 妒前ip湖tion low, upland far制時缸穹 higher. At the same a是ver輯lyaff，揖tin草 transp怯酬.Asar臨時t， time, rainfed rice farmers do not compe蜘 自aJ profits were negative for the for land wÎth otber 肘。ps and tberefore traditionaJ farrner and only sl~車htly greater bave lower produ惚。n ∞揖s and produce th甜甜甜 for the 鶴。至lern farmers. higher yields. New t都hnology for th自Z However, farrners 國 a cooperative 閣 the farrners wouJ是 bave a bigger pay.捕。ff. T.ble 19. Est區.，甜￡個ts ufrlce. pro曲據自n/baln Ibr輯4您曾街>l ri明 powinl呵已轉酷熱線。rtl> Co阻tre&峙鏈， E甜甜甜也 1976， (in Col. 5). 關odern Traditio臨i Mech削1甜d.i扭扭.ted Upland Rainfed {犯之 72) (0 = 23) (n=43) Land甜甜 1,585 1.943 1,039 Land pteparation 1.8間 w制er 526 $僻d 1,242 478 255 inputs 1,912 176 95 E呻硨呻pli岫tion 156 10 5 站前V阻tins 1 ， 8帥 Technica1鶴蹄祖n血 and inten:臨 901 鐘。 43 I阻nsport 其治 53 28 揖割草臨Ilabor 1,856 主7'帕 2,857 Total 12,078 6,486 4,322 0-18 電 977 CIAT A險的u81 Repo時 It ìs ev治組t that the modem rice‘ farming community is changing from a 00阻modity-ba甜d 自onomy i肘。 a 儲51'! based one. T柚 h制必ve時ely affl如ted landless, sharecropping farme間 in tm. 臨 的mmunity for who血 rÎce isa s臨plewho.臨 availability is limited in a com間。díty­ oriented economy of scarcity. Share心roppe時， who are 50 percent of the suhsí揖ence farmers 雄 thís 帥血mu恥ty generally require one-fûth of the crop to pay harvest labor，缸ld one-third for the landowner. Thi. indica棚 that甜bsistence farmers cannot contribute significantly 10 必e external market or retaÎn much of their crop for famíly consu摺ption. U耐性閉目前胸 ;l戶一一I~ 勻，甘ley 割Jppl研nented rice for family Cons制nption by 姐onths consumptíon by working 鋪Iabo閉路 for modem rice farmers who paid t1tem in ri認 Fig1ωre 4. Compa1i閥>D 01 per。阻"C' o! 開IIUIlerdal f.闖闖弩蝠，加盟oõern 帥牌曲線蟬ty .nd shares. 甜蜘M甜甜far棚@閱單攝制radit卸a眉目mmu單可 who h時 rice for fi甜臨Iy 叫樹酷nption d毯，章發奮 the ye鷹弘 When the ∞mbine harvestor was first 1Otro垂訂閱d by 聽odem famílíes poor quantití目 cons位tute 3.4 and 0.9 perccnt of families ín t1te community were allowed 10 the farm的 proω惚。n， resp缸tívely. The recover shattered 車站ins left by the poor田t farmer恥 the sharecroppers, may 血achine， partially off:時ttíng t1te reduction have dìstributed 割mílarqu關ti!í醋。frí臼 i越 rice availabi1ily. However，蝕。dern as the modern farmers, however, t1tey had far血的 now 館那Je th磁3-15 peJ'個ntoft益g the lowest yields and net incom臨 therefore gr訓閑時由a秘 ín the ri聞發鵲lks and leaves distributing a higher proportion of their cut by the machine and this ríce can be ricc than the landownìng farmers. Whíle ω郎誼med by the owner'. famíly. the quantitìes were s磁all and probably mo閥割Ignificant as tokens of social Thered恥edri師說rculation in the locaI co臨mitment than of economic 撤por­ 峙。nomyfo也es the 臨bsisten揖 farmersto tance, when th，目e 原fts were given p付。rto buymore 口間 during t1te gr祖.terp缸toflhe harvest, they may have b時n important for year (F嗯. 4). However, these 姐sh non-landowning far頭ers. pay臨ents buy le58 ríce than the quantíty normally p位d to labore時 sin，間 P磁道ha僻d This change to a cash-聶輛“自onomyis rice p制S揖 through middlemen who raise al組 polarízing the modern f，訂me時 from the príce. the t臨dìtìonal ones and t1te far血Iaborers Tms 語 expressed i剝削.ch visible ít開15 as The fact that the 甜。dern communìty is 臨lev誼ion 韓妞，掃毒ios， bicycl曲， intproved making an 棋。nom曙 tran融垃00 from a housing qua1ity and by I師S 個nl其blefacto路 叫bsisten間 co臨modíty to a 臨sh based as diffe峙的 work habits and diffe時nt economy is also refl帥ted in ch臨gmg cosmopolí站n levels. soc海1 custOlllli. F 0口ner旬， far鴨ers in both communíties 墓前e of rí揖 to famili軸阻4 Th鶴e economJc pr揖SUf'的訂e also fríends. Cu叮ently擎的 p缸'cent of the creating a migratíon of less favored t路也tio間1 farmers 紹rveyed made gif攏。f pe峙。ns from the modem community. nce, W益ile on1y 65 per研nt of the modern Prelinti臨時I analysis 愉dicates that t1te時 famters stíU continued this pra前切e. These are thr研 conlrl划ting facto路(1) 輯祖eUnit 0-1 學 f 攝制hanization of harv晶紹給.g red恥ed the t間ditio訟al 帥臨muni旬， thc wo攝an is thc job availability for landless farmers; (2) principal de的ion-maker倒如is rcsponsi­ Z臨 distribulíon was redu摺d for landle蟬 ble for the family garden wh主ch is an fam拇指 who work for wage labor on ímportant 時bsísten自 base. 錢。wever， as modern farms; and, (3) landowning the econo酷ic sit愉.tíon b閣。m驛 more farmers 1081 their cred站站tings through lucratíve due 10 improved ri間 yields， the m韓賠ana串ement. fa白er who is r間ponsible for ri目 cultiva峭 uon assumes a 誼。時 lmpo況ant decision組 However, it appears that due to i觀個 血ak proved 棋onomic welfar彎， 8f'騙扭r ri間 yields in the modem co臨血unity is produc­ ing social changes. The aver蕊ge family size 羽cr且墨綠 slightly 師 di是 the 刻提 of the When tradi泣。n副制必 modem fa間m extended ho恥ehold. Over the 1措.t ten wereask缸I their opinion of their future y組呵， the birth ra提問揖齡切mp缸'ed with vocatio細1 exp軒姐吋ons of 血eir child間盔， the 甜甜言。l 車時旬， whileage 臨dsex ratios 30 percent of the traditional f:缸澈軒g 』說:ween the mo垂em a泌 t間是itional wanted the訪 ch泣如en to be farn撤軍 while families díd not díffer. Desired family size only 喜 pe且也lt in the modem 叩mmunity of the mo是ern far祖e間 was also bi軍ger. wanted their children to continue that A1thou車hcha絲自 in family size 瞬間 not profi閥割。n. ln view of the higher stati揖ícally signífic臨t， the甜 changes were p間缸tability of farming for the modern 是i甜ctlya鈴ributed 知 hi車hery明Ids produc峰 farme執 this 鞠rprisingJy low desire for mg 泌份er r韓t íru:o臨倒聞是 improved their child閉室 tobefarn祖rsw細 intcroreted family nutrition. 輔 a change in pe酬ptíon of farming from a way of life 10 a means of inv揖tmenl This lncreased 討ce production wi主h irn­ was a峙。mpanied by thc exp間臨“這eSlre proved varieties an卓 a縷縷ociatcd 10 move to the cíties. Apparent紗， ím. . 峙chnologi借 haveal蹄 prod恥ed a reversal proved yiel秘聞d net profitability of of the 如onornic d缸isio錄，血aking role in improved ri時 cu1tivation i8 viewed 船 a the modern farmet'軍 fami1y. ln the stepping stone for social mobility. 0-20 1977 CIAT An的U甜 Rep。揖 • Swine Unit In 1977 the CIAT Swine Unitconduct“ Workshop participants also di蚓且ssed the the second Postgraduate Course in Swine organization of an interr旭tional network Production. Sixty per臼nt of the coune for swine production was pracl1且1 work assigned on swine farms in the Cauca Valley of Colombia. At CIAT, experiments were done using Twenty-five professionals from 10 Latin high levels of rice polishings in diets for the American countri自 attended the course. gestation and lactation periods. R自ults showed 曲at rice polishings are feasible as The Swine Unit , through its the main energy ingredient in all periods of collaborative programs with national the swine life cycle. Research on institutions in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa methionine supplementation in diets based Rica, Ecuador and Peru, continued t。 on cassava meal suggested that the addi­ adapt swine production technology at the tion of th時 amino acid is not essentia1. regional leve1. N utritional studies on the use of 1回ally avai1able feedstuffs for swine The pi10t plant for producing microbial feeding programs were also conducted as protein from cassava at CIA T continued part of 曲e cooperative projects. functioning with the 2OO-liter fermentor. Studies indicated that the pH of the Thirty-five former CIAT trainees from fermentation medium is an important 12 Latin American countries participated factor for satisfactory resu1ts. The in a workshop at CIA T to analyze the microbial biomass being produced had a problems and future of swine production fairly stable crude protein content (33- in the region, especially in those countries 35%) in the fina1'sun-dried product. where the Center cooperates in projects. International Cooperation TRAJNJN G Latin American countries were sel自t“ to participate in an intensive (six w自ks) Postcraduate Course in Swine coune taught by sp配ialists from state and Production private Colombian institutions and staff of the Swine Unit at CIAT. Twenty-five professionals from in. stitutions which caπY out swine produc- Approximately 40 percent of the time tion, training and research activities in 10 was devoted to theory and the remainder t。 Swine Unit E.1 • ' Figurc 1. Trllinces in 曲e Postgraduate Course in Swine Production conducted practical activiti回 on commertilll farms in the Caucll Vallc)' of Colombia practical work at the CIAT Swine Unit and with CJA T in these countri曲 OneColom­ at commercial farms in the Cauca Valley bian trainee spent a month at CIA T The 甘ainees worked on eight pig farms t。 studying the genetic parameters of the evaluate the principal production Swine Uni t's breeding herd , in collabora­ problems and introduce some technical tion with the CIAT Biometrics Unit. Two changes. They also 吼叫“ state and private professionals from Thailand received institutions involved with several aspects spec旭1 six-month training in utilizing of swine production, such as manufac­ cassava for swine feeding programs. turing of composite rations or veterinary products, pig market.ing and pork pr田ess­ ASSISTANCE TO NATIONAL ing facilities. Trainees also toured a group PROGRAMS of pig farms in part of the western tegion of Colombia to analyze the swine production Boliv圖 potential of the region. The Swine Unit of the Universidad Other Training Gabriel Rene Moreno/ Heifer / CIAT Cooperative Project now has a breeding lndividualized training was also provid­ herd of 150 sows (Duroc, Hampshire and ed in the Swine Unit. Two trainees each Y orkshire breeds). Selected animals of from Bolivia and Peru who participated in these improved br扭曲 are being used for the f ormal course receivωan additional foundation herds of regional swine promc• month of training at CIAT in order to help tion programs. As part of the strategy of plan future activities between their in­ the cooperative project at the Swine Unit at stitutions and those formally coUaborating S anta Cruz, training courses for small- E.2 ,9 77 CIAT Annu81 Raport 可 部ale farmers were taught using pan of the the growing-finishín轟 periods and edu臨tional mat前ial produ揖d at CIAτ. throughout the reproductíve periodo. The physical fac誼itieo a賠 aloo 恥ed for a postgraduate intemship through an During 1977 the Swìne Promotìon 訂閱ngement with the Veterinary and Program in Chuquisaca comple摺d con­ Animal Science F制ulty of the U niver.i你d struction of three swine unÍ!s, each wíth a Gabriel Rene Mo時泊。‘ Th揖 internship wiU foundat時n herd of 120 Duroc and provide r研ent graduat個 with p ractical Hampshire sows and six boars. The experience for their th剖is proj齡組 Program h拍到相 provided credit for medíurr• and small編ocale swíne producers CIAr . Swine U nit provided technical for maize cultìv鉤。n and to buy bree益mg assistance in eval臨tm矗齣ailable local stock as part of the a事reement b前W闊的 the produc臨 useful 翻 f師d sour個s for pigs. Bolivían government and the Inter­ The eff，臨t of increasing levels of a y臨揖 American Development Bank (BID) 10 (Saccharomyces cerevis訶'e) protein develop 150 swine farms 路 the region. (l酬的。1) 1臨allyprodu時d from sugar cane C IAT provide這 technical assíst扭扭 and mol制甜s wasstudí必齡 a protein sour臼 ín trainíng f Of thr甜 professionals who are to diets for growing pigs. Chemi個1 a糊ly翩 conducl the Pro車ram. 。f the final dried product showed a crude protein content of 35-45 percent. lnitial z的ults of the feed閉草甘也1 (fable 1)必owed that when yeast protein 甜 U揖d at levels of Colo個bia 7.5，的 ar紛紛 percent in maize- and sorghum-based d揖to， ít could panially or τen small.甜:ale pig farmers 剖 La completely replace convent且onal pro輯m Víctor閱 (Cauca Valley) were select輯lfora sources (soybean or cottonoεedm臨1). group fínanc瑚g proJ臨t through the Caja Growth performance, exp甜甜ed as weight de Credito Agrarío. Each farτnerbou拙ta gain and f，師d converslon e釘ïcíency， was group of 的鴨甜ed pigs which was simil缸 for all three levels of ye制t protein managed throughout the 草rowin甘 削ed.τhe prelimi臨ry 時sults are being fìnishìng period. CIAT, collaborating WÎth confirmed in further experiments durin島 the Instituto Colombîano Agropecu缸泊 位C劫， provided the 梧chnical assistance Tah!e 1. Growing penonnllnté of pigsl receìving for training the farm盯盔， planne社 and various leve)s of levabol2 as a protei泊 evaluated their projec尪 and conducted 捕uree. field days. Parametcrs Vaìue.j, The growin珍finishin草 die組 u垃圾ed Protem 甜urç的 Diet I Dtg 2 Oiet .3 local f!揖:dstuffs such as 50r沙UI鈍， $ugar cane molas臨莓， soybean meal and ∞心 Soybe制 meal {略) 8 5 tonseed m組1. Due to tbe 描"研制Iabìlity Cottonseedπleal (嗎? 7.5 and lowc揖tofmo站扭曲 in th間 sugarcane Levabol (鳴} 7.5 15 20 growing 甜甜. high levels (30% molasses d i1uted with wa組吟 were fed ad Iibitum P前form揖nce factoTS sep缸'ately from a control1吋妞pply of a Daily gain {ltg} 。 71 0.80 0.79 diet bas惱。終帥rghum (75%), cottonseed 口的ly f.時 阻eal (18%)輯d soybean meal (7呦. Each 00野草umptîon (k.g) 2.63 3.06 2.60 pigcon甜甜。d approximately 30 p研闊別of Cons.umptionf醉間 3.42 3.27 3.29 l脂如臨1 f，輯d intake (110 of 320 kilog悶ms) as 揖19ar cane molass間 produ臨時 E幢扭曲'P嘲 witb腳剛軸，slnof 2ll lül嗎ramsa叫 f臨tWO!I酬。f 相onomical daily gaifl3 above 500 grams Z HYE酬M呵ZEUrmrhrwm o隅H軒 ，'('ffHSUJe (Table 勻， S叫帽 Unit E-3 r T able 2. Av erage res電lI ts of 祖di\'Îd認訓 swint sut油titute for conventional energy sources perfonnam:制 în a fami旬開ine tlQit.1 問 swine feedin轟 pro島rams. The nutritive 一一一一一叫ι…一一一一- q uality of the banana meal has been Parameter Values/pig evaluated throu草h the different periods of the swine lífe cycle. Initìal wcîght (kg) 32.0 hnal wt'l在站 (kg) 90.5 Experimental re5ults 5uggested that up NO. of day5 IOg to 42 per臼nt of banana meal 凶nbe included ín lhe di醋。f growìn車-finishin車 F甜d 00詰sumptiú詩: pigs and lactatíng sows; for gestatín草 SQWS Mol剖開s (kg) 110 up 10 64 percent can be íncluded. A t these Com:cntrate (kg~ 211 dietary levels, banana meal would 叫弘 Co試車 (CoL pesos )3 3S50.00 吼叫ule approximately 50 percent 01' the SaJes value (Co cereal grains in swine feeding programs. l. pes蚓 45稅).0。 一, L:lIch !lItlfler tt('ClVer一lll group 01 15 píg, du­nllg l!這~'h qd~ ç(>nce則可能章相山ned ~Of.叭um (1 S叫寸的“神"“ meaJ ll~';() 1I叫 T echnical a5恥stance has been provide謹 .oyt.制fI mul (7弓， 1rn:l by the C1AT Swine Unít to the IN1AP l.Jde! Ç\Y事 I~ íor fe<:d.lab(>f. tketncl}. wa切r， dnJlj!s. !mere~t iwd depreöltíon Swíne Pro嘉措m through regular visits and pl帥點ng of futu時間tivities. Emphasis on local training and applied research has Costa Rlca been 車間en 10 encourage the development of swine production in the coastal western Althou車h con訴ruction for the Swine 閱畢ion of Ecuador where crops such as U nit of the U niversídad de Costa banana，的研 and 削gar cane predominate RicaíC1AT project has not been finishe益， and w制組s or by-products from these the U niversity rented a swine farm 10 house crops would be available for swine feed the imported Yo rkshire b問<:ding stock and Vali社ation of technology on the practical to inìtiate training and extensÎon activities. !evel is being started at the banana producing area of the Provincia EI Oro A swine development project for the bana臨阱。duCÍn喜 area of Gl端pil鴨 was Peru inítiated 語yanag問ement ofthe Min Ì\絨的nd !lw smaH-f缸m leve l. Former CIAT trainees "喇叭。、“削n..r:r> <.k 1點叫8拼t，onh Tr0 pl刷品、白沁人a..， .. (1\"11 working .'1,). at the M ìnisterio de Agrìcultura y P\l l\;\U~、. ^'cr~'il!給你 1m lt ffnd 划划州、“ duno!( th.nt 1ð,1Jl,:m PCTI\划、 G品紛紛a have ∞泌ucted practícal 益emonstratlO恥 for the farmer毯。n dilferent aspects of swine pro是茲的ìon， partial confinement. These practi儲1 con­ especíally 惜anagement， feedíng 叫d dìtíons coul益被扭sìly adapted by local a啪啦al health、 farmers ìnterested ìn developìng swine proωctìon ìn thìs 時車íon 稿'ORKSHor 0 1\' S\'司f1NE PROOHTIOI\ 11\ LATlI\ AMERICA Complementary nutrìtìonal 棋也是les were done on locally av剖lable fee是 prod間的 such as lresh cassava roots and rice Thírty-fìve former trainees of the C lAT polìshìngs for 車rowing-fìnìshing pi囂sτhe Swine Unìt now working wìth national CIAT Swine Unìt and lVITA a1so provid­ in啦啦ltions gathered at CIAT for a ed technical assìstance to the ìntegrate，主 Workshop on Swìne Producti嗨，臨 program of the Socíedad Agrícola 益e October. The countries repr目前ltcd and Interes Social (SAlS)τupac Amaru 1 for partìcipants from each were: Bolivìa (6); the develop臨的ltof swìne production in its Braz址( 1); Colombìa 絡); Cos祖 Rica (1); colonization project at Pucallpa. In addi- Ecuador(5); Guatemala (1); Honduras(2); 110鈍 IVITA's Swine Program 揖IIs Mexìco (3); 只品ara草ua (3); Panama (2); breeding stockωfarmers interested in Para斜的 (4); and Peru (1). improvin草 theír stock and provides tech­ nical assistance ìn collahoratìon wìth the Objectìves of the workshop were: (1) to M閉路terio de Alimentac治n. Current紗， the review the sìtuation of nalìonal and IVITA-CIAT Swine Project 時 visitin轟 a regional pro車rams for d研elopment of group of small-scale pig farmers in swíne production, with spec珊I emphasìs Masís峙， on the banks of the Ucayali onεollaboratìve projects established by the River, three hours by boat from PucaHpa CIAT Swine Unit; (2) to sharpen thefocus on the factors limìtìng expansion of swine Other CounlrÎes production and plan strategìes for theìr solutìon; and, (3) 如臨tablísh an 服話F In addition to the above collaborative natíonal cooperatíve swine productíon projects, the CIAτSwine Unit has 甜甜仲 network tained contact with other Latín American 10斜ìtutions where swìne productíon éould The follow間g were identifíed as some of be developed in the future. Most of the Ihe common f.alures of swine production Swine Unit E-5 r in Latin Ameri曲， notably in the COUI耽i制 ﹒ τo undertake techni臨1， economic where CIATh臨揖臨b1ished co盟的前就ive and marketing feasibility 鈍udi臨 for the proJ即組. integration of agricu1tural development and swine production 制 a special co割.po­ • Swine production is traditionaUy operated 齡 a s阻ondary 益ivestock enter­ nent. These 時且是ìe華 should 1臨d to es­ prise 臨blishing regional programs within a lackin草草的ernment 削ppor草，個d ítis not gíven country considered 值 part of integrated agricultural development projec泊， • To 發upport swìne development programs for s目all- and 抽給iu血﹒組副e • The exten.ive，轍uùl type of produc­ tion using native pigs is farmer., but with認entrept相eurialf.制ms. wid輔prea是 A錯。ciative or cooperatìve proj如韓 for although 話nprov吋 br轉念訂e bein畢 accepted small farmer. dedicated to swine pr淵b rapi是ly. tlOn 當e advisable. • Swíneproductivity is low undermost • To in蟑螂ify and iner輯錯 extension ∞必itions 帥d practi瞞你 no extension service. for transferring swine 椒油nology， 時fVl揖 is available 10 smaU- and medium­ notably at the small produ揖r level. 幟1. fa闊的. The number of professio臨1. Integration of research or experimen'臨l and techt豆豆cians t問ined 也 swine produc­ work with 阻tenslon 揖rvices 詛 required. tion 甜 very li撤ited. • To 盟arch for the m甜IS of 蜘 • The most i閑portant constral酪s for proving the 師chnological level of swine swine production 是evelopment a民主mil<別是 developme戚僻d to reduce produclion avaiIability of conventional feedstuffs. ∞.1.， especially through the displa間也開t deficient h曲lth pro革措ms， inadequ制e of conventional fee心tuffs and the 扭踹哺 marketing systems, limited pork process幽 臨um use of agro-i氯氣.IlItrial by-products ing faciIiti聽制dr四tricted 伍精酷ial sup­ and nonconventional f，甜:dstuff.. port • To i酷egrate Latin American swine producin轟 regions and to for撤 a network The conc!usions 閥dr鶴。mmendatio臨 to avoid duplicati叩 of efforts 臨d to of the workshop were 51揖lmarized in the permit the more efficient tra由f缸。f followÎl海 propo關Is. t割草草閥logy to tbese areas. Research ENERGY FEEDSTUFFS grains (maize 個d sorghum) by rice polishings was t叫“ in di仙 for the Tbefea揖bilily of replac滋事揖real gr.翩翩 gestation and lactation periods of the 蛤W with agro-臨這也甘給1 by-products such as 卸曹雪u 鋪 for baby pi草和忽必ing. Levels of d帥 po1ishings or 組gar cane mo論鞠 h個 85.3 a紛紛 percent of ri掃 polishings were 統閱 studied for die臨 ofgrowin單晶紋sbin車 used for 扭扭i 間d par位“甜御街ution， pigs (CIAT Ann揖1 Rep。此， 1975 盼這 respectivel扒拉姆的過trol diet w輔 b盼“ 6n 1976). H owever, beo:濃濃師張ttle information common maÎze (78%). Experimental diets is avaìlable on the use of th韓e by-products were balanced with soybean 血eal 如 durin草 thereprod叫ivep叫“ oftheswine provide 16 per祖甜的Ide protein. The life cycle，誼peri臨ents were 血色d討takento g眉鵲.tion 綿d lacta詞。論 diets for 軸線 study this po曇sibili紗， experi翩翩祖1 group were the組血e， varym草 only in quantity and form ofsupplyduring Rice Polishings tbe two perio訟. During ges崎ti鏘，騙你 甜WW晶 individually fed 2 kgl day of the Partial or to回1 substitutîon of ccreal a氓; during lactation, die建s were supplied 重.6 '977 CIAT Annual Repo時 τ'able 4. ["aluation of rÎçe polishfngs in swine 卓ets during the gestat時n and la叫到時，n per卸d.. Die兔 Rl \.,,\, pl!!i~hi措辭 Maize + Ri間 pol ií.hing色 (85吭} 十 mallC φ Paramcter前 間yb個自聞組i 句oyb阻nm組I $oybc議院 me叫 No. of sows 5 7 5 F.rrowin墓 dala 失。‘ of pig量 llitter 8.4 9.0 10.0 Weight per pig (kg) I.J I 1.2Ii 1.24 w體叫時也組 (56 day,) No. of pigs.' 馳ter 1.2 77 9.0 Wcight per pig 持g) 15.Z7 14.85 15.29 L成ter wetg融 (kg) 110.20 113.25 136.45 ad libitum in an automatic f，的是er. The IOgred揖掰 diets for sucklìng pìgs contained 18 percent prot血nandwe措甜pplìed ad libitum from Thc results in Table 4 描dicate that to旭i the tenth day after bìrth through weaníng or partìal 路，bstitution of 間時al grains by (56 days). Pígs in IíUers from sowsfed diets rice polishings produ間d sìmil缸 litter with 85.3 orωpercent ríce polishìngs performan時 as the control diet at farrow­ received the .ame starter diet b船ed on 50 mgan甚 weanìng.τhe intake of experimen­ P肘cent rice polishin齡. whereas the lit扭扭 tal diets and of the basic 臨gred間位扭扭 from sows on the control diet were fed a presented ìn T幼le 5. T otal diet co泌sump­ dìet 1措sedon 巷。 per臨別 maize.ln 到lca揖審， tlon was 扭扭ìlar for all expe討men祖i soybcan meal was 削弱恥 the protein groups.τherefore， total 鞠bstitution of fab!c 5 ι。臨um抖如n 01 diets based 珊1 rice poHshinas durißg the cest耐知nandlad甜甜n perio啦。fswine. D出landcon晶晶ptlO n愧對 頁頁育你hiiii革 詩faize + 起îce po !îshi約醉 (85明) {60S;') +酷似le + Parameters 開yb蟬n 擱祖t .. so)'加an mea\ soybt:an meal 的i眠的nsumedl油W 院副 Gestatio l1 (1 1.5 days)! 230.0 2JO.0 23U.0 Lactation (插 d吋，) 290.3 279.6 Z汐5 .4 。 I.t 組雌umed/li駒，他到 Starter díet for pigs 47、5 50.9 63.9 Total basìc 朋greditnts consUf肘d (kg) 時alze 4)4.4 7.7 12討 9 Rice polisbings 460.2 14向 2 Soybean me剖 102.2 制 5 7H 'Khωw r~c(1 1!'(Xj IWO kitogram尊 uf dl~t d:l.I ly 甜d f<宅rl lTldi妙地ω1) Swine U甜電 臣.7 F cereal 囂悶i那 by rice pol話說íngs is feasible τhe effect of DL-methioníne without adversely aff，自tín草 re暫時ductive 5upple描開峙tion (0, 2%) to dietary com­ performance, binations of 喘$祖vam開1 combined with vaT10US pro臨m sourc的 W晶 studied in 組 experi血ent with growing 1'igs. Levels of Ca揖ava Produc鶴 62-的 per研討 cassava meal were combined with either soybean meal, cottonseed 臨臨i Because of ca錦ava's potentíal as an or with a mixture of cottonseed and fi泌 anímal feed more detailed experímental meals , ExperimentaL diets 阻1'1'位ed 16 and ínformation was ob臨ined durin唱 1977. 13 percent crude 1'rotein for the 直rowing Previous 訊perimental 的治制ce from an社 finishing perio卓統甜spectively. A 法制總 cassava 閉路I or l10ur in f酷似ng control 必說 based on com攏。nma間e and programs throughout Ihe life cycle of the soybean 臨時1 and supplemented with DL. pig indicated thal sli草htly inferior methionine (0, 2%) was 叫“ 何productive performance was obtained with the cassava meal…based diets 攝 Table 重 pr臨ents the experimental compared 10 the control díet (CIAT results , Body wej車ht 轟alI祖 of 1'i車s fed the Annual Report, 1974), It was 組ggested cassava mealj soybean m甜1 diets 附時 that the lack of 甜1'1'1，開lentary m前hionine simüar to 事ai備 from the control dìet; t he could be responsible. Methíonine combination of 臨8組va meal with cot- 油pplemen紐垂 ín swine d揖ts b剖就I on 10粥eed meal produced Ihe lowesl bo垂y cassava has been r郎。由mended， not only g血n5. Methionine supple扭扭扭tion did 如臨prove proteín quality of the díe峙 nol improve the results with eithersoybean (partícul訂Iy when plant protein sour間S orωttonseed m晶iτhe protein combina­ are used), but also to provi社e a labile lion of ∞.uon臨ed 臨eal WÎlh fish m臨i source of sulfur for d帥。xifying cyaníde i努 im1'roved the 1'igs' performance. The thc cas揖va， Z崩ults suggest that 叫p1'lementary Table 6 Effect of suppl鈴nerttißJ m訓biolline 融 $w1nt di副會 b輔edo臨 C輔騙袖銬。.r 耐甜甜甜bln攝制晶 difJe閻明t protein 關前阻組d fed 翩翩g gfO鴨綠g and finishing per這叫叫時-95 kiJogra.-酷熱 Avg. daily No. of Days on Consump~ Fína! 。ïets 伊gs trial GaÎn twn weight\ Feed.Gain (kg) Ma泣e + soybean 晶晶i .揖lethionine 10 112 .70 2.17 96.1 3.10 Cass祖va Oour 令 $的rbean m時1 9 112 70 2、41 95.5 3.47 Soybean meal + methtoni揖 (0.2特} 10 112 ?。 2.49 95.6 3.59 Cotton帥吋 meal 9 133 5ß 2.43 95.0 39' Couonseed meal + meth時間ne W.2%) 9 133 。 56 2.21 92.7 3.94 Cottonse吋間eal + ftsh flour 9 119 66 2.26 95.5 3.44 Average 間，"晶Ilndl、，社論I 制導11.1 I!l ea.c.1 轟m時區滄海 I宇!) .lIiQ且ram. E.9 1977 CIAτAnnualReport methionine ÌlI鈍。t 蟬甜甜旭I in diets b峙。d feedin轟 programs b船“ on hi揖h levels of oncas臨鴨鳴楓land pl祖tprot制氮峙間問S 揖S臨va 甜甜1. Because of the ürnìted (soybe扭扭ωtton酬dm臨1) for growin車輛 q瞳ntity of prolein 妞"起ed b y cassava, finÌllhil港 pigs. Further 眼udi揖 are required 經抽r1y a l1 the di，酷ary pro崎in is 帥.ppl惱， 10 detellÍline the relatio帥hips betw盟nthe and the quality of the protein 翩翩tined， q攝lity of the supplementary protein and by the protein ingrcdient(s). the addition of specifiç 制nino acids. PRODUCTlON OF MICROBIAL Expcru臨ntal 甜sul屆 (CIAT Annual PROTEIN Reporl, 1974) have indi臨led 也嵐 feeding programs泌sed on cassava mcal produced Additional experimental infor攝a錯。a a rep軒沁叫ive perforn觀臨inferior to the for producin喜鵲i肘。b旭I protein was control feeding program basωon ∞m­ obtained with the 200-üter ferm棚tor mon maize. 11 w酪甜.ggesled th斜 the Iack ins臨lledatCIAT. Mostoftbe如dieshave of 剖lpplementary methioninc co泌d be at continued with the asporo終nous mutant least partially rc掌ponsible for thesc r輔ults. AJ抖得ü，如 fumigatus 1-2IA. However, An 祖periment wa. undcrtaken 10 sludy another mutant of the 1-21 parcnt cultu時， the eff臨t of methionìnc supple盟側的。魏 desi喜natedONδ， that Î8 unable to grow 斟 (0.3%) 10 cassava m關丸。'ybe甜 meal 是iets 扭扭peratures below 40陀， was 路。lal紹 at 你做車 Iheg'開tation細d Jactation periods. the Univ軒sity of Guelph (Canad份“ τhe Reproductive performanc海 did not 妞" use of 自由ε臨U臨別5， alon草 with Ihe safety prove by ad是ing methionine and w臨 pre崎ulÍons normally laken，盟站hlwell be similar 10 th醋。，f the control di棋 (Table7) co酪ide路垂品 a sufficient錯feg凶rd durin囂 pracl蜘lop軒aUon. Experimental evide酷e obtained from different periods of the Iife cyclc of the pi車 One problem encounter組閥 pro必cmg 間線開ts that methionìne 刊，pplementation 酪icrob祖1 prole融 was the Jarge qu龜鈴tityof 益。esnotseem 抽 be indÌllpensable for swine soluble carbohydrates left at the end of the Table 7 Effl輯室 d叫pplementin& 鴨綠治知攝ntins削ne dtets bas拙。n cassan f10ur and fj時 d.討ng&時t.üon 輯。峙C削帕n periQ曲， Control C '，，:.的 a flour +益。ybç甜甜甜i Maize + 一Witho前 、V技h 間社hio部問 Parameter Sóybeao 冊eal methionine (0、3早已j Nu mber -of SOW著 14 10 Iü F制帕蚓啤面臨 ?這{)， of pigsflitter 8.5 9.1 9.4 Pig weight (kg) 1.09 1.06 1.07 、可Veaning dat發 (56 day吋 No, ùf pigsilitter 71679 gAVt 鑫 2 a Pig weight (kg) -3w 《as 是 : 值 Hd5 d fotal litter weight (kg) 可 勻 128.50 沙 ， 秒 Swine Unit 眶，車 F T fe問蹲n個tion. This resulted in limited fungal growth and Iower concentrations of protein than expected. Average data for thech都寫錦 in carbohydrate∞n自ntratlon and pro社uct yiel孟加。清華hout 2。如w ;卡?!雨中ι fermen祖tion periods 磁ini either fresh Z制ped cassava roots ( 10 fermentations) or 翱輔Qva m也1 (7 fermen祖tio泊哼部 the 阻bitrat揖帥 shown in F那時 2. At the end of the fermentation period a lar，串e 玲一十斗--...j proportion of Úle original carbohydrat臨 時血訟ned; Úle final ∞位闊別rations of蛤協1 錯rbohydrat臨 were， on the average, 41.4 and 48.2 pe路ent of the initial values for 叫S關.va 血ash. and c溜ssava meal.based med峙，路spectively. Data from laboratory Fer站開臨tion tìme (ho削吩 揖ale fermentations 斜 Guelph indicate益 蕊甜r1y的mplete use of total carbohy，峰時tes Figure ，3 ζhang阻扭 pwtei總甜甜間管制峙ndu“"1 by A.fumigatus 1-21A when fmely 星round fhefi前'men端份。n offresh ca臨an{吋and柚綠a"am輯Z cas臨，va w臨終揖ιFi草ure 3 shows Úle 糾 b} A ， jumiga叫“此， C叫“ pro甜in yield for both 甜bstrates Úlroughout the fermentation period. No Carbohydrate Produçt dry weig說 major differences were ob睛"“ duringthe (gíliter) first half of the fermen臨扭onp軒iod;during 30 叮叮叮 之: the s個神州 half, however, the valu鳴 。每組ined with the cassava meal medium were lower th綿 those ob臨rved with the fresh cassava m都h. The differ如C軒 found duri路g the fermentat泊位 period are reflected 現 the protein content of the final biom齡s (Table 8)“ The results with the fresh cassava mash were slightly better than tho牌 P時啦。usly publishe是 (CIAT Annual Report, 1976). The dry biomass yiel社部 a percentage of the dry matter befo時 fermentation (ferment州on ef. ficíency) was 49.7 percent in the wet 臨ash an益抖 percent in the m臨1 treatment. The fermentat時n effíc間ncy varied 000- 剖derably between batches as can be seen by the ma草nitude of the 到獻給都是 deviations. Since the protein yields reported at the pilot pl也nt level were not as hi囂h as expected from previous experimental work Fcrmentatìoo t肌le (hours) at the laboratory s個le. .a揖udywas doneto Figure d etermine the fa氓。臨時sponsible. First, 2. Cha扮鑫恥 in dry prod酬，抖eld{ 0 .A)and carbohydr剖feom:en恥的10個(....) dur紅軍鑫 the fermen~ Ihe mineral nutrients 間有制red by the ta'的自 .f fT但hcas楠、 a 翩恥h(的甜d崎揖晰a meal (8) fungus and adde垂 to the me挂帥n were b幽叫“酷關總 b) A.fumig“1m 1.21A. 臨dividually varied in several fermentation E.電G 1977 CIAT Annual 伶eport Tabk 8. Funaal (Aspe唔'j#甜βImiga岫 1-21的阱。撤npr叫uctlonjna 紛@攝制erm酬耐懈地告欄甜甜 制￡輔曲時瞌睡2 緝捕bstr甜甜 (4嘻 C割據@帥，..蜘.of 咱也咱愕甜甜輔弘 Parameter Valucs .',..h ç輯騙vaRo剖s' A扭曲nt ()f cassava mash (kS) 25.51 令 0.81 A臨叫阱。f 叫n-dried biom蟬. obtainod (kg) 4A3 j; 0.62 Product yield Cs/litcr) 泌的主 3晶 Yi eld: weîght of d實ied biom剖sm 時Jaúon to F.明h 儡$帥.va (%) 17.38 土之42 Cassava, dry matter basìs (鴨} 49、67 主1，.97 Crude protein content 間 dri時 biom祖s (%) 扭曲土。 41 ç.揖avaM開l' Amount of 瑞總抑8 甜甜I (kg) 10.98" 0.62 Amou肘。f 扭住-l" ，~b(1 L <,t1\'!1 \\;I,,, !"Sl" a蹄。位ated wìth an給臨1 food crops. Ex­ 廿"eatment) 時growth of Leucae/Ul did not periments were done last year to test this appear to affect the early development of possibility (ClAT Annual Report, 197在); beans (nol yet harvested) these were followed by a Leucaena{clim偏 bing bean associatîon trial this year Following be削 harvest the dead trunks Thirteen herhicides or comh崩atlOos were of Leucaena could be removed for fueI or applíed 剖 sprays 10 the lower trunks of constructíon. allow捕車 new growth to l,eucaena ln 剖lempts 10 kill the stand 0τ 垂evelop. Althou喜h the more loxic her­ lemporarily set it back 10 minimize bicides prevented bean germination ìn competìtion 10 the climbing heans. Basal most treat掰開詣， applicat帥n by brush spray appl闖紅ons of the herb缸ides were 叫stead of sp悶Y should 間也摺 soil con­ compared with 血echanical rin車mg al a tamn單位on. Therefore, it 由導htbepo臨ible hcight of 50 centimelers, whìch would 10 臨Iize Leucaena 韌 an in silu green p盯mit Leucaena to regrow from bclow the 闊的lUre planl for 阻ai器， a support for nn墓s. Clìmbing beans were planted about c1imbin臨 beans and as a sour品 of protein two \Yeeks after treatments. for animal feed , since the leaves contained 27 .4 percenl protein A 2,4-D ester and pìcloram at 4 p軒cenl were much 血。自 effective tban other ZERO-TILLAG配【仗。PPING treatments in killing the Leucaena, but theír 時刻dual effects 嗎rere long-lastin皂， Zero繪 or reduc朗進-tillage croppíng completely inhibitin藍 bean germination 5yS扭ms often reduce the energy時quired to even after repeated replantings. prepare the lan益! avoìd 的i 甜頭paction Applìc剖ions of 2 p前cent 2,4,5-T effl即位問­ and reduce 50il moisture an挂肘。sion Iy killed the Leucaena but did not 珊hibit losses. For the small farm肘. a no-till 切開n germínation. ln the bark-rin草ing approach repre時n站 a savin揖.s in hand Special Stu醋。.u訓it f.7 f labor normally required at plantin畢誼服t to lncrease卸 the lrial progressed (Tab!e 5). which could aJlow him to plant larger areas Yields of the c1imbing beans grown ìn andìordoa 蹄。re timely job of weeding his assocìatìon with 閑aize were generaJly low crops once planted局 Several no恥揖i甜tlve， and 也ere were no yield differences bet現『間n non-re~句idual herb站在des are available for those treate社 with a pre吋mer草ence her­ this purpose and two were eval臨t“ bicide and the non-treate社 plo站 during a three-season 位ial at CIAT W∞d control 00臨rvations showe卓 that G1yphosate (0.75 and I kgl ha) and the OT!往前 of effectíveness was g1yphosate paraquat (0.5 泠冷砂 were co盟pared with (2) 學Iyphosate (1) paraquat hand­ hand clearing(with a machete) to p時pare weeding. In generaJ, weed control was the land for planting. 旦a祉lfοf each pl知ot oetter with a pre咕mergence treatment, but 閃c扭el鈴v嗨e必挂 ap間咕叫I the diffe間nces were not as gre副部 those me叩n耐t after 抖pl缸an翻t!i削ng. Five cropping systems normally observe甚 when traditional t il1age continuous monoculture maize‘ metho公 are practiced. This probably monoculture beans, rotations of maí間 and re缸部ts the fact that no new weed seeds are beans and a m制問I\>ean assocíation - beìng brougl其如 the surface and that the were evaluated. Crop yíelds and 、Need 驛edbed surface 路口。t suitable for the control evaluations were recorded each seeds' 車erminatîon. Pre吋mergence season. tre泣ments werel的s effectìve when applied after removin車 eXlstmg ve藍的ation wilh a Maize machete than when glyphosate or paraquat was applìed prìor to treatment. Y時i這s in the first 甜恥。結 {τ'able 3) were the same whether or not a p時-emergence Purple nutsed草e (Cyperus rotundus) herbicide was appl闕， but yiel公赦組tly infesta鈍。n was not reduced by any of the increased the f ollowin車 season when treat血ents and increased markedly in the herbicides were applied or hand-weedin車 plots cleare述 wìth the m都hete. More was d副主e. This was not the caSe when ìntensìve use of glyphosate (iεirnmedíale­ maÎze was grown wîth bear妞， indìcating ly afte, h肘-vest or two applications prìor to that the beans ∞uld effe叫ively repla臼 the plant闊別 wouldbe問uired 10 help control weeds in the association. The 的ntinuous this sp臨睡S prod血tion of maize did not reduce yields nor were there beneficial yìeld eff，肘Isfro閑 GERMPLAS其是 EVALUATION rotat!n星』闊的 with maÎze. ln January 1977. lCR1SAT , lCτAan，且 Beans the AV竄。C were invited 10 send theír most promising new germpl都m ofvarious Yields declined when beans We聞單的m tropical food crops to be tried und軒CIAT consecutively on the same land, and condìtions. Observation and y時給 lrials of including maize in the rotation actually 紛咚hum， p臨rl míllet，閱ybeans， cowp揖慧， increased b輪n yields in the third season mung beans、 戶geon pe描 and 帥踹e (Table 4). As wíth maize, the useofthe pre­ miscellar控制品 tropical pulses were grown emer軍閥的 herbicide did not íncrea揖 yíelds (Table 6) the first season, but it díd 自由e followin草 seasons.τhis su串串的ts th剖 weeds became 玄。wpeas，其~un囂 beans， Soybeans more seriou8 with time an注重hat more întensive w賠禮 control measures may be Several promising new 鳴剖erials were required aft.r the first s帥son of a zero刪 ídentified 縫mong these legu臨描 The six tilla孟e system. Moreover, there w齡 a best copwp臨 lines from IlT A averaged 3 tendency for the predominant weed speci臨 tl ha of dry see益墓前 CIAT. Some of these, F.8 1977 CIAT Annu副 Report Maize yle岫.dur恤I zero-叫laae cuItIY&啪1 "咐曲Y&rlOQI weed control tr圖tments and in dlØerent I阻quenc國 and 阻四ciatloDS with b個....曲rlOI 曲ree IUCC國1IiY.﹒曲，叫趟。們每77).t CIA T .Palmir. Maize yiclds (tjha) in vario山的pplOg 咖，tems M血ze Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Maize with E m。血。個Iture k阻s/Maize/beans MaizejbeansjMaize beansjbeans/Maize Climbing beans Herbicide Season: I II III M曲目 I II III M圖阻 II III Me胡島 I II III Means I II III Means Wlth pre-emerl阻" G1ypho臨t. (0.75 kg) 3.6 3.1 4.4 3.7 l.3 3.0 4.6 3.8 5.2 3.9 2.0 4.6 3.5 Glyphosate (1 kg) 4.5 3.5 5.1 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 5.8 2.9 2.5 4.2 3.21 Paraquat (0.5 kg) 6.3 5.0 4.7 5.3 3.6 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.9 2.7 I.S 3.5 2.6 Machete 6.0 4.7 3.5 4.7 3.6 6.1 2.4 4.2 2.3 3.2 2.1 2.6 2.6 M阻.. 5.1 4.1 4.4 3.9 4.5 4.0 4.5 3.2 2.0 3.7 3.0 Without pre-em叮lence Glyphosate (0.75 kg) 5.3 2.8 3.8 4.0 2.8 5.0 4.7 4.8 5.3 2.9 2.6 4.1 3.2 Glypho祖t. (1 kg) 4.4 3. 4 4.2 4.0 3.4 5.8 3.3 4.5 5.5 2.1 2.9 4.5 3.2 Paraquat (0.5kg) 5.8 3.6 2.2 3.9 2.7 5.3 4.2 4.7 5.5 2.3 1.3 3.4 2.3 Machete 5.8 2.0 2.8 3.5 0.4 5.5 2.0 3.7 2.1 4.4 3.2 2.7 3.4 也可， M閉目 5.3 2.9 3.2 2.3 5.4 3.5 4.6 2.9 2.5 3.7 3.0 」 -旬開間開明間~ τ1 … 叮叮叮叮 可加川7 、一們叫叭 w … U 呵呵 、 .4" Table 4 Bean yields during .zero-tillage cultintion w自由 varlous weed control tr圓tment and in dift'erent I sequenc目 and associations 削th mai.ze, durlng three 咽目眉ive s帽sons (1976-77), at CIAT Palmira. o Bean yields (t/ha) in various cropping systems Bush beans Hu~h Bush Bush Bush Bush Climbing beans monoculture beansl Maizel beans MaizeJb目ns/Maize beansl beansl Maize with Maize Herbicide Season: 11 III Means 11 III Means I 11 III Means 11 III Means 11 III Means With pre-emergence Glyphosate (0.75 kg) 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 I.J l.l 1.2 1.3 1.4 1. 1 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 。 4 Glyphosate (1 kg) 1.6 I.J 。 7 1.2 1.6 0.6 l.l 1.4 1.4 l.l 1. 2 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.5 Paraquat (0.5 kg) 1. 5 1.4 0.7 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 l.l 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 。 3 Machete 1.4 l.l 。 7 l.l 1.4 l.l I.? 1.5 1.2 1.0 1. 1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 Means 1.5 1.2 0.6 1.5 0.9 1.4 1.4 1. 1 。 5 0.3 0.4 Without pre-emergence z-叫 Glyphosate (0.75 kg) 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.6 1.0 1.2 1. 2 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 nE Glypho叫C E(1 kg) 1.5 1.2. 0.4 1.0 1.3 0.2 0.7 1.3 1.6 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.6 Paraquat (0.5 kg) 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.8 1. 2 0、5 0.8 1.0 1.4 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.4 。 4 §z2 Machete 0.9 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.4 。 2 0.3 0.3 Means 1.4 0.7 0.3 I.J 0.4 1.0 1.4 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 Table 5. Predominant weeds in maÎle and belU約3fl d吋5 alter planl Îng in 輔由導輔軸線 01 CIAT-PIÙ臨街-， 197的.77 1st season 2給d 揖a騙自 3td seaso詰 鈣 >r1ulaco olert1c海旭 品tphorbia 啥? Euphorbia ~pp LeptochJOQ filifo rmù Sida Spp θ'igllaruJ ~lJnguinalis 車mmúea 中p， Lep的cloa fil~formtJ LRplolhfua j ì1ifvrmis PoNulaca olerocea Porluiw.. 'a u/t'ra咐'. Amaranthus duMus /pum帆，“ ~pp. CenchruS echinatw It kè I Vu-2UI-Jl) (VITA-l) and TVX Somewhat lower yields were 0忌怯ined 1 19 3-059D combined high yield with lar且e from mung beansand soybeans(both from seed size (15.1 輸 18.1 草 f 100 seeds); butτVX AVRDCJ， an益， althou草hmun軍 beanshave 66 -2日 and TVX 1車36 - 9E had better been han益ed Qver 10 the Instiluto Colom輔 quality, crearr卜。r 1啥ht-colore社 seeds. 1多iano A草ropecuario (ICA), the three best Table 6. Gra臨 )iei恥續閥d other agronomic dunac1etÍ繭的 of 紛mt prornÎsing li扭曲。r Ihrtc )1T1lìn legu輛輛 研d pearJ m指“ tt~l叫到 (ÏAT in 1977 l∞-Seed Yie1d Crop P叫- Duration* Seed color wt.(g) (tlha) Cowp且 TVu也354-1B 86- 116 A.hy 軒ay 10,8 3.4 TVu-201-D 90-126 Ðark t哺 18.1 :l.O TVX-lO-IG 8S-110 。缸氣口時臨y 12.3 2.9 TVX~陪2H 8S-110 Dark 紛輪甜y 11.1 2.7 TV)毛-!19M蹄n 車1-111 Bright r吋 15, 1 ),2 TVX.1836勵9E 88-118 Wbite 11.5 2.7 Mung 融an 13鶴 Mg50-IOA 78_'神 Bright green 6.7 2,3 2184 PHLV心串 80.99 Bright green 6,6 2,2 1414 CES-14 78-99 Bright greeu 7,2 2,2 2010 M.314 80-99 Dull green ?。 2. .1 Soybean 3帥96- 1-9 94 YeUow 5.7 2J) l0292.1!-6 97 Yellow 5,J 2.3 3悅。35-2-13 94 YeHow 5.1 2.3 Pearl millet Syn 7，揖2 86 Ashy gray 1.3 Syn 7甜1 8& Ashy gray 軍方 ICH Il 88 Pearly gtay 1-2 ICH 105 83 P臨rìy gr吋 !.I Svn 7603 86 Pearly gray 0.9 O.Y~ t(l h何" af吋 i攝制 harve抖， , Dw祖rt 悶悶'"輛車5ιmtall Special Studiel Unit F‘嘍， f lines are being ob紹rved and incr甜se謹攝 to bird damage ín the 阻nan， i甜Iated CIAT. planti幣; but betterωnditions may occur ín Colombía's N 0的hC儲揖 region. ln the ca艙。( sorghum，臨“學都把d .tand. were豬。z SorgbUlll and MiIlet 甜fficient 10 ob極in yíeld 自給natcs However, p甜líminary ob鯽vations 糊re About 50 line學 of sorghums a紛紛 made on gen叮al perfor擺闊暉， dise臨e míllels fro臨 lCRlSAT were evaluated íncider喜悅 and s揖d quaIiti間. Ten of the durin輩份77. Gener剎車rowth of the mille臨 best sorghums co脫bining gooo 甜治 was satísfactory but yields were somewhat quality, standability and yield potentiaJ disappointing under CIAT-Pal酬給個n- were harvested to obtain 組fficient 師叫s ditìo帥. Thìs is at 1目前 pa間Iy 揖tributable f or 甜pli祖ted yíeld te鋒線 in 1978. 但12 1977 CIAτAnnu8r 啊eport Hemo- Ectopara討會e Unit The 討c路。明 and Ectopara制te lJ nit of n1ar耳inale) and babesíosis (caused by CIAτ 站 a spe心ìal project in collaboration t的besia argemina and 8 , bigemina)and to with the lnstitute of Tropical and the tick vectors of the5e and other disease5 Vetεrinary Medicine of Texas A&M Specific activities are directe位 1。“velop­ U niversity (USAj , The overall objectìve of mg (1) dia島nostic methodologíes、( 2) the unit 的 to assist in ìncreasing cattle efficient an性 economic control measures production in the American lowland for the diseases and their vectors; 袋口4 ‘ (3) tropics th呻吟h the development of means for transferrin鑫 the紹給chn支持。車les strategies for controllíng hemoparasìtic to veterinarians thr航線h training an益 diseases outreach pro車rams Special attentio岔路車iven to the díseases anaplasmosis (caused by Anaplasma HEJ他，10PARASITlC D1SEAS虹S a 2C弘week períod wìth 10 a叫 ìfícíally ínfected calves inoculated 、‘IÍth A , DiagnO'it i< Mèthodologies margina/e showed sìgnificant regression 其'lodificalion of Ihe IFA !e51 to detect coeffìcients for both tests , The regression anaplasmosis. The índirect t1uorescent CF titers dropped below the sensitìvity antibody test (IFA). developed previousJy threshold at 14 weeks aft.r inoculatíon, by the Un it to while the regression 1ine for the IFA titers detect 且 argentina and 且 higemina (CIAT was still above the sen割tivíty threshold 20 Annual 肢。port ， 1975), was adapted and tested thís year for weeks po前~inoculatio說， the la試 period detecting A. marginale antibodíes ín the tested (Fíg 紗. The CT a1so detected hlood. ResuJts antibod時s unti1 the 訊社 ofthe 的時間制'on oftheco冊parí制附 b前ween the modìfied 1F A test and the period co帥plem牽制 fìxatìon (CF) and 晶結 tests (CT) are ín l'able 1. The IFA 控st was S1草綠島ls Cauca 我iver Valley of Co)o即bla. an挂 babesiosis. Farm owners usually Ircal all animals lhat come down with or are For thìs purpose the preva)ence of suspεcted of having a hemoparaSllJc anaplasmosis an益 babesiosÎs was 仲 infection wheo they notice 乏he fir5t 時 mp- vestìgated ìn 12 representative herd忌。fthe 10m, of the disease. 其10，t of the aoimal, area、 Farms selected for analys路 were (a) recover with the exact cause 01' ínfe刊chon dairy herd8, (b) mixed herds (dairy an挂 nevεr known beet), and (c) beef her是& Prevalences differed according to hεrd This 說udy wa8 initiated in Apr泣， 197600 type. The preval朋朋s by respective herd ad船ry farm (Farm 11), where immunil扣 types for 臨ch of the hemopara剖tes tion trials against anapl剖mosÌs and investl草訟ed (A. marginale, B. bigemina babesiosi, are in progress. Vaeutainers an泣起 argenlÌna)l are shown in Table 2. with and without anticoagulants were Significant differenc晶 werefound b剖ween provided with a questionnaire. The farm herd typ的 for 揖ch hemoparasiteτhe8e Qwner an謹 his mana墓前 were asked to data ir哥哥 icated that within a hemoparasitic always take blood samples before treatin囂 endemic 訂閱， the variations of the any animal, suspec但是 ωhave diseases prevalences art more prol祖bly related 10 l句he blood samples were kept un益εr management factors than to envíronmen­ 時frìgeration until picked up. At the tal factors. The largest conlributin草 factor laboraω門， PCV 制ld thick and thin blood 10 the low prevalen間 rales found in some smears staiαed by G iemsa we問 madefrom of the farms was excessive tick control the samples with anticoagulant. The 8fra Within an endemic ar帥位cessive tick were kept frozen at.20Q C for CF and IFA control could contribute lO creating an analysis unstab)e epidemiological situation l'ahk 2, Pre毛剖f'nce I)f 謂的.-plasmosís and bab開iosis on 愉悅le fllrms ln th~ LIIUCJl Valley uf Colombia. Age 01' a朋朋ab I ~llal 統erd 6 Montns 恥 12 Mond海 i且2. Years 2 Year" 1..I I'Ob ?台 peCles Iype (%} {等基} (%) 《皇之} t(d 4. nlargmaie Da1ry 1.l 23.2 48.l 61.0 45.0 Mìx吋 S.9 15.8 92.1 SS.4 7).U. E望借f 45.0 79.0 3閣。 9系 5 8部 l 8. higemina 的airv 7.l 26.8 41.8 6].6 46.ó MiA吋 11. 1 5li.5 16.3 "'有 令1. 5 Beer ?妙 。 89.5 96.2 包8 .4 話?是 B, arf{f:'rllina DaÎrv ?。 12.1 21.0 JH 26.U: 九-1. ix巴d 4.4 50.0 93.4 ~3.7 65 斗 ßeef 25.0 63.2 46.2 44 , 2 44.4 H.π'0骨 !Ectoparasite Unit F.15 r During the period from Apri1 1976 to Thc inciden峙。f natural clinical infec­ Novembcr 1977，的 blood 輸血pies were tion of anapla盟nosÌlI and bab輔iosÎs varics ob臨海ed. Forty 臨訟pl甜 (89%) 'wcre bctw揖n falUls 蜘仰rdillfl to thc individua1 ∞nf間也紛紛祕甜。防擒獲，ticinf都tionswith cpidemioloB酬I situation. Farm 1 had the 27 ca鵬{紛紛如轟nosed 泌偵緝閥割追問臼 (1∞%) of both di揖翩翩 組d 13 (紛紛 dia轟甜甜齡 ba枷紛紛.Of in control a訟臨到5. F arm III had variable 13 clinieal 組8翩。f bab甜ìosi傘， 10 were 秘idenc嚼。fa糊pl轍翩。終審(43 to 80約組4 dia研制。d 制 B. Il得甜甜甜甜d3as B. bab自:iosis 紛紛紛紛 in ∞，ntrol 回控臨線， bigem的Il. Thc incidence whíle 閉 otherfar鴨禽， for輯ampleFalUl IV , group within the herd is presented in Table 即idenc揖 ofanap泌鵬臨ÌlI and bab揖i如a 3. in control animals were vcry low b輯au臨 most of the animals have not yet bcen SYS宮EI\聲器 FOR CONTROLLlNG naturaUy exposed 10 the dÌll臨時s. Thi軍 type E畫囂MOPARASITlC DlSEASES of herd h晶 an epidemiologicaf situation known as “endemic unstable", that 饋， C制嗨 Valley Proj輯童 aJthou草h thefar瑚 is inanar'臨 suitable for V扭扭rd軒elop觀甜t (ticks) the animals do This immunization program a紗inst nothave泌ech轍ceofg elting tbc int研tion anaplasmosÌlI and bab蟬的詞， 臨ed the due 10 ex扭轉給ev甜tor minimum infective do妞s procedu時. The work continued on cight representativc com闊前已iaJ dairy and bcef hcrdsl闊別edin The totaJ incid棚揖II of anapl扭扭曲is different ar，組S of the Cau晶 VaJley. and babesiosìs în the e:ight herds under study pr適時nted signifi胡nt differen明S Asof爽。vembcr I書77. 20 trial.泊volvin起 betw回n V僻的關ted and nonvaccinated more th關 400a訟maJS had heen 泌話at紹， ani揖aJs. Incid棚ces of anaplasmosÌll and 制done-悅1f werefrnished d當泌嘉必ey錯ι bab揖io總 W臨 2 per明nt in va血ìnated. P訂tial ~輔u1ts of the prog時概都'e s磁軒 忽啦單純制4 垂1 臨矗立畢p扭扭nt 1'值p關ively marlz紛 in Table 4. in non-vacc紛斟eda雌組訟JI. τ曲1. 3. Indd.益ét' of C曲ßrmed 啪"叫叫酬 ofuaplumOl曲岫db甜甜棚It b，翩翩軍區，醋 IJ嘲總瞞 自F耐瞞自 (April 1976-N酬.1977). A揖F臨mOSl$ Babesiosis A.., No. 爽。 of 1僻id..帥 No.of Inα.den個 Managcmcnt group ofanî甜甜s C晶揖 {努} C. ..這 (事毛} Unw阻n.d 叫1.. 會 3 n e W揖.ed 叫1.輔 14 10 71 7.1 。拼寫 hclfcn 40 3 7.5 ? 17.5 P時幫論肘 be諾前導 40 s 20 4 10 D哼帥瞄 32 8 。 Cows 臨 prod臨柚B 92 z 2.2 1.1 B據110 3 33 o To臨l 主訕。 27 11.7 13 5.7 悍，串 1977 ClAT Annual Repo揖 τ'able 4 FI.鷗 m祖國i咽。f 岫酬臨副師呵國酬酬抖融攝輛“圓dba輛輛輛攝埔曲.m1盟酬鵬 inI1輔動e 如H procedure. I肘ìden帽每甜甜。n confirm叫 natural 延安ìnical í叫ectlon No , of No. of An時站是醋。.is 8abesi喝誨 No.of va翩翩.ted ∞nt甜1 trìal 鵬ìm踹輯油油 v."，滋制給這 Co刷rola Va阻ìnatt:d Co甜甜1， l' 11 9 018 89島 8/8 1喝會島 。18 研器 話18 100% 2' 12 7 0/12 8% 711 1師 4/12 33% 117 l牌% 1234l5- -lii 2II2Ie1ao 3iwaw 旬 ， 1/12 “ 鵬 9111 82% 。i12 m間 月 糊 呦 0/12 211 知% 0/12 ， 總 閥M A指 O 0112 絲 4/9 45% 019 2 糊 A 鵬 u 0/10 絲 216 33會串 。/1 g 總 叫 飾 什 a 0110 絨 013 串努 o 0110 的 2 的 •• 4%0%8% 旬 7 a ， 117 生/1 10% 叫 叫 I l0弓I 、li 。17 組 。1 1 醜 旬 ， ， - a 0/12 5112 42% 0112 吋 2/12 ' . a鴨叫 ' n a s， " u a 1/10 8110 80% 0110 師 3110 旬 e 帽紛 - 的 - υ 句 5/14 439吾 問 2jl4 叫 卜a恥紛 123 788 AMVaHWAMV 旬 問 紛 ， 0/7 也 。11 。/1 的咐 313 0/8 胃 絲 e e % 010 絲 0/8 幟 閥 1/2 - - 0/8 % 010 棉 018, 的 0/0 鵬 問 總 l' 11 11 車111 。% 重III 13% 0111 。媽% 3/8 3單獨 2' 15 15 0/lS 軒聶 315 曲% 0/lS 0% 0/12 。% 車 8 。18 @學島 。/1 軒請已 。18 0億 015 。% 12 。 。/12 。% 。/12 喜怒 20 203 l揖 41191 2%' 書 11133 61% 4 /196 2%' 33 /129 26% l C.欄脾制制瓜 , s也...時 制"關.....帽 扭帥。"開棍，..，咱輔b軒甜。I grovp, $誰輸鸝aries of r器是拉攏。f T ría1a 1 and 2 R個叫扭。f 鴨ght 俱泌鋪erenc:es rro盟 Farm 1, wbere the immunization b耐W輯n V8“:cinated and non-va個inated program W恥如mpl目弱， are pr翱扭扭d ín 制úm滋a 盜 the IWO 紛紛 in Far盟 1 were Tabl間 5翻d 唔. A1J con缸。，lani聽滋a inbolh V前y 咚nifi揖nt. In trial 1 tbe diff前個扭 groups l'Ct bab制帥ísJ 了。區i 缸旭曲剖. expo酷d S/II 0/0 。18 8/8 No. of tr'曲tr即.1& 1棋時a a醉ínst anap站蹦融1st Total 制閥甜甜F神吋 。16 。10 418 20/8 Av<措辭 1""，咽t PCV(紛 23 30 P 0,01 24 IS P 0.01 A間揖ge hi拉刪 掉且p.ratun: ('C) 40，主 峙'，9 NS 40, 2 4L2 P 0 ,05 Average 啊iJht at e鬧。f 伽 pm瞞你斜 195 213 NS 230 220 NS To祖1 weìl知伊in (kgs)1 曲回叫揖 m咽。If thc p， Farm 1, Tri:a l 2 Response to vaccination Rt'~pψn;( !廿<Ì'.說 I~cn哥哥 p揖 ran可 eters Yaccinated C ontrol Sign ífiçance Va叫 ìna!t'd ('ílllltol lJuratio泣。f perio自 \w目ksl 10 12 ?這 umber 口[a恥rnals 12 7 12 ?可 ù. ot am即在1s dmically a! rotal d耐用品Is éxpo主ed 。 12 0 ,0 )dl No. o! a即臨al耳 CI臨îcally anccted wìth anapla華晶。鼠忌 rotaJ 接見imal年 ex.posξd 0, 12 。。 。， 12 717 、悴. tlt treatmem革 glVen a星Oi tDSr b控b哥華IOSI~ I "tal 接訂imals èxposed 12 12 00 0, 12 141、 ~O üt treatments gl'ien agamst 晶napJas峙的站 E ! ota[ animal耳 exposedO: 12 。 12 0,, 0 Ú lZ 14 /7 t\ ver 益ge !owes[ PCV (%) due to &hesia infection 2) ,6 )),0 P 0,01 27 。 :勻。 P O.{); Av t: rage low軒t PCV (fí(,,) due to Anapla.,ma infectíon 24,0 H4 P 0,0, 1 26,5 I('，~ i主(!.lJ; Average weighl at end of the period (kgs).184 148 I~) ~S 222今 !&g p 005 foral weight gain (kg吋 J animal at end ot thc pçriod 16 J 1M ~S 3 阿 已 ., '" ~ )、 practìcal level of cross protection using a grass speCleS, (Cynodon daC'lylon , monovalent vaccíne a攝制約sl bovine Brachiaria decumbens , Me /i nis babesiosis minut(斤。冊 Pennisetum clandeslinum, Hyparrhenia rufa and Andropogon gayanus)we甜 established in 間parate plots. ACAROlOGV The grasses were th叩 synng的nf，叫“叫th 4(1，似泌 7-14 益ay-old Boophilus micropfus 設C盟arch contín結ed with 車rasses an偏 larvae per plot. D剖ly measurements were ta草拾。shcto 位cks and with the dynamics of taken at 0830, 1330 and 1630 01 elimir祖tin嘉軒悅ai賊ai制絲 field tick temperature, relative hu用ídity ， wìnd populat惜ns at low levels. To 岳的ermîne velocity and cloud cover. Qn days 14，叭， larval tick compat海挂ity with síx promísin車 2脅. 34.、 39，組 and 妙， after infection, a H.rr抽羽 IEctopafa紛teυI1Ît 2立 19 r flannel clolh was dra轟轟ed acro將 the plots populatìon over time. Thís grass is pro間結­ 10 sample tick populatío肘 and activít y 揖g for endemic tíck wnes where low, economicallyωlerable tick populatìons On day 14 posl-infection. A. gay.削us must be m缸ntained to 服sure fie1d and M. min叫if10ra had 1h e lowest mea除 challenge. num ber of tic衍. demonstrahn草 hi車hínítíal anlÍ-tíck propertíes. M. minutif10ra also showed the highest tìck deterrent proper­ 在 decumbens 綿社 H. rufa have 時ry lÍes. m which tick colleçtion was severe1y high initíal infestalÍons and appear to 丹是uce位 with no 間infe凡stallO fi. B. maintain unacceptably hígh tìck pop­ decumbens and 丘 rufa showed hi墓h inítial ulatio恥 over long peri。這s of time infesta!Íons at 岳ay 14 bul Iftler reduction Therefore, if cattle were pla臨d on th的e and then reinfestation with tícksovertime. pastures, ít is possible that the tick A. gayanus, however, .howed low initial populatíons wo羽絨 be too hí草h. P. infestation and maintained consistently cland州inum and C. daclyl叫做好 have low tíck populations over lime. some anti-tick p叩pertl的. Their ínitial infestation was higher than M. minulif10ra 1t appea時 Ihal M. minut if10ra severely but lower than B. deζ'umbens or H. rufa. ln reduced tick populalÍons .0 Ihal、 a昏昏ítion ， ticks were picked up on days 34編 Iheoretícally, cattle would not be conslant鞠 輯 on both grasses after beíng ab輯nt for a 1，悶infected by ticks and would become number of days, This may indicate an eXlremely sus時pt為le 10 tick輪vectored abiJìty to m缸攝制n a lengthy, low field tìck diseas臨 în ca時 of accidental reinfestation. population、 Due 10 Ihe slrong tick delerrent properties of this grass it would be suitable for a Although the build-up of the tick margina1 tick zone where accìdental tìck population wou治 前閱tually re有叫時 ìnfestatìon would be less likely to 0自ur. spraying or dippíng of cattle it 路部timated th叫你時 could be done two to four tímes A. gayanus app臨時 to have a 10w inítìa1 per yearcompared 10 the 12-21 day interval infest削帥n and maintains a low tìck now 財紛紛. F.20 1977 CIAτÄnnual Roport Research Supporl Unils Biometrics Unit The Biometrics Un Ît provides assistance cooperative research projects with other in the planning, design, analysis and programs and provided training in interpretation of experiments done by the statlstics and data processin皂， both research programs and units of CIA T. through conferences and individual in­ During the year the U nit has played an struction. Training was conducted both for Ißcreasing role in designing and main- CIAT scientific staff and for trainees from taining information retrieval systems for institutions within CIA T's region of different scientific and service units of the responsibility. Center. In addition, it also participated in Cooperation with Research Programs BEAN PROGRAM the best five local varieties, and a table of rainfall data and maximum and minimum International Bean \ïeld and Adapta­ temperatures for three growth intervals: tion Nurserl (IBYAN) planting- flowering, flowering-harvesting and the total period of planting-harvesting. During 1977, 33 experiments were processed for this nursery. Because of the One main problem in the comparative nursery's continuous nature, a processing analysis of varieties common to the and analysis methodology was developed , experiments ofthe nursery in 1976 was the giving special emphasis to preliminary difference in plant density at harvest screening of the incoming data. In spite of Although a density of 150 plants/6m2 the instructions for collecting information, usable plot area was recommended, several different patterns were detected , e.g. , plot trials were reported with actual densities areas different than planned , different unit very different from that one. First, it must systems, etc. After processing, each experi be decided if it is necessary to correct the ment had available: a general information rneasured yield for density at harvest table , a table of descriptive statistics of the Statisticians differ on this point. Some most important variables, a table of think that this correction must be made averages of the five highest yielding slOce certain seeds do not genninate or promising cultivars provided by CIAT and some plants die; this variation in the Biometrics G-1 F number ofpl帥ts 祕持留ted contribu~髓姆 B酬車，鶴教m囂 InCorma攝棚 Syatem 給e “cxperim扭扭1" 甜言。r wbich aff幌1S t泌 (SIFFRI) yield蜘tima擒。，f the different vari輔論.Dn the cont臨哼， other糊ωIi悅.ns be1ieve no SIFFRlcon世nued to provide IUpport姆 ∞叮蚓io發 shou1d be made 8i扭扭 variatìons vario阻 discip甚.nesi別heB帥Progr棚，論 in p語nt densities 揖ay r妙resent r甜 two main a棚這:制 i蜘m臘驢 =0"咐， 精ne祖leff.叫s.T她扭扭。ningìsleø已，timatc and, (b) statlali捕1 ana1ysia of說for祖alio恥 if 制組.cr甜甜泌 the pr甜iaion of ∞m. panso帥 w品 d蟬的d， b溢t not if the In the pr開ent 8姐轟.e of SIFFRfs p叮po關 i5 tocorr配t泌eob時間ed yieldsso development，峙。"間.Iion betw儒n lhe that yiel是∞mpar泊。臨 bem“e at the gr叫.p develop缸駕車 the sys脂ma祕忌揖a planned Ievel of plant Z晒earcher學扭輛 strengthened.τh間， SIF. FRlh揖 made imoortanl閥ntributions to: Due to tbis divergence of opi g臨tisti個盞自 presented for both (a) pl朋ning of 位揖揖s; ob時rved yield and tbe corr臨wd 阻ing a 盤。del of analysis of coval'Ì1 (b) produ位盜墓 reports 明th 訟fom撞， wb鴨 the fina1 degr峙。f adjust臨終 tion pertinent 10 each cr制s; to 必temtìned by the 1酬1 of signif職島掰 a獻。攝pany 帥。社揖nl 祖 nationa1 the quadratìc and I滋ear modeIs b鶴n.b間吋間草 and 前al岫tion adjustment a1temalive ~ not 悶ported programs; the tables, but po帽制結盟y 嚇efu1 凶e通路 the flfst t泛a1s 時，port叫， (c) supportin轟 the Genetic Re時缸自揖 adj悔tmentm前hod ia 泌sed oncst Unit如削，ghtheb且ìcre時rdìng of a ∞討會ction factor thcBeanG肘mp泌輯1 Bank, which quotient K = g騙他ed 8261 a欄輔ions thia y'甜E 。b聞"“/plot) + (削楓ber of p “} producìng field books for the B輪a planned/plot) which wou1d a1low Progrant 垂iscìplìn帥，制已 叫pr，棚 the co口制制 y認Id 卸 the of the observed yield and the (e) 世melya為d efficìent pr，喘輸單ing of f揖tor. ìnformatìon 持每uests fro盟 踹tional 泌的 programs in FinalIy, apreliminaryanalysisw制 made different ∞馳2絨韌. on the 泌aptability of the 20 common varieties, U8ing the inf軒攝制ion of 23 Of tb.e b鋪ic requirem棉韓 ìnitiaUy 1部科ili自 with 帥組plete yield da祖.吉凶8 propo輯d for SIFFRI (CIAT Annual 斟lalysÎs used the t齡，hniquc prop揖ed by Report, 1975 and 197吾 Biometrics Sec. Eberhart 蹄d RusseU.' The 甜alysia and lion吟， thc majority havc b揖n metandthe ìnterp館臨.tion of the in臨ractionvariety !' system is now in i詣。'plimizat帥，這 8輛，ge 10個品ty絨線"ωm臨a1ysiat，甜h血.Ques器 SIFFRI is now able 10: bein革問油idered for 級變 • Eberhart. S.A. ar啞 Ru甜ell. W‘A. (a) 重髓。ver data on a11 cro聞目 and S!a管其ily paramcten for Còmparing 揖1臨的ons from a p制制t; Var磁i恥 Crop Sci臨閣、loL4. 神 4， pp (b) ‘l聶et扭.e貨mY s闊el閻包。酪 c翱。訶嘲pondi蛤訟gt峙。@喃翁eor 起曲.D 草.. Short間，乳罩瞬擺闊妞. R.L.即喝De 臨。棺揖i輯t註ion c討t妞e討a缸; u.旬.I.H.Tw<>耐ay pa'惜闖闖alysil rcsults for )'Ìeld to 制a1uate cu1tÎvar 叫時間t扭扭扭d en­ (c) reconstruct the pedigr屑。fa 削輔S vironmental dì對前en峙.. Dep虹扭轉到 of or selection; AgrïcuJ臨時.U間versity of QUi間糊land. Brisba間， (d) provide peri必ic 間ports on m退學 A間'ra亟..詔77. ing data; G.2 嘗嘗77 CIAT Annu斜，有ep。前 (e) perform statistical 臨時間s of infor­ E祖luation of H結agonal Rin囂 Des這紋， matíon produced by the system;帥d， (1) integrate all the system'. ìnforma­ During 1977 an experiment was 峙的“ 缸。n. out wi!h 47 pu時凶髓。，f ph甜甜/us vu/garis to co認pare !he Randomi間d Complete Witb relation 10 (1) above and tbrough Block D描述n(RCBD)with the Hexa墓。nal the coop研制ive work of the different Rin藍 De血gn (HRD)' a! two d路tan軒昂 disciplines畫 the need 10 b問ad拍 the betw揖n plan詣- 1.15 an益 0.70 me緝捕 system's data base h揖 b缸。me 軒泌ent. τhecor記Iation coefficients of y時Ids in the SlFI之RI now has infor闊別íon on ex­ RCBDan垂 !be yiel是sob時間edinthe 是IRD perimental yields for 尋o trials done in werε0.36* (for !.I 5me!e時) and O.4S** (for vario磁 10鶴liti豈能Further聽傲氣誰 contai酪 0.70 me!er). In hop揖 of e1iminatin轟 the evalualions of di蹄踹臨 affectí綠草 the effects of soìl he!erogeneity, the observed promisin草 vari棋i鶴， Ihroughout localities yields are expressed as a percentage of tbe an是揖踹鶴ters. 翱rrounding plant hexa，墓。nor鋪 apercen輸 油.ge of the control triangle. In the same In 197草 it is 慨P齡te社 that informalÍon way, i! is po晶ible to adjus! the observed will be incl綠綠關 the 制i剖開明朋4 yields 閏ing as the covariable, the y時ld of V攝每益ity of s摺din 膩。問ge at CIAT, which !he surroundin藍 hexagon or the yield of the will allow a 鈍。ck control. control t討angle. Table I shows the yield ∞rrelation coefficients in RCBD and !he The principal support (70%) to the yìelds for each one of the adjustments just handHng and statistical analysìs of the mentioned. SIFFRI informatìon is the (Statístical J Faso叫帥. A. 1973. A new approach to breeding Analy揖s System (SAS), vers帥n 76.5; the 叫P肘岫 yíelding varietie~. Thessaloniki re臨倒nder 組 through prog閱ms develop叫 Aristotelian Univ. Dept. Gen. Pl. Br聞díng. Publ. 咱 the B呻metrìcs Un it 3: 42 pp Presently SIFFRl's data base c神ntains Ta bl, 1. Cornlation coefficients between the germplasm bank fil帥， the crosses fi峙， nerage yietds of 軒 bean varÎet扭扭 the promising accessions file contaìning a l1 Randomiz時 Complete 到ock D甜gn their characteristics, the file of disease (RCBD) .nd 3dj世扭d臨d.揖R喝喝喝t甜 reactions of the promising varieties in yields in a Hexagon RìnC D輯1"， various localìties and semesters, and other (HRD) files created to meet speciflC needs of those usìng the system. The selections file will be 。îsta.nce b前we血 p擅自 added to the system when information on advanced 揖lections is completed. Tadyj協pe tomf eM 明反鈍。 1.15 0.70 meter 寶路ter The handling of information on first None 。.36* 車 48.. generation crosses was comp泌紹給tisf，餌" Pe.centage of lhe torily with field cards identified wi!h labels çontrol trian幫結 0.3伊 0.43" produced by the system Perc告訴i議ge of the 車怯rro拉拉di位華 hexa益。路 0,40. 昏.47"'* I n the f uture, effo r!s wi甚 be direc!ed Co variance t詰 the comrol Hi制軍事le 位37季* 0.4惑.. 知.ward further integrating the SlFFRl Lovanance in tt哥拉 車roup wi!h investiga!o話。f the various 畢urrounding ne且真霉0" 我37-- 0.4喜.. d如plin睛 to acq磁re a 是ynamlc knowledge of !he needs of b時a ..* 0.Ql < P ,,;; P 的 Z髓甜甜he時. P 綠豆; 0.01 紋。開醋.i揖 0-3 r Com:ia詰mωeðlcien組組 noti鵬糊榔 T able 2 shows some ofthe r個ul峙。fthis g鞠dy wben the varieti間 were grouμd study. From data ìn thi. table it is p個sible a帥。rding 如位揖ir growth bab弘 urth軒" to find which combi糊tio鳴。fplot size and more, the weightωcorrelation coefficien協 number of rcpetitions are appropriate for betw帥n HRD rcpli，曲“ons were 0.31.. pre﹒位xed levels ofC.V. and L.S.D. Forthe (1.15 meter)and 0.46** (0.70 m揖e吟， w划le IBY AN program it w騙的話給lIted that the theaverage個叮elation∞effici閥t祕tw拙n L.S.D. is 400 Icg/ha, the C丸悠悠 per田nt rcpli嗨ted pairs of the RCBD w揖 0.8吾**. an卓臨路"說擺闊論I ar甜 per trial of less Therefo冊，揖sultssugg閏t thatf<前 they甜Id than 18臨n'.τhe∞mbin鉤。凶。fplotsize 揖1前tio緣。f 組rly generatio啦。f P. an挂 nu血b前 of repli帥tions that 祖tisfy vulgar缸" und蛇。縫間。泌itio醋， the I主義Dis these n闊別is are shown in Table 3. not an efficient alterr單位時 to 腦ing a RCB診，椒油 a similar 臨mber of plan脂. Border EtJ間ts 融融叫“ Yield TriaIs However. 阻ul扭。f a preliminary study The competition effect b揖ween ex­ on the increase in the precision of yield perimental plots known as border eff，割草 is 的mpari閥肘。fb輯n and cassava variet闕， an important factor. Tbis eff，輯:t shows up adjuStÎng the I'i閉ponse in onc plot by U時 in a cbange in the 紋。wth 齡必 yield pattern 間po閥e in neighboring plols".甜轟轟蜘teda of plants close to the perime臨r oftheplot m當ked 時periority of t鎚霍伊揖滋滋re ov軒 co攝P缸紹給 those I部ated in the cent阻l 臨臨aiysissuch揖wouldbeo塾tai益edfrom pa丘吉o e\imina韓 this effect，時間 common the RCBD, but the ∞mpari甜融 with the to lea ve a non吋xperimental margin of a lat討，ce 蜘aiysis were not ∞ncl珊ive戶， pre-detern For some time, the Biometrics Unit, in E筒icl棚仿制d Precision of Lattice cooperation with the B臨n Progr缸盒， h借 De紛紛臨 Under Different Nwnber 閱nducted st甜甜 on border eff，配trny起ld of Repetitions and Plot Siz海 trial plots. R臼ults from thesc trials are in Bean Yield Trials briefiy described below. Tbi龜 year a study comp缸in喜 theeffici，棚" Growth Habits 奴制ld 111. This trial was cy 蹄蓮戶都ision of the lat訂閱 design(5 x 5) con郎cted in 1976 in CIAT. Jt肌cluded with the RCBD w揖∞mpleted. Data for 2S black varieties of growth habits 1I and the 滋滋yca閑efì話。m the results of IBY AN III ìn a balanced iattice d側ign (5x5) with trials. U瞬d as an effi目前ICy measure was plots 12 m' in total ar，制， and having 也 the reI制ive e侃C1encyωncept (民E) of a four-meter rows. Harv輔ting w鋪 by rows, design; 制 a precision method. the coef­ leav泊g O.S-meter borders 眠 theb輯也 to ficient of variation (C.V.); and 齡 a provide a cultivated area per plot of nine measure of sensitivity. the 1曲st signifi咱就 m'. R自ul話。b祖inl必純車車搏擊ted that, for difference (L.S.D.)which 揖 expected to be be鶴 varieti揖 of s拉姆皺紋。wtb habit, detccted 齡 a 草iven sigT泌扭扭扭 i軒el. the館 is a hi喜滋y 咚必fi甜脫 eff<世主 of head bor垂ers over the yield of the experimental plot. Wbile the ave擋車e防治5 of plots with 。 Pearc忌， s泣。 and M∞現C.S.. -Red叫i捕。f four and sÎX rows without harvesting head Expen點綿tal 革.rror 但 P自夸血也.1 Crop莓， Using Adj惜:tmentbyNe嘻hbouri睹到前訂.E叩削酬.... borders were 2515.8 and 2524,1 kg/ha, talA&rl制攏鯽魚 Vol. 12. pp 267-272, 1976 respectively. yields in plots witb harvested borders were 2.890.2 and 2867.3 kg/ha. 里 措副主doza. G, "005 Aplicaαones Pr過.çti帥. del However, whiIe there was a head 忌。“缸 Modelo Est蚓.is.tìco Lin，開J". CIAT. Semìnariol eff甜t， it was ∞喝拉tent th防線hout the 25 Intem帥， Seri. SE-03-77 varieti臼 t晶ted_ G-4 穹車77CIAT An鈴U蟬，這"port Table 2 Val扭扭。fCoe曹kl酬叫 Varla扇棉(C，V.) L.削 Si&n綴偏蟬 DlIl'.......，. (L .s.D晶 mdR曲枷e Efflcie:脫了 (R.E.) r.r 叫甜ice (5 x 野 design 咐臨 11.. d前軒制H叩11..，10掘 .nd four plol 翩帥， No.of Nó. of rowsl抖。生 repli且"0酪 (ar且/plo'j C.V. (海} L.S.D. (kg:h.) R. E. (%) z 2 . a (l .5m') 24.33 糊 122.3 旬 。曲甜} h， 11.26 105.7 a a可 (6.0甜可 8.10 糊 125.9 t n 紗.Om') 7.17 山 200.3 w 間 Gencr剖 Iver呵!c 12.72 曲攜4.7 138.6 •• 69?63107 3 (1.5賠寺 緝 甘 816.9 11M 令 (3.蜘甜} H甜" 476.9 HJú,O 4 、. (6.Om') H 9 38 1.6 117.5 正 。 (9.缸濃') 8 327.4 t23.4 G.輯時1 腳軒age 13.71 5揖? 115.5 4 電 a (I.Sm') 23.70 654.5 105.0 啥 ， 。如.') 11.33 397.7 109.4 勵A 且 (6.0 冊呵 9.5草 339.1 117.7 ， ￡n 。 o m') 8.35 292.0 125.6 v Ge鵬則 a帽由'11< 13.24 420.8 114.4 9745 5332 主 2 . ‘ (1.5m') 羽 a 挖鈍 y ， 104.3 有 ' 。帕拉} 帥 t 刮d 。 n o l lO.5 ，a w句 位t (6.。甜可 - ' 3 叫且 112.0 鼠T 0 處 。 校建融洽') 。 . ' 什， 115.1 。 G軒拷問1 average 12.94 372.0 114、是 i2440 92992 感 (1.5甜可 浴9 525.1 104.5 4 紋。即可 "4 327.5 110.2 (6.0m') 9啥. a叫T 276.9 115.5 恃 o m') e‘d 245 。 1l9.0 Ge制捕前扭扭酹 H吵 。 343.8 112.3 On the other hand, t組S 控ia1 showed that P前tlally cxplain紹 by thc rclative 侈臨街 thcre were neither IateraJ border effec臼 nor uniformity of the varieti輔 U揖d. T祉.w甜 ìnt軒.actìon betw揖nthehead bord軒 eff甜ts evident 馳 the ficld durin喜 the街揖甜"咽。f and the Iateral effects. development of the experiment. The head border eff甜t is explained Varieties w挂bD仿制組.t Growth H.IIIts. b甜甜甜 the plants at the h閻公益ave 10 This trial began 迦 September I會77. Thc 叩mpete I臨s for light and nu甘ien扭 obj軒說ve is to prove the純mehypoth甜甜齡 b科研揖 they 缸e adja揖nt to unplantω for the trial mentioned above, but 喝ing sp都聽 On the oth前 hand， the non­ varieties of dìfferent growth hal成績汁， 11 彎路ifi叫時e of the IateraJ border e按自t is and m. The corr開pond鳩轟 varieties I攝“ Biome甜甜 0.6 F rable 3. C珊曲抽酬。ns ()f r崢越捕“個錯 and plo. 臨輯臨到輛輛f，繭，費轉攏。f幅“前..閻 錫揖蟬畢揖提 Yio攝 and Ada抖館的onN甜甜吋 (1轟YAN). u蟬ful Row 錢。w τ。臨1 pl斜 τotal trial No.of plot area No.or wìdth len，長h ar軍& arτa replications (m') row建 {朋} (甜可 (血') 5 2.7 2 0.9 3.0 7.6 1 7(賞。 4 3.0 2 1.0 3、。 8.0 H柚 3 6.0 4 lO 3.0 12.0 1350 2 9.0 6 3.0 3.0 16.0 叫樹 W訂e Calima (P番事勻， Porrillo Síntétíco The lot díd not p揖輯nt a definite fertilíty 終認6) and P臨bla 1S2(P行車)hav泌轟時也難車路díe肘， but it did show a higb degr鳴。f bl齡k 關ds輯斂，即發P鯨tÎ問紗 hetero轟:eneity: b = .7686. UsÎng the 臨位hodology prop捕。d by Hatheway.' CI秘魯bin草 轟輪訟 (1至abit IV)/M絨服 Table 4 制泌的斜re 1 were co間憫的“ A蟬閥割i棚 Trial. This trial 智偏概蹲都Iy Th翩翩.ke p棚8Îbl缸: (a) the deterrnination planted 臨挂 fro脂 i語時啦ts， ít i8 hoped 10 of plot síze for a given number of derive, ífr蟑螂騙取 adj淵揖entpr∞edures replicatíons and a rninimum difference 10 for 鈴攏。h揖ined inp將悅。臨組perim棚ts be de榔闕，制 th.e definition of the where border efi都諒鴨時船t 嗨搶救deted. number of n都e輯ary replications for a 囂íven plot 鈴e 組d iJ. minimum dífference to bede空間ted，制划， (c) a deterrnínation of SoilH揖蹄。事enei重么 Plot Size the difference b揖ween treatment averages 種經矗 D輔i紋..第dl她mb轍。rop誼mum whichthed輔ign ís capable of det阻tingífa Repliea電ions in B蠣nU紛10時錢lty Trlals dctermined plot sìze and明rtaín number of repU臨lions is u欄d. Th必 study h.ad two 囂ener紋。bj闊的臨: Following S閉ith's* methodology (that (a) To 前udy the heterog棚eity of the the best pJot sìze is that allowing the Q2exp前缸nental plot in the CIAT­ collection of maximum inforrnation at the Palmira 路peri閥割ItaI farr扭， and, minimum c珊t po輔íb1吟， the fo l1owing {語) τ。是eterrníne plotsìze for d緝犯時nt optímum plot sìz開 were developed for nur羽bers of treatments , varìous combinations where K，月 P軒甜n­ replíeations and dífferenc珊 to be tage of the total cost of the exp軒íment d到即ted' which 間 proportional to the number of The tríal was done on a useful ar闊。f兆。 Federer， W.T , ExperimentalD副Ign， Mac MiHan X 必 m' dívided ínto 1296 p10ts of 1 m' New Yor丸 1963 時chτhe ICA.(}uali (P635) bean variety was planted' b齡訓時 of Îts 閱r1ìne臨， busÍl H.thew呵， W.H , Convenient Pl剖 Siz.e. Agron habít 組d high 帥ptation 10 1岫1 c帥 XIJ叫rnal 53: 279-280. 酬。 ditío惜， Yields of each unitary plot were • Smith‘ H.F. An empírical law d臨çribing 冊。rded. Adjacenl unil plots were heterogeneity in the yíelds of 均rkultural crops, 單rouped 關 30 combinatìons 10 form the J ournal of Agriω1tt.l ra) Sclence. 28( 1) ;占J， different experime.清軍ta1 plots of the trial. 1938 G-6 1977 CIAT Annual R.po時 rahl~"; Plot $Îze (m~) càkulah叫 ~or lhe djffer~nl number of treatrr繪畫穹的電 replicat他ns and dìfferer控制 IU be delecled \nprt !l!lcd ll，、“ pCft'l' U1a l! t 叫 lhc mcant b 腎。 768、( I =2 1. 5氛。[，之間. I~ =制(ii !'i o. 01' replicatto n!l !\o. of ueatments 2 3 4 5 6 “ 。jfferençe 帕 be detected (甜甜食$鞋 le" e!) 5 834.3 J(l9 9 186,0 100'尋 99 ,0 寸忽 9 命 5 1 10 虫爽。 2 248 ,3 16L3 108.2 85.3 69.8 58i 15 441.9 233.6 144 ,6 108.2 85.3 69 起 S~_7 20 417.0 210,] i尋4。已 IOK2 85.3 。9 衫 5U 口ífference to be dete-cted (8t the 10現 1 ，、“} 5 137.2 5 1.0 30,6 11.4 16,2 13.0 10.7 10 82.4 40.8 26,; 17.8 140 11 。 9,6 15 72.7 38 ,4 23.S 17.8 14.0 11.5 9.6 2ll 68.6 34.6 23.8 17. !5 140 11.5 9,6 Diff軒叫做峙蜘 delected 個t th, 1 警覺 le\'el) 5 47.7 17.7 10.6 7.5 5.7 4.5 3.7 10 28.7 14.2 9 ,2 6,2 是 9 忌。 JA 15 25.3 13.4 8.3 。 2 4.9 40 34 20 23.9 12.0 8,3 。 1 4. 1) 4.0 3.4 Dìffer韋拉倒 to be det缸給d j.t th. 2你完 1傘\'tl} 5 22心合 8.4 主。 3.5 之? 2.1 j 這 10 135 6.7 4.4 2.9 2.3 1.9 1.6 的 12.0 6.3 3.9 2,9 2.3 19 1.6 20 11.3 5.7 3.9 2.9 2 申1 19 L6 Differem:e 10 be detected {別由elS嘎 le-nl) 5 i2.6 4.7 2.8 立。 1. 5 1 、 lυ lu ?心6 3.8 2.4 1.6 1. 3 1.0 u. <;j 15 6.7 3.5 2.2 1.6 L3 1.0 。 9 20 6.3 3, 2 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.0 。丸， Siúmelrics G.7 f plots p軒 treatment， and K 2 話pe間掛站直.eof BEEF PROGRAM the tota1 cost of the experiment whicb is proportiona是 to the tota1 ar臨/1閱:atment. ICA-ClAT H前d Systems Project K, K, OSuptei m{缸u，m} During 1977, the revìsion, pr啊蹲鶴說囂， 7S 2S 9,9 ana1ysis and interpretation of data 72 28 8,5 co11科ted ìn this project durin產主helastfour years ∞泌甜ed. The followìng studies ?。 30 7,7 were made thìs year: a晶晶pletea恤1ysìsof 6S 3S 6, 1 時productive parameters; a study of 臨lf 曲 40 5.0 growth curves acco浴血gtotreatm側1， year and season, and a study of cow 車時wtb Finally, given tbe b緣;b degree of 間間間 for tbe different physio10gi臨1 and hetefolleneity in tbis tri瓜， p10t shape 問:produc討ve s攝ges aecord閉車 to treat­ ∞ntribu拇d little 揖 reducíng tne 位­ ment, year and season. peri血ental e討。1 Metabollc Pronleτ輯錯 Other Proj扭扭 During 1977 tbe The Beef Pro鑫ram's Anima1 H鶴說h Binmetri時 Unít fur­ 錯位ion ∞mp1eted an exp前iment t必sy鋪r nishe卓∞nsultation for 帥a1ysìs of ex­ to eva1咽te the useful閑揖 of blood penmen臨 wíth bean maÌ1-e assocìa鈍。ns par剖ne臨時 in identyfyi泊在 abnorma1 done during 197昏齡必 I會n Furthermo間， situations in animals Un俗r a.dverse 如llaboratíon w齡扳ven ín pla棉紡車 tbe weather conditions, different manageme耐 恥"吋men扭 who臨 fma1 obj配tíve is prac垃話s and dífferent C.輯是IOg IOpU峙.For determining the characteristícs of a bean 臨ch of the 320帥輔 of the Herd Syst嗚嗚 plant which yíe1ds we11 when 草rown in Proj叫做臨瞬間∞H開ted every two assOCJatlon. months between June 1976 and May 1977 on 12 b1帕拉 par蜘酹酬，we海ht and weight Difference to be det輯led gaín. Sepa措t海關a1yses were 鳴ade for tbe (嚀。f the mean) two groups ofh前d.: Group I (Herds 2, 3, 4, and5)缸ld Group 1I (Herds唔， 5 ， 6， 7， 8， and 會) following the 結perimen個I d臨海a proj酬。 Resul臨鵬是做ussed 組辦 87654 3 A船mal Health Section, Beef Program, in 25 this 時po時. 立。 15 OtherP間j甜甜 10 During 血ey曲r tbe CIAT-ICA p時轍 。教 foot and 盟outh dìsease control was 5 ∞nc1uded. For this project the Biometrics U nít deve10pe是 a stochastic 攏。del for γ 一， 3 悉 determinin轟 the propo的on of 棚ímals in the different stages of development of 甘1e Plot “瓷缸。n') dísea揖 ín the 10ng 時n an挂 a simu1ation Figu間 1、買這d甜甜附bipbc'地weenp站的ue.nwnberot model for estimatil港 the epidemo)ogícal repliça1卸ß5 and.時刻 dìffer聞自鞠 bo det軒téd in an behavíor of foot and mouth disease描 weU nperi扭扭會{配￡明咐呵 to Hatbew時間Olhod)， 臨時s economlC 自lpact， G.8 1977 CIAT Annual Report Seventeen nursery and eight field ex­ CASSAVA PI主OGRAM per.ments were consolídated and analyzed 10 evaluate anthracnose re訕訕ance m Adaptability of cassava 伽Itiva時 Stylosanthes cultívars. In addítio鈍， several experiments wíth Stylosanth的 mtro挂 uc­ Thís study was completed during 1977; it tions 協ed data obtaine位 durin草 the firsl cycle of oth前 legume evaluations and grass­ regional trials from 事75 dOI祖 by legu血e associatíons were processe.吼， agronomlS峙。f the Cassava Program. The The Unít advísed the Seef methodolo車y employcd an蓮問sults ob­ Pro辜ram's Economícs section concerning the 個ìne吐 are describcd below , economíc analysís of alternative beef produωtiorî systems. For Ihís two FOR­ τhe methodology used in this study 措 a TRAN IV combinatíon of that sug車的ted by PIa站ted pro輯用ms were wriUen. One and Pater話。n9 and by Eberhart and calculates Ihe inlemal rate of relurn for the Rusell'O. An altem剖íve for m問surm在 the d時counte益吋ash"益。w method、 The 時cond determines Ihe marginal rale contribution of a variety to the interaction of詰turn and the variety x locality is also presented, mar車攏到 cosl-benefit coefficienl between two beef produ叫ionsys阻ms US1fl草 the 址:諒。untcd-cash已。flow system. Since one oflhe 0划ectlv軒 of the cassava bree忌er is to obtain high勻rieldin轟 vanetles CIA T RHIZOBIUM BANK that can be recommended for a particular zone. the varieties were classîfied accor­ ding 切 the lWO characteristìcs y措Id and Due to the increasing number 0 1' Rbízobia accessions in the CIAT collection adaptability. Regarding yield, the varietie軍 wεre groupcd by varietíes which yíelded it was considercd convenient 10 com­ pUlerize Ihe infor閉alÍon. This systemiza­ below the general average, those which tlon were wìthin the avera草:e and vari剖開swl泌的2 pr峭的sh制been practically concluded Ylelded above the avera草.e. Regalding for fo!a草e legumes and it is ex pected t 0 be broadened 蛤 cover g悶in legumes. W ith adaptabílity, a variely is defined as the new 自glSt間位。n system it is possible to a社ap協ble according to two definitíom; 絡) have available more informat的n in a lf b , ~ I and S,': 0 or (忌) if b 想 1 and shorter time ttlan wa. previou.ly possible. C ，唸 o where b ，總 slope of the lin晶宮 50 me oft he ac\iviti臨 facilitatcd are regression of the average yield of the variety 指 a function of the environmental (a) the storage and updatin草 of the index 1 -~ avera車:e yield of the locality information for each stock in Ihe general average yíeld of all the localities; Rhizobium bank; where S ,' = mean square of the error for the variety i resultin車 from the above (b) production of lists with all the me終tíoncd 時gres翩。挖一聞組n squ缸e infom臨tion to be used at CIAT; 時sultìn草 from'U首 analysis of t he overall maintenance of an alphabetized variance, and C ，揖 contribution of the catalogue of stocks for forage variety i to the Întera.ctÎon variety x le車umes 10 be dis!rib叫ed locality 工仔翎 I)(eslimate oftbe variance of worldwide accordin揖 to requests; the interaction variety x 10叫ity 捕。udin草 an喔， ç PI"l1sted, R, L and Pete時on. L 仁 A techU!--;ue for (d) recovery of information, both of e、 aluatîng the abitity of seJeç {Ìorb 10 yleld the stocks and of their effeclÌvene盟 已。nSlStentl子 in different lúcatwn:. Of se~$t冷 t.5t., in response to CIATs A!1)ertcan PQtato JQurnaJ. Yo l. 36, pp. JbJ-3怒3 sp叫:品c reqUlrc的側的研制間" p Eberhart. ~、.'\ and Ru!.seU. W.A..5詞blhty q Ulre社 by other national a純正i paramet~rs for ço品puing vaneties. Crop tnternational institutions S':len.;t;, VoL 6. pp 36-40. 1966 Biometncs G, 9 r a l1 the varieti自) - (v-2) (es位mate of the RegreS ，~I Cl n co('(fl<.'lent íb) varíance of the mteraction variety x 1" \1 Cù! 22 I locality exclud開車 the variety 舟， i 士也10.1 C ，叫! JJI 1 浴"精品 2 t! 關~ 14 CMζ 棋! Table 5 shows,the eoolo串ical and soil b>l;- "1 ;5!"CMt 捕; characteris!Ícs ofthe cight localilÎes 現c1ud­ !益;三~"'" 'VI M制 59 ed 閏 Ihe study , Table 垂割草d 7 show the fl 冉←一…←…F10' Jt拷=仁tMC7t> results for root dry matter (kgl haj day) for 5 lA =>(戶 。 .ach of the eì喜悅 vanetl的 b位ng studied. I 1LO師O許~ ﹒! Accordîng 10 th酪e results and con學治enng b"l r 哼 as a r鴨ponse variable the rool dry ma之ler , • ;4 ') f 1. yield, tbe adaptability crìteria (b 認 1 ， [070[--…寸么打孟汁…… ! S'ι0) 崎 sa討sfied bythevarietí的 MCo122， 阿 甘〈的尊吋+ 緝令一一吋〉卅一 J CMC 斜， CMC 4OandCMC9.lnthesame 會仇 1(JL斗志…'--'----LL…斗斗~斗…l~_L_ way, the críteria你認 1 ， C = 0) ìs satisfied by 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 .3仔 the same four varieti剖， It should be noted 。可 mattcr yield (kg! hal day) that taking the rool fresh weíght yield Figure 2. 0.制ficatlon of 訓ghtε臨鵲補 varÍe咐， (tjha) as Ihe response varíable, Ihe con. 缸帥，謝ng to 愉削 average }itlds, their 穹可惜洹喘 clusions were Ihe .ame excepl for Ihe toeffkitßf (b;) and 由甜甜甜lib甜叫帥 the Înl<!C 9 17.765 4.4<主 1 63.940* 77.IN! ‘ CMC 84 ?當 28.280 命。 792x =1 3U64 ~S 40.5gS , S CMC 40 y ::0 26.327... 1.041 且 =1 4(U32 ~可?有 46.721 :\S MM叫 59 9.;:: 27.166'" 1.347x >1 42.103 內心 5JJ6J :-.S 亡>!C 9 y = 17,765 + 0.827x 論l 19,837 ~S 25，~守6 ~、單 C>!C 76 ?也 25.468φO.644x 叫 l 24mB '"5 29 ,26:! :這話 , Th國 thru catea()rl~ weredefintd uSlßg a confidcnce mtcr. al of tnc t'Nm I:!!)b ，wherc "Çb 削知，I\;:!...gt "II J;(山叫J'"C ef";;) F. of tbe oi NS.. n叫“S闊的cant; $... hlgnlr，時.nt b討論eenland~完ω" '" !Ign'!tc&nl ~ 1'-"( Biometrics G句 1 r as environmental variables; organlc matter general introduction 10 登tatlstics and (OM), phosphorus (P), potassium (1豆) and experimental 社制ign; designs which are pH as soìl variables; and root fre.h weight most used in the corresponding discipline; yield (RE爽。F) and roOI dry matter yíeld an這iIIustrative examples. (RENDMS). With the object of stimulatin孟 per50na) Table 2 showsthattheCIAT.C扭扭donia proces5ing of relatively 自mple 5tati5tical and Nataima 剖tes (where cassava produc­ analyses. the Bíometric5 Unit has publish爛 tíon ís high) have Ihe híghest phosphorus ed the “ SAS Simplífie這 Guíde" directed to and potassium contents. On the other CIAT s scientífic pe峙。nnel and trainees hand. the lowesl values for these element. τhi. guide COI時泌ers only the 捕。re 臨指控間 sites with the lowest yield common proeedures and options. For g輔ponses. These resulls were analytically more complicated 剖tuations ït was cαnfirmed by the following lin臨I models. recom品C位ded eitherto 鑫ee the full manual 01 10 ask fo r assistan臼 in Biometrics (1) RENDF -204.23 + 4. lOpH • 7.20MO + 27.J5K + 7.06 TEMP with During thís year the Information System W 輩革%. In particular. P is the variable on T rainees was developed. ∞ntaining which expl削暐扭曲t of the chan車es in relevanl information of all persons who RENDF. bein車組pable of explaining the have receìved trainin草紙 CIAT since its 39 percent of the variatio鈍， organization. The syste前拉 operatlO犯al and allows the recovery of any informalÌon (2) RENDMS 時134.草 1 + 5.96pHφ in it that satisfi斜 some group of 揖lectíon 5.05緣。+ 33.9嘗試 , 唔.08 TEMP with or classification criteria. A剖臨ilar data file R' 94%. ln part時ular. the variable K was is bein草 pl甜ned for t忱的訂 future with able to expl船只 69% of the vanation ín information on the 輯時就誌ts who work in RENDMS. any discíplines of interest 10 CIAT. Finally, the 器時metrics U nit carried out two works which can be con訊社ered as the τ間ining and Conferenees first steps towards sy.temat結ation in the S軒的ce units. The first w那 consulting in the Jn 1977警 the Biometrics Unít par­ desìgn and pro卓越ct酬。f labels for the ticipated ín the followin車 trammg ∞ur蹄仗 physical location of the new warehousc's 。ean Productíon for Latin American inventory. The 臨cond was the cooperalion 鼠的earchers (March 2在 to April 23) Swine gíven 1"0 the Library ín producing indexes Production (Apríl 11 to May 25) 都必 Rice 1'or the collection of abslrac話。fdocuments Production (July 15 10 Aug師t 10). onC輔sava， Beans and Ihe Documentatíon Conference cycl間 covering the followin藍 Center for Latin A闊前ican Agricultural subj訊:t. were offe閃4 綴 these courses; Economics. G 穹2 1977 CIAT Annual 乎有eport 5tation Opera轄。ns ClAT 's Station Operations U nil greatly ∞mpletely develop the physical f齡ilitì鶴 expanded operations and responsibilìties 。f that site, Moreover. fu挂踹pport of in 1977 after the acquisition of the n開 research actìviti闊別 CIAT -Palmìra were substation揖Quilichao， Durín轟 thesecond continued half of 1會77， the U nit was able to almost CIA宮-PALMIRA 給那臨甜可 to k研'p field operationa 章。血品A new reservoir was established 組dapump Support 10 R鶴earcb Programs installed. The Unit provided 紐帶。泣如 research AdditionaUy. the Unit maintail著ed a p持軍rams through land preparation, planl備 network of a11-weather roads, fen闊氣 levee ìn車. weedin囂l fe民íl泣.er applieation, pest bridges for pedestríans and other perma­ conlrol, harvesting and crop handling, by nent structures n間de謹 for field 揖rvl，咽80n furnishín草 machinery n蜘做 and labor the research farm. supply for hand operations, Machinery was used by researcb Crop Produ叫ion programs as follows: b體臨約4% ofto姐i 扭齡hine utilízatìo吟; rice (3~%); c儡峙精 τhe S祖tion Operations U nit 81帥 (13呦 fora甚e 輯“ production (主錄.); and produce垂組組ava， rice, b擺闊，揖aize and otber 榔嗯. ìncluding Special Studies Unit. sot瘀溢血 on fields 棚時itable for or not Maize Unit, Swine Unit甜d maintenan間 being utilized for時揖arch. Th甜eproduets 。f the station，。事&)， were sold on the 10揖I market. Support was generally spr鶴d evenly To help 叫pport 'li鋪 improvement thro級草hout tbe y且已鴨cept for a sli草bt act甜甜i帥. one field was planted with the d臨時制e in June 阻d Octol揖rdue to h揖，vy CICA 9 variety to produce certified 時ed 泊是nfal1s when f甜泌 op肘atio阻 were ìm­ for the Fed軒ación Na cional de Arr甜甜叫 possible. 做Colombia. Other ar鴨8 were planted wíth IR22 an是 CICA 4 varieti自 in C甜抑制tion 糊4 級甜甜nance compli閥自 with a 甜ed production agree幽 ment betw自n CIAT and the I nstituto Newd時ins and canals were帥的tructed Colombiano Agrop甜uario (ICA) , CIA1 '. to extend the draina轟:e and irrigation Rice Unit a180 multiplíed the advan臼釘進 line sy說￠融5， These Were al甜 repaired wl單位 4440 for p間sible rel甜甜 as a variety. Sta訓。n Operations G-13 f Permancnt Labur 1)001 the groun這 The ímplement is operated from the three-point hitch of an ordìnary τhe Unil provìded manuallabor 10 help tractor. in lïeld work of CIA Ts research programs Parl of this labor pool was also used by the C1AT.QUILICHAO U nit in ílS general field maíntenance actlvlt1es In mid仆977 CIAT obtained a new research site of 184 hectares near the town Training in Statìon Op軒訓ions of Santan謹前 de Quilichao, 80mh of Cali and Palmira, Detailed physic海I and 50il One.agronomíst from El Salvador, one chemical characlεristìcs are discu持ed in from Chile and thr'研 from Colombía the report of the Beef Program in this (ICA), receíved traìning ìn managíng Annual Report , experimental stations , Four of the five recelve位 fíve months each of traìníng and After acquisìtìon, ìn May, the land was the other professional receíved two surveyed to plan the念觀led develop臨ent months' of partícípatory t路íning， neces翰ry f or a research軒說“ Internal r惦念 were ∞勿在tructed and fences ínstalled. One Development of New Equipmen電 eXlstm草 buìldìng was remodeled , Five water 扭扭rvoír. were excavated and Perso誼nel of the Unit desigr肘， con­ d軒'eloped to 臨ana車e andcon甜rve runoff. structed and tested an implement for Physical developm扭扭 completed during harve前協草 cassava r,0015. Preliminary the second half of the year permìtte蓮問pid evaluat帥部 showed labor was reduced up 酪祖blishment of 揖veral experìm個tal to 的 per白說 tn extractm車 the roots from plo話 before y祖r's end. 0.14 警告77 CIAT Ann叫 Repor1 Climatology CIAT mai就如ns re.earch pro轟ram. at .table mean temperat帥的 throu草hout the 關部 having a variety of temperature and yea r; however. mean 臨。nthly P間Clp.ta'缸on regime. , The .ites provide~he tempera!ure. at 主he Centro de P臨嘻綠油 variability 扭扭扭ary for experímental Agropecuaria do Cerrado (CP AC) near purpo.es and allow the work load to be Brasilia vary considerably，時齡hin草 ahígh d盟tributed throughout the year. of almos! 23'C ìn Sep甜mber and Octoher and a low of appro扭扭軾ely 19的C ínJune ~ean monthly 說mperatures vary fro間 and July over 2&OC at Caribia and T uripa純真 to le55 than 1學C at Popayán (1引車ure 1), Sites ín CIAτre.earch sites also have a variety Colombia ten謹 to ma帥tain relatively oÎ precipitation 阿拉闊的 Carimagua, l … M尸一一 241- --1 今 Palrm閱(緝令year meanJ ﹒〈這“bía (51-ye誼r mean} " Q恥IJChiW (4--ycar m闊的 團 BraSl Ha area (44-year m臨別 己 1 unl''*抽， 12-、ear mcan) • Pop吋án (l 9-yea亨 mcan~ A … 一一一-'--一吵吵一一←一一一… J 於1 A 、1 J A 們《 、innth FJgure 1. [耐地.term 制tan mfmthly tempera會ures at 學cven L:JAT r晶earch “ations 告司$ Clím肘。10穆V r Caribia 銷社 Turipaná the warmest 剖峙， have 益istinct dry seasons from ap­ proximately De臼mb前 to March (Figure ~. Palmira has !Wo short dry 揖啦。的­ December through March ãnd J une through September (Figure 3). Quilicbao and Popay在n have precipitatíon patterns similar to that in Palmira ex也pttbatmean monthly precipitation fro血 December thr航線b March is above or only slight1y below potential evaporation. ln Quilíchao tbe 鳴。問 favorable rainfall distribution is offset by tbe low water retention capacity 100 of the 80祉， and frequent short-duration drought stre路 can be expecte逞，輔P如al1y in crops sus臨ptible 相 the acid so i1 3 F con這itio描 at Ihe sile‘ The CPAC has the lon轟酪t dry 國ason， from A pril 10 Month September. As in Quilìchao soil phy臨時i and chemical properties Iimit water 的gure 2. Long~t甘嘲惚惚醋，捕。給臨Iy preclpitation availability and cause short 1萬揖 severe for 的AT 時甜甜甜 sl削10蟬咐攝 d時學甜甜ns drom periods of 挂帥豆豆沙1 during the wet s輸80n. Dec:emb斜 10 April 叮1! 3帥卡… 扭扭 1揖 l!LJi一一 J A s 。 Month Figure 3. Lon&~term 揖e副主m帥，岫峙 pr肘φitati咽forCIATrf糊糊樹備勸阻 whbd哼總轍。nsfromJune 抽 Seplember. G旬16 '977 CIAT Annual Ropo時 。就aile益 monthly data art: presented for Limonar. Rainfall at EI Limonar should be four maíor research sites. Meteorological lower than at San Julián due to its greater data for CIAT Palmira are from the lCA distance from the mountains on the west. weather station approximately three kilometers east of the CIA Tfarm. Data for Carimagua are from the site. Data for Temperatures for the period reported CIAT -Quilichao are from the Corporaci6n were slightly below the lon車制，te付naverages. A闊的oma R甸的nal del Cauca (CV的 Rainfall wa5 a150 belowavera紋，都pec攝Ily weather station at San Juli皇諒 ap­ for the perio公 January Ihrou車誰也是arch proximately three kilomete路 north of the i事77 and May through August, 1977. Th is site and approxímately five kilo悶棍ers 墓前e rainfall during 1976-77 a bimod叫 southwest of a Beef Pro草ram research 剖te “stribution 但由ilar to that at Palmira; at El Límonar. Data for Popay主n 時 from normally only a single dry season oocurs, in the research station of the Federaci的 de .1 uly and August. Cafeteros (CE/li lCAFE) statîon one kilometer from the experimental site used by CIAT. POPAYAN As in 1975-7岳 the temperature dala were PALMIRA 割草nificant!y different fro血 泊聽眾term means. Th扭扭 probablyduεto i關dequate Temperatures were close to the lon合 exposure of the 靈tation and p∞r calibr扣 term mean throughout the year (τabl. 1) 忌。愁。f Ihe 揖stru臨ents.τhese con註nu紡車 Precipitation was considerably below proble摺零時fl配t the inadeq臨cy of the normal from November 1事?垂 thr副主基hMay 說結ionfor the Bean Program's needs. i會77. Durin嘉 this p軒iod potentiaJ evaporatio給 wasaboveaverage. Exceptfor the mon!hs of October 1976, J une 1977, R制nfall at Popayán was below normal and October 1977, p問cipitation was below from November 1976 through April 1977 potential evaporation. This is consistent with the trend observed in Qu ilichao, Palmira and Carimagua. CARIMAGUA FUT 'LRE WORK Temperatures were close 10 long-term means. Except for Ihe month of J une A CIAT M戰eorolo草y Committee was precipitation was 忌。low normaL Precipita‘ 品lablishe挂 in lalc 1977 to improve and tion was below pote服ial evaporation for a 話andardize the coll認tion and analysis of pen。這 of seven consecuti時惜。前訟， from 闊前eòrolo車仗義1 data τhe commlttee IS October 1 書?吾 throu轟h April 1977. Low ob峙的ing the equipment for a complete 措infall in Octobcr 1977 adverselv affected weather station 剖 CIAT-Palmira and 10 油田e late pla前悶餒。 Imp帥、 e existing stations at CIA T編 Q山lichao and Carimagua. The Biometncs Unit is aiding in the computerization ofthe Qt.: lLlCHAO monthly analysis of climatic data. A com pu ter model 、.hich 剖mulates the soíl CIAT -Quilichao has been operational water balance has been ob恢i峙a訕g阻n豆e硨卓 τ h ε since mid-1977; however. meteorological model 站閻峭n2站Sl仙tlvet峙O 拭峙)1 1. 叮cr悶op.andwea剖tl data are presented for all of 1977 since thε parame抗t斜ers 剖and 丸WI詰1I al詰iο、w 剖s《ο)l挂1 阻IT1ο2站sture statÎon at San J ulîán is a150 representatîve stres岱3浴♀ zο be 缸r悅o亨咒肘u端2必tl的n賠ely es詰II前ma剖let卓j 搗In 公f2揖εld of the Beef Pro車ràrn research site at EI 自pen臨ents Climatology G.17 、 缸 ，d a w Table 1, Mon'愉Iy 融融叫啦。拉到 d.t. for CIA官.p甜甜r. 個甜棚，進 ICA.P甜甜..， Lat. 3'31'始1.0.... 76' 18'胃. AI楓 1001 m~. M個盒，晶體魄 Ho.", of sl扭曲榔 τ體戶甜前• ('C) 單位nf叫k {C@油Mm m揖PjOz油IAO2酷P帥寵n的信 時姆拉ve 《C{ah麟ou，M時jmSSoane出ke)-} Maximu血 M‘即mum Averq:c {臨m/month) 能臨灣揖ity (9串} 扭.onth M揖n 1976戶.77 M咽n 1976-77 M雌為 1976-77 M.an 1976-77 Mean i野心77 M曲a I們6-77 M曲n 1976-77 Oct. 191，。 28.8 29.3 18.0 18.1 23.3 23.2 150 230 139 l5l 14 75 1揖 170 Nov 28.2 28.2 18.1 18.8 23.3 23、 1 105 3S 118 124 74 77 164 163 Dec. 29.6 28.6 18.1 18.4 23.5 主3.1 19 48 131 134 73 77 18草 162 Jant. 1971 30.1 30.4 18.0 18.6 23.8 24.2 71 17 142 168 70 71 i對 213 Feb. 30.4 揖 2 18.2 19.1 24.0 24.3 71 8 137 150 70 掛 182 150 Mar, 錄。3 31,4 I 囂，‘ 19.9 24.1 25.0 姆 78 147 188 71 甜 182 176 Apr. 29.6 29,1 18.4 19.6 23.8 24.0 139 81 127 137 74 7S 159 11。 給野 29.1 28.4 18.4 19.4 23.6 23.4 125 81 122 121 75 7單 161 130 J.n 29.3 28.7 18.1 18.5 23.S 23.0 轉 132 118 120 74 78 169 165 ..JUL 30.0 29.7 17.9 i車 7 23.7 23.8 28 18 136 t輯 的 73 197 181 ZAUE 30.1 緣。 17品 18.6 23.9 23.9 37 掛 145 161 67 72 185 204 。nSoed 主0.3 29.4 17.8 18.4 23.8 n 車 每2 8島 142 153 揖 73 172 161 pt 29.2 28.1 18.0 19.4 23.3 23.3 150 括: 139 i喝 74 74 166 1甜 i w…apor;甜冊…結奪，棚-d吋蠅叭..，~叭&的."".曲"一一……N. M taruI i)f I'an 金 卸 車 幫 Z書 喝 喝 Tabl. 2. 做翩翩y meteorol吋kal 伽tafor C.rI. ...祖 (HIMART 珊必恤可曲圈，曲直蛤aI翩緝捕輔 C.r棚睡眠h舍. t/' r N, Lo略 71>18'嘗， A變換車轉攝F種 M目a 臨r鴨綠 官棚.perature ('C) Pote蟬ial 時la1Íve 竄甜甜甜I 啊呻oration hum.idity Max臨um Minimu盟 Ave時都 {點點1m<>鈍油) {扭曲/曲。制約 (%) MODth 騙揖n 對6-71 M蟬n i肘。因77 M雌n 1976-11 M甜n 1976-77 M祖n 抑。" M個n 197!軒" 。前 1916 31.1 31.6 22.5 23.6 26 區 21.6 劫3 l岫 186 192 恥 草。 ?這OV. 30.6 31.0 22.2 22.4 2φ.4 26.7 130 72 1&3 i 書， 77 7S D臨 30.9 21.8 21且 26.] 51 16 195 74 71 J'D. 1977 32.6 34.7 絲， 2月5 喜 主 。 224 草草3 62 57 F.b. 32.S 31.8 22.4 22.3 2亨、5 27.1 18 5 214 218 S9 S7 Mar. 32眉5 31.8 22.4 22.3 21.5 21、 1 姆 I車 21S 226 67 62 心 32. 1 33 草 22.8 23.2 21.4 28.S 144 83 195 213 75 74 幸在2 30.1 叩 22.3 22.S 26.2 2札3 272 237 164 I制 84 84 2毒.6 27.6 21.9 21.2 25.3 24.4 374 453 141 138 86 草草 J糊ul 紛紛 29.0 21.5 22.0 25.1 25.S 302 210 152 158 車4 81 糊apt 的 295 28.2 21.1 21.7 25.已 鈞。 24日8 194 161 161 星3 79 制 30.0 19.1 21.9 21.5 Z丘， 25.3 2s9 233 165 156 82 82 伽 31.1 31.1 22.S 22.4 2卷書 26.。事 203 1直2 186 186 80 80 , AlI m種nt an: av幟，還 d卸習e to f!Ve yean. Fote婦攝制峙今偏包輔 wu eakulatcd fro艦 the Garci.a.Lóp借閱揖柚n.Averaa:持 ""'. ...健 .....擾....，紛紛 ofmuimum a國 miftîmum k筒.puat1ll'4 島 - 睡4 ... 學翱翔開翱 .... "周 紗帽"棚" 團總 臂，守槽.. 盼 私 酬 "欄 恥， 輾轉 俗 ， " 。 Table 3. 揖揖曲Iy 翩翩肘揖唔剖面極 for Qu蜘恥。 (CVC 嘲啪，natS翩起揖..， L此 :JIO棚.L輪車.7，的1啊， Altlt. 持香甜拭 CIa揖 A pa.n M揖袋餌閉目 Hour種 d鞠措蚯盟 為啥翩扭扭。c) R.ínf.1l 一軒apor臨閱 relatíve (Campbe忠告紐keo) Ma扭扭溢血 Mìniml血 Ave時ge (m臨/醋。脫h) (血m!mo犯臨} bum主díty ('努} (hou間Imo揖蟀 Mo滴血 M臨2 1牌。77 M阻n 1976-77 Mean 1976戶77 此~can 1976戶77 M曲n 197(';.77 Mean 197(';.77 M國n 197(';.77 Oc:t. 1976 28.9 27.3 18.0 l轟 e 22.4 22. 1 241 181 lJ8 109 76 70 164 155 Nov. 27.5 I I I l I I 26.6 18.1 17.' 22.4 21.S 228 m ?可， 76 u時 177 D輯， 27.6 27.0 17.9 17.3 2本主 21.7 1封 163 115 121 ?草 75 192 186 Jan. 1977 30.3 31.1 捕，主 18.9 23.1 22.8 136 79 130 161 79 68 205 218 F.b. 30.0 30.6 1車.6 18.5 23.2 22.6 I Il6 轉 126 129 78 靜 165 178 被輒 31.1 32.3 18.7 18.4 23.5 23.6 163 116 127 171 79 70 151 198 AFMLA -aF 29.6 29.6 19.3 1在8 23.4 23.2 178 182 123 135 19 75 171 163 • 29.0 紗.1 18.9 l 車.9 23.2 22.6 189 121 112 124 車。 77 155 148 m 於1 29.3 18.5 18.0 23.3 22.1 1(姥 65 105 123 79 75 147 157 3喝. 漪1.4 30.2 17.5 17.8 23.4 22.6 63 92 136 143 74 ?。 195 182 4 如她 30.4 30.毯 17.9 17.5 23.4 22.9 18 76 143 155 71 辦 167 孤立 悔加嗎 司此必 30.4 30.5 17.6 17.7 23.0 23、6 147 2轉 138 141 73 68 159 1售量 的 也 間 28.9 18 22.4 241 於1 118 132 76 164 169 m 畫，‘ 18.0 .7 吋K 》F 星 I M_of 酬曙糊糊糊帥"研d嗨，酬亂。倘趟""ω"'阻 m~緝毒(IÍ five 俐的 星 - E E Z Monthly _.，努oIoakal 曲軸 for p;咱峙喔，連 (CENICAI'E met糊糊.....曲勘叫咱 M甜I.Ob酬do， Lat. 1'1TN , L制單，.76t34'W.A他妞50 m~. 心1...激 動Cf種霉。 TeIí恥rat師('C) relative Hours of 鞠揖揖nc 農副nf.盟 hu咽過ity (C.mpbell.stok揖} M甜imum Minimum Averagc: (mmjmo甜姆 (%) (hou間l'鵬給自} M扭曲 M..n ?今77 M蠅濃 7φ77 M揖n 76-77 島建can 76-77 M輯拉 7(,,77 M且n 1(,,77 。明 1976 37.7 23.8 10.7 13.9 17.5 17.1 Zl6 351 81 83 102 106 Nov 26.4 23.8 11.1 13.6 16.9 17.8 310 137 83 串3 101 141 。恥 26.5 24.1 10.8 13.車 17.3 17.8 272 157 84 83 125 169 J.岫恃77 26.9 25.1 10.5 13.3 17.4 i章.7 157 97 14 71 調)() 法5 Fcb. 27.4 24.6 11.0 13.4 17.6 17 事 154 16 80 ?會 127 15車 益.far. 27.5 25.9 11.1 14.8 17.益 19.組 163 78 77 74 134 161 Apr. 27.6 24.3 11.4 14.2 11 事 18.5 183 139 19 89 111 12生 捕時 21.3 主3.車 11.5 14.1 11.6 18.1 142 240 82 83 96 118 Ju. . 21.4 23.9 10.4 13.1 11.4 18.1 。6 132 14 16 132 148 J叫 28.8 紹， 10.6 13.喜 17.6 18‘6 41 21 輛 11 i‘學 161 Aug. 28.7 25.1 10.3 13.1 18.0 l忌。3 35 車。 69 ?過 1輛 151 Scp 29.0 諂.1 10.3 13.3 18.0 18.8 93 124 72 72 142 134 Oct. 27.7 10.7 17.3 276 81 102 事官鴨"啊，棚"祖國......竭鵲翩翩翩爛酬d帥，.....R幽揖跑到dity....棚"的觀喃踹鵬岫areil\llll'K阱。flh附F組組 p•H• - 廟，彈自 1 氾 開醒目 團體叭聖 ' " 學 International Cooperation Activities 恤ternational Cooperation International Cooperation activities at Andean Maize Unit; (4) the Instituto de CIAT encomp揖s all those aimed at Ciencias y Tecnologla Agrlcolas (ICTA), establishing fully collaborative links with Guatemala, Bilateral Contract Operations; national programs of countries working and (5) outposted outreach staff members. with CIA T to accomplish increased out­ puts of rice, beans，阻ssava， ma阻e， beefor M oreover, appropriate steps were taken swme. during the year to cr且te these additional resource units in 1978: (1) a Com­ Sp自ifically， International Cooperation munications Support Unit; (2) a Country at CIA T operates through a series of Documentation Office; and, (3) a S開d mechanisms or strategies of technology Training, Outreach and Research Unit. In transfer, complementing the Research October 1977, the Rockefeller Foundation objectives and strategies of the Center. assigned one of its staff to CIAT where he will coordinate the development of the Soon after the arrivaI of the Associate Seed Unit Director General for International Cooperation (ADGjIC) (on 1 January Effective links with outposted research 1977), a Strategy Paper on International staff and with commodity program out­ Cooperation was prepared for study and reach staff in terms of action programs and definition of relevant policies for the Board supervision were established, both at the of Trustees. To develop the paper, inputs individ ual level and with the respective were solicited from most CIAT staff, with program and unit coordinators. This the result that the preliminary document organizational act岫n permitted a fu缸， expressed a coherent view ofthe institution bon叫 relationship of the commodity as to its orientation and technology programs, in their outreach phase, to transfer methodologies. The paper has become fully integrated with the Center's se鬥ed as a provisionaI guide for mapping overaIl international cooperation ac­ and executing a series of actions in tlVl t1es. international cooperation. COUNTRY RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION An extensive program of visits was The development of a resour臼 base and launched to initiate or strengthen relations an appropriate organization for inter- at the institutionallevel between CIAT and national cooperation actions were of high national programs. Most national priority. The following resource com- programs in Latin America were visited at ponents were included under direct super- least once during the y且r. The ADGjIC V阻ion and administration of the office of also visited programs in India and five the ADGjIC: (1) Training and Con- Southeast Asian countries, to establish ferences; (2) Library and Information working links or reinforce existing ac­ Servi臼s; (3) cooperative relay proj配妞， in tivities. These visits were directed to 也e particular, the CIMMYTjCIAT Regional levels "f ministries or vice-ministries, International Cooperation H-1 F directorates of national research systems, linued by mo.t of the 臨時ntific staff of the umvefSlty 闊的OfS and managers, directors Cenler, in the course oftheir r臨睡ar~hand of experiment stations and commodity outreach activities in Latin A酷erlca an益 program leaders and research workers. Asia Particular efforts were made to identify RELATlONS WITH r~search instìtutions and become familiar INTERNATJONAL Ir睡STI宮UTlONS with their programs, and with promising scientists as prosp明tive candidates for The ADGjlC pa話時ipatOO in 揖veral training or networking. Former CIA T me前ings of internalÍonal in.titutions trainees working in these 悶棍itutio酪 were involve益 with agricultu時1 d酬elop閥割草t visited whenever po轉為話， Visits Were also made to three olher in扭扭的onal agricultural research 研制ers， In Colombia. a reorientation of 10 SEARCA. 師 the Philippin帥. and the ∞lIaborative efforts of CIAτand the Interamerican Institute of Agricultural Instiluto Colombiano A車給P蛇臨泣。 Sciences (lICA). An agreement was also (ICAl，蝕。組 in line wilh pr祖ent goals, signe吐 with the latler organization to resOUf個s and capabiliti峙。f both in­ facilitate 10車站tical suppo叫 and other 揖ilulions was ne車。!iale謹. A new general 揖TVlceS to outpo到.00 CIAT staff members agr明蹄如tw船4軒說。ped thatcl甜言Iya迦18 in Br揖iI and Costa Rica. at 時infor，輯結鑫Iinksb棋W輯n the two groups an是 improv蹄。p前剖ional effic揖ncies by ADDlTlONAL EXTERNAL c1early defi鵬認囂 the respective areas of FINANCING AND PROJECT actìon in 臨ch co臨modity program. I n SUPPORT Ihese effort鐘. tbe ADG IIC was assisted by the Cen關心 Ex臨utive Officer. The office of the ADG I JC a的ively wdM-atRr划E 2. iaa worked in securing approval of a $1.6 沁3 od " 峙 M糾 、n總 翩恤峙制 h as間er 間 晦 million special project grant to CIAT from 前 咐 也 C翩岫R 。 1 枷 岫 n 聽 “ the UnitOO N融ions Develop酷的t Pr伽 都 gramme (UNDP). Funds will 純pport outreach staff in Br品垃甜d in Central At the invitation of the Cuban State America and the Caribbean會 and 官說: Committee of International Collabora­ expand t祖ining capabi1ities 位 CIA宮， tion, a CIAT delegation including the Chairman of the Board' of Trustees. the Two agreements involving r輯earcb Director General, the ADG I IC and時veral actívìtíes w位" sigr姆拉 with the Deutsche scientis臨 visited that country. Later in the Gesellschaft fur Technische year. a Cuban dele車前ion a1so visited Z也缸nmen缸beit(GTZ) ， Fe謹肘aI絞.epublic CIAT. of Germany, and with the State Uni\'ersity ofGle臨blux， 8elg也晶e Durin車 the year. severa是搧捕10拇指 of agriculture an桂 dir制扭扭。f 騙她揖i OUτPOSTED PERSONNEL agricultural p時gr啦啦 from 歸veral coun­ lries in Latin A臨eri嗨閥割韓dCIAT.Oth缸 I ncluding outpost叫 outr蝴叭 OUI­ distin侈品ished visito路 includOO the d臨n.of posled r晶晶rch and bilateral contract 30gra拉總結時語絲醋。fagricullu措I univer­ personnel, contractua~ operational and 點tle怠。f the re露io鈍， admin旭trative arrangements were made for e.tablishing scienti.ts in 13 positio肘， ln addition to the visi峙。ftheADGiIC • the last scientist to be on the job by and the visito時 co臨in草 toCIAT， effective February 1978. Ay胡ra囂。. three 甜ientislS internatíon泌的operation Iinks were con- were posted out of CIAT . H-2 1977 CIAT 翩翩甜，每帥削 Training and Conferences In 1977, training decentral泣ation training efforts at CIAT : (2) efficiency of initia峙d in 1976 was largely ∞ mpleted. “admini站s衍tr剖at叫i。ω叫noftr阻趾w‘mm嗯gpar叫t旭ic划ipa剖nt院s;(均3) N ow each commodity progra血 pl旭ays a “adh祖er，'間en臼c:e 岫to Center-wide training 倡ntr剖 role 詛 f臼orn priorities, schedules, and activities. At the efficient sharing of training resources; and, administrative level, the T raining Offi間 (5) integration of relatively independent pm討d個 centralized coordination that training efforts into overall CIAT training assures: (1) continuity between the various and outreach strategies. Training TRAINING GOALS ∞mmodity lines and is largely controlled by commodity programs, manpower A positive by 司 p r 0 d u c t 0 f assessment in countries has b目。me more decentralization has b開n a sharper focus efficie前 once the needs for trained on training goals. N ow, training activities personnel both in research and production reflect the different international in the countries ofCIATs responsibilities cooperation strategies of the Center's are analyzed from the standpoint of clear commodity programs. Training cannot be priorities in single commodities, the monolithically applied across institutions and the individuals that n間d commodities. Rather, it must be tailored to 甘aining assistance by CIAT , and the most each progratn's state of t自hnology appropriate type of training can.be readily development and its technology transfer identified. By explicitly stating that the objectives. Staff of the commodity purpose of CIAT training is to strengthen programs are aware of where and how to c油unterpart instÏtutions within countries, apply their training leverage to ensure it has been possible to establish a availability of a cadre of profe阻ionals in functional unit of analysis to allow for research and production at national and meaningful needs assessment, follow-up, regional leve1s t 0 va1idatc, adapt, and and v也d long-term evaluation of the disseminate research results and to feed Center's training efforts. back their r個ults to the CIAT progratns 個'gether with the concems of produ聞自 and their represcntatives. PRINCIPLES OF CIAT TRAINING Five principl晶。f CIA T training have Now that training is conducted along been adopted on a Center-wide b倒也. Training and Conferencel H-3 r Tr.祕綺麗 on the Postgrad曲軸 L軒el in the t叫Inology tra財fer chain upon 聽turning home. Ot蜘 ident削弱， these Since CIA T trai剪輯s will have 姆 skills b目。盟e the sole criterion by which 斯form in leadership roles in t闊氣。logy learning experiences art organized and validation, a是ap鞠tion， aod dis扭扭ination， against which the trainee's !lerformance ís traìning ìs concentrated at thè 軒aJ嚇ted. postgraduate level.τoq磁lify， a training can是泌ate must have successfully Single Commodity Orien扭峰。n ∞mpleted at I揖揖 foury間rs of unive路ity studìes. Exceptìons are only 臨adewhena 草咽ce the train揖 S缸V臨制 a link for the natìonal 磁揖itutìon ha學 a demonstrated t甜hnology tra臨fer efforts of indivídual nee是 for trainin露甜甜攝制宜扭扭扭扭桂 10 ∞mmodity programs, aJl trainin車 is CIA1 '. outreach obj自tives but available 祖ndìdal自 lack formal com阻。“ty specific. Each of CIA1's unive隱語ydegr酬. progr盟軍臨 provides co揖血。dity specific tr缸ning to 臨抬cted indi'泊du的 in key Criti樹就關 positions in na重。且I programs 50 th個e sp臨睡lis妞， upon retuming home wÜl be Experien帥拉滋i揖借重 thal an indivíduaJ able to increase production of CIAT trained at C IAT can have only 盤。4軒ate ∞mmoditi間. 阻間@器 in applying 泌s I珊ining ìf ∞誼鴨紗甜甜苦dsuperv認ors do nOI share his TRAINING/RESEARCH 防站P都tiv閥， me訟。峰。，logi曲Icon時間sand RELA宮1m當SHIP working pal扭扭撞騙quired at CIAT . 犯lerefo蟬， pr甜甜ence is given 蛤 tra組ing Sin揖 CIA1'. training activitìes are 帥1制必 individuals rrom p的ority de如ntralized， the entire 甜ienωic $'協ff of i臨titutio臨 who wìll evenluaJly work the Center is i酬。lved 姐 individuaJized logether in I飽ms. Each team member research training. Moreover, while a core possesses a specialize是 training of training sp闖到i蜘 provid軸 adeq臨te backgrou紹， and lhe t揖揖 constitutes a pl甜ni嗯， logis且時，都被 coordÎnatìon for 位扭扭i 賠蚵s s叫licient to 斜arant阻 the group training, all scientists a1so application of skills acquired al CIAT . contribute wh開nec閉關ry. A survey by the Office of 也eA甜oc姐te Dìrector GcneraJ Learr重2辜 by Doing for Re揖arch at CIAT showed that 甜甜甜 scie毅lis甜 spendfro喝 S-2Sper，閥割(ave臨轟e Effective trainin草 in generaling and/or of 15 perce紛。f the甘 time on trai巫ng. 磁ing new 臨ch拯救句IY not only requir喝 a Due to CIA1's emph臨is on in-servi甜 theoreti儲i 臨斟揖鶴t of 間自嘴如ntentt 甜ainit嗨. t開ching an謹 Z臨揖rch 制ec1，阻r1y bUl aJ曲 the fuU particlpation of the trainee activi甜甜 and training in actuaJly trans垣，tln草泌is contenl 姐to efforts by the staff缸e頭dom卓istinct from p組cti眉. Therefore, CIAT trainin轟 po鎧cy theÎr r鴨缸ch ∞ncems requìres that a major part of 棚ch participant's intemship take p泌ce in the TRAU當ING IN 1971 field. 1abora切哼，翩d other work areas. In 1977,235 P前sonstraine臼tCIAT. Of Trainlng ror Spee綴e Skills th開院 195 began theìr tr位必灣 this Y'臨L W凶le 設le remaining 40 被抄扭扭 1976. At CIAT 役軍ining m'嚇主線sure tha! appropriate skills are acquired. Table shows thc number of co級轎quen旬. sp輯諾ic skills must be professionals who 棚Icr“ tr羽絨線 in 1977 defmed which a given training pa泣起草pant by commodity programs and training will need!o 組自撞倒泌ly fl‘mction 齡 a link 騙錢gories. Fi斜re1ω啪par揖thenumbe持 H-4 穹 977 CIATAn閥割聽epon 4 串 T E S - z a r.ble l. Profi輯slon枷扭轉糊a traiol曙 0' CIAT durln& 1m, by tr甜甜蠅甜脂lOri揖 andprncr甜"﹒ n奪Z Ee S rrai目"i揖"'30可 Vísiting h甜甜抽raI R..睡arch R.esearch R.e甜甜eh Pr叫ucbon c.嚇輝 Sp扭扭I l酷..... P相車間揖甜 Unit F.UQW1 A鑽研..旬 ， Sçholars Interns Pa叫“P臨室， Tr也閻明 T.臨i 5313 3257i E悔曲a 3 22 22 話 c峙輔v. 2 8 M R.í阻 11 W 佇 聲自f 2 18 立 Swinc 2 祕 2S O電b鈕， Lí甘當7 甜甜 Infl前嘟刮岫認 Serv海輔 4 4 $祖笛冊。F甜御風 Ma. .. 2 z 5M3 酹 嘲制I S輔d Prnd倍ctlon 34 O酋.." Total 3 IS ? 36 置， 81 24 19S 2 r Vísiüng Research A噓。C且a目11之臨時間hS曲o1ars lnterns for 軒oduction Year Figure L Numbu of CIAT traì且呵 par1icipants 旬章臨騙111<割呀。“輯、 2她參17. 。f training participants 閥 the vario翩 one of CIAT 's commodity research 翩tegories for the y聞rs 1969-1977. Table 2 prog悶酷S or support uni'低 ln 1977, there lísts the professionals tra曲ed at CIAT in were 123 persons in r目臨時:h traìning. 1977 by programs and d峙的pl愉悅 Participanls al the postdocto路I or institution where enrolled, and funding graduate thesis level generally spent a source. minìmum of one year at CIAT. Research trainees coming to CIAτfor postgradu滋e This 間自ease in activîties 晶 1977 work n ot in a f ormal degree program spent 2盟關揖惜 both the expanded capacity of from 5 to 12 months at the Center, with an the commodity res揖rch prog翩翩 10 average of eight months. trar祖f軒 new tochnolo事館s， as well as the ov缸位I intemational s∞pe of CIAT. F喝tdoctoral F ellows TRAINING lN RESEA蓋章c}畫 During 1977. eight Postdoctoral Fellows 悄時 engaged in research; five of these had This Iraíning provides research-orienled joi犯錯 CIAT befo白山s y甜ιThe three individuals with skißs in the investi車棋ive new arrivals are working in the follow偷車 methodologies 也ed at CIAT and work ar給s: forage entomology 一而 development experiences in a specific di時ipline within of a pest 臨anagement pro嘉措m for tropical H-6 1977 CIAT Annu蟬鈍øport Aq“wad-wacuvv h g 哥 毯 h E E 騁 甘 拘信n B d o 。 獎 耳a z A - E 單 臣h d pG M S 欄 "u O 、 a伊 M 凶 。 。 a忠 器 d 治 第苦的 g、 } g 第 .溢門 ， w w設 E p 泛 里e 正 d 哥置 g d 還E 起是 c 哥世 u o O 凶認 a " 。倒 υ 草 O W同 e “且 ， 告 Z M “ 3 曹主E 糊喜 惘 M 包 詞 量 划 〈重苟 Z 斜悅倚 p 華 。 A 。 真量言 h 益攝門 a 偏 當 B 盟 正-』" LFdEU LRdRHUVh a制淵 a u 伊 的 k 白 品徊μ L H h 徊 e 。 咒F 〈 徊 L 】 明hm」。" ￡ zω 」吏」a "h品n A u 完 M 2， ， 〈F 海〈室E ，占…O d 戶 m 。Fu 品ZJ 叭 S Ud ω附 耐 u M、 U凶 - E 。E 嗯話 耐 U 品E 〈 d UEE u O -UZ，間E u 包 ， m E - m 、 S在S 心 g ω ZEEW繼K Ez 車 器 〈 d w E斷E 唱 g d DEOU草餒 " ' 。 的 “ U F u a重- - MM終草。 。 " P惡 d" “ 話 V d重E a認UB z必 至 發 心 n 吼a 一 叫 怨 、 '真 品 毒U 的o 組“ O U咒三 E自-“ 。 閻 u 、正 單明〈切bm實au 趣缸也 B 豆草 m仰它E“S-這dr 。"諱E z H d a豆堂 w望寓d快D-一灣A E章言偉 - n書 O， RE m何。 E制O a是品S - ω袋抄丸 G且 E a p品d E浦 臣嘗M O 攝起" 晶a M 且 hh、 W區 。這轟 S E p 量 - p空 諱D - -鞠“ m"是h e 級 φ- 6h as 寄A 鉤a ea-h思 OZ JG草 e " 燭望B、 會 o尚 ， 音 d R 9h草 E “ 且 ， -z 誨 d對 a￡ D DHa ， 。苟 嚴 、 喊 要 叫延-臨 dg富 P " a m u 、 得 》 胃 aM p麗 - ， o - 穹 嚕 O 曙 ， - hO d 還 A a o 也 - n 。 Z 亂 拉 g d H g 藍 s u J - L L E v O 艙 p 海 a v 被 F F 。 d L 內 吾 z - d W 迫 吾 hh a 答 h S曾 當 υ M ， 話 吋o 治 Z 話t 誨 W " 曹 、 S當 且草 譚 穿 w A 現 MS 撞 且 E一 聲誨 的 費Z轟 起 趴 且荳 室 " s S》 a MK 忌 實 EE 倒 可 申且 鵬。 單 呵 攝 甜 也 語 - 一 E o h R 。 h ﹒ 。 尬 E 勻 控~也 U 智當句 O 丘 。 呵 耳 " 訊 仰 h A間 語 z h 幅皆句 - m “ 怕 盟 a - - 。 。 " 在 繁 單 。 社gE 言告嘗Z 恥 "Z。 自 a m 傅 “是E e 戶 笑 餒 可 o 畫z。 華 單 紹 制曹U 。 嘗E" 馳 哈A容 k 建 制 結 e A 咽 甚B 唱 g " 話 。 a d h 室i" 。 滋 。 單S目 oe~ W 拉首2 m 至咱 。 且 均 。 " “ 幽這 血 品 g 玄i ~ 您 “ 三E~ 叫 sE U 晶 個 M 地 可 g g 吹 且S w 詞 每 毒哥 叫 給 6給 ￡ 全 L ω 綠 言s擇 i我 zg ?A 宮些B a 吶 品品倫 m 們 . g 晶回 。別! 軍 輛 謂 徊 能 pL 循 草a適 “ g伯 z W 草單誼 1k 翔。 當 、 a 刑 ， 自 j身 - 可 第 E w a 的 越芝g ~ 轟 區 車 曹 省 u G 糧 讀 zE 建 話 Z 正甸 w u 叫 g ~ sM ￡ a 哥 g A 草 囂 a5 叫 q 杭 ~ g e “ a ' w U - g d 州 B m u 盾科 a " M U ~ 篤2 S E ~ o h 。M貨 S h凡 、海 缸 拉8 法 ' z 萬 劍 州 u z M t d a海 e星 " 2 " 草 b a 會n 燭 a 里 a" 恥 m a 處 Ed 吻 m n " 草 給滋 " A 喜 z a 棋 a 。 E 莒章 a r 霆 g 緝 M 偏 唸m E 草 ， s 島 d 。 " 砂 告3重 ， n ' “ A '參' b ~ 〈 M司 t S 崎 g 但 M 剝 程 E 妙 ， 鍋 官E是 、m L 、 筒 霉 、 ω、 g向 的囡 h H " 的 。 " 湖苦 E 。 必毯Z U 睹 口J 、 。 . 4 d凹 仇mw w p的 。 。 的 p 且 以 υ個 o 哥 。 J 削 m O 也 u “ 。 E 賞 可 。 恥誰o 但 會，E 污 p O " 咽 ­ 當 a E W l p . 語 Eh 軍 E υ u h 紹 υ U Z u P Ea 自 e m 黨 E M EaE e υ m 這H g p SE a 可E 軍 qE 畫 - 覆 D 甜舟 E心m G 是z 。 EG n d可 BE常 d 司 -d 、 肉 U M吋 甜、E 心 。 叫蟬hEEn話 稱Z 且 言 ot at E ‘ 。 “ 向之 。總G M2， E‘ 花 吋Edk直 4••星• 嚼 z 。 J 也叭 dg -是 h 喜E當單 起 z 讀 oq 呵 何毛 a 詣" -吻 a已 Etb 草 已也買川直 ε3 h 品G 。 g 續 a宮 呵 - 』當嘻己 划草 s宮 縛單A 呵 E 訝 dh L認叫紅 g3 a 聶忍 。 S w Z真“. 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(1, c) Panama Swine prrull,.lçtioll Inter-Amer. Dev. 8ank (1 D8) ←f付站nd肘， Amparo (1, C) C(llmnbia Swine pro草luctlon Inter-Am前. De\', H.晶nk (1 拉拉} ,雲.前. 甘甜甜、 Carlos M. (l事。 Colombí聶 Swlne production Inter-Amer. Dc\< B謹 nk (I [)B) Gai毯錯， Jo誼éA. (1, c) 自費吼叫 Swí臨 producti側 Jnter凶Amer. Dev. B揖nk (lDB) • Garcl揖， Jf)fge O. (1 , c) {'olombia 各恥inc produçtion 鈍。哩t品 Gro恤， M詛rl. 惜.d牢 (1. C) A<醉ntma Swine prod品Cllon lnter~Amer. 口自v. Bank tHJ8ì López, N制社rto (1. c) Colombia s .....' l O" pr路d結tüon lot. DeV. 蜓的t揖rth Centre (tORO. 史'a~ad且 Mo!i拙， Hugo “ (1. c) E，間d臼『 Swine productìon Inter-Amer. 。帥. Bank ODB) 惜。帥， J發íme (1, c) Pe仇A Swir.e pr廿duçtioll lntet-Amer. Dev. Bank ilDB) Nu聞學， Adolío (1. t-j Brazil Swîne pro拉已ctlO n Inter-Amer. Dev. B聶nk (tO制 Olivares、 Mar峙。'。 ElS晶Jv聶dm Swine pr。這草草:ion Jmer~Am泣.Oe、1 日且nk tlDB) 良arnírez， Josè E (/, C) ElS轟Jv聶哥for SwÎne prodl主c:lon Inter幫Amer. D帥， Bank (IDB) R晶mlr帥， Jaitú (1. (j Co!ombi革 Swìnc produc1i l'n ln t. De"_ Re揖ardl Centre (1 DRC), Can;.td" h詛咒" R叫rigo (f, C) Cvlombia Sv. ií'.e produ叫Wll ln1. Dev. Re給社n::h Centre (l日RC)， Cana這詰 Ru泣，Ed油rdo (1品。 p, ru Swine prodoctìùn lnter-Am肘. D<、 包益nk t lDBJ Urrun揖輯:a， Abd 丸 (1. C) Peru 5研 ine prodιçllon Inler.Amer, Dev. B車拉k 泊位BJ Zarnora旬Lilieth 仗， C; Costa RIC攝 Swinc prod泣ttton Jntcr-Amer. Dev. Bank lI DB) Alfaro , RQdrÎgo (J, C) Costa Rka Bea缸 prndudi，)n Jnter峙 Amer. Dcv. 當dnk OD8) Alv揖rOOo， Leopotdu 衍.C) f1()I討uru B草草草 P'叫udlOn c心lh)nUJ;;， lnter-Amer. 。酬.9品品主 ODBJ， lhmdurUl: Ì'lUJ. Arrupe, Be閑時仗，Cj ß，揖，1 起自n proouιtwn 1m缸.Amer.口聲、. B.ank (lDB) Barros, Lui書五 (1, C) CluIe Bean produc\;or. l !lter~Amer.。制， 8ank (l Dl量; Biaochini, Anesl{) 俗 ， C; ßrazil Bcan proouétíùn Inter.Am啊，。草草.B晶 nk (1口B ， Bonilla. Miauel A. (l, C) Hondura草 8毒品u produç l;oll Intet-也Arner. 。軒. Bank (l日的) Cam抑5， Benedictoμ. C) El Salvador :全eàn produc!!on InteN\mer. Dev. Ba說. (lOBI OQ且$島位10事， Josê A, (J, C) 8ruil B，晶1\ prod怯('uon Ccrm. Found. for I制+訟的i. ， W.Gcrm峙的 Estrada, AngeJ (1. C) 時'"εo B，祖n proð草"伸到 lnter~Amer. Dc"，晶晶nk (IDB) 。晶 'ci恥 Aurora ~且，紋， C} Arg叩t岱a Bean pr血luctlon Int牢r-Amet. Dev九 Bank (108) g 許是lm!;ro. Aidar (1 , Cj 甜甜l Bean production Inter-Amer. Dcv 盔ank (lDB) 心 Idrovo， Wilson (1, cj Ecuador M Bean produçtion lntc: t-Amer. Dcv. 8ank (ID語) (Continued) -弘p " 耐心一 旬開隱" - J r 二 、 司 g 給 c 毛 → ( h d 直莒 4 g k a ( 街A m 個λ 吉 ( ￡- ( A 苟 至品 m v U 位 自 m 0 m 儡 向 c m 已m M 。 J r 公J口 m G 也 叫W 己 c 4 a 必 M A o N " f U 尚 宮 m 碧 也 V m m 2 袖 c M 【M V 誼M 』 o } w ) u 昆 心 官 總A 通W 團 給 遍 啥綠 圍u 品 o e g z繁U x M ' K趴 、 M喝 " ，總A z W隨絃H 晶 G 同 這闇m d愉 皆a M偏 a金W U 緝A d UO WM A田 例 6 p認 U 益 是u aK低 o鋪 E 忌磊 忌 胞Z器" Mgg O 。。 A 孟 戶h U， 恥 0 。 u倒 u 。 G給。 e 晶 u …U 車 一 → " Q a叫 9 蚵 m翩 M b 匆" 晶 話 U這 h 3』 話 咱 ω 惱 M翩 總m 略偈 場 音 灣 R耐 h 趕你 h P 篤 皂〈盔 M 告 g 診- 〉給 L W》 皂 怒 g M 誰 。 譯 的 心 ， ，久， M ， d 吉 O紹 ， 〈 d 4、 叫 ﹒ z 只ι 呼 咒M O 空 品" 諮 ， 徊 先 扭 dJ 呵 R H 偏已L 知 』 帥 扭“ J ， F」 徊 、 」 川 注 M 8- h g 話 F」 矢 】 。 戶 F」 」 間 重 " 你 "m 怕 〈 倒U 每 見d 喊d ， ， 戶 、 弋d 盼 丘 、 州 叫S" 言 當 M 阿 叫U 〈h 〈 a 給書。 。m - " 卜 " ， d 戶 W 2話w h n M 、 M失 叫 〈 ， 喇 ， 阿 總 叫 p 口 自 月 X 以 V 向v 同 E 》 們 平 叭 以的恥 、N 》u U 叭 可 υR 們 戶 、 m 發 g 這 恥 、 向 ' 》 ) 向 v 叫 忽 卜 i m 》 》 的 C 昆 z什 G個 》 M O C 山 C g H e》 Z鉗 n M 4 出 制 玖b s o E喇 何 g 主 3 詣 俗 F必 S h 5 掌 μ mu O 晶至 。 a 的 M M o 晶 S 嘲 句 o - 且 z ￡q M d g 自 z 筒 E 一 串品 心 呵 g M g 償 C 吻 晶 - 9拾 明M 〈 u z A 姆g 彷。 已 海 " 唱 o 0 。 u G 。 O S 君 串。 嗎 呵 o H m 。 u 軍 吻 還OM mA 白h 妙 h “ o G 明 拉z M d 3 司 o 、 " o O S 主 S 一o 吼 o O x 俗 三 a h Z 語 - s U -叫 w叫 叫v語 o 翁S 叫g。 w ? 吻w -叫O 均w u h ω y 旬- a 伺 4 習A 言 w E 口 E“G O已 b 這 G U 可2a。 S 勻p 吻g Z z 且ω m“ 唆 OE機 A H o 叫 2 m “ “ ω 可 。 φ g 3這 的 h gM 法EZ 呵 q" 。OL 。h W 起 L 。 此 H 悅m C 包 咱 m u o h WU u m h 些一 婦A o 側 縛 雷 E呂- 目a C 仇M詩E 恥h g t E 抽A ￡ - M 們 h α d - 仇 一 h￡ 苦 Z- 倡 忍a ω目 經 一 n“ 耐 婦H 叫 縛 綠u 話 g切 h單 UB立2 恨M句R笠晶e o 民叫 E a闊 ~ E ? G gmt" 話M翁cv“ - w囡 j 。o 縛a明 @ 瓜 u甸 發 u 紛 u 給A w s位 晶 的一u串 -~ Muia“ 咱Mneu- 叫相 m" h 。g“ e 羽 m 咱 “w z“ 爵 呵 m、 密 a 閩 u 做G m m d這 “ a H 紗 a H m一 們Wiws 》 -~ M 宮互 u" " a M q海 d a 盼 g b祖 M 吻ω t 的A@ uω U n績 mm c j絡 。 g晶 m刊 wu ￡ s m s。 SAgaT喝OU p》 ggo區總 H o 一 晨 ahgd t r a 還 禍u a 草 u 喝 a E - z 起 沌 "a 望 在 Z Etu 堂 a a 星戶 u m “ H m 呵 q， gu 一N … a S 哥 僧N - 哭 心" 泣 叫團a 同 s 哥電 d A o ， 目d - "削 gE Z R ￡W呵 o 。 o o " 嗯 M “ 盟 a 。 細 υ 您 a υ 飽 ， 關 " - 也 翎 m a淌 。 。 法 趴 M h zG ω u。 Z m a 即 國 o E υ U U、 V 3 已母 G c . 開泛n 草 G h q 怨 o cz U、 》tuzEtHdt2 。R n L g奇。 u官 h 前- 。 古 oE告 。u。E之 C 之d 己 U、 臣 巴 古 a。 正 皇ao n。 V M伺 g、 。h ，h 諾當 ω w 也也 h一E全d H 是p 控弘言3bd草ZM11 吉 ‘u之 s 也Gd拉 d。 。 宮z 己之h Sn 可g目 - u 2 ω可 也 3 苦 。m ω o u 空 .sR且EJ聶 語w鉤 也 命 弱Zm m四 仇 知 g E acM 濁u O a 也E恥 電 叫d凶 w 騁a智E g 尬 J錢4 - &苦 2u 。 eoW扒 呵a 白 。 闕 幟 U， H 凶 d r " Z ， 皇Md N 、 d a 。 若 害 。 d間 a不 「 M u 官， i A 。S。 d 叫 a O E m 。 e u ， C h 您 仙 a " 說E 甘 說 室 的 h5 E d努 h t 一 A H 訟 編 稽 ， d是晶 M d E 畫g d G - 章 I Ë 一 g 。 句 E 當 h E Z o U g臨官E W d 名 h p 盼a e a S z“ “ 。 宮 E 且 。 晶 。 u o mg 也 旦 "t" m稍 楞 頭 線 盟 每 戶 何 O“ m總a m m M z 的 L戶一 城 晶 獨 心b w S z c吉 N 。z占zW " 軍 。 點 划 搓 E u o 3 m z JT一次扒s z ，泊「H-14 是 呻U 。 仍 自 叫 " L ω 的W 們蝸 篇削 掉 酬 ， 章 曳 制 -; lable 2 4昌 :\amεand Status' Country P I'O必ram Dlsciplmζ SOlln:e of fundulg a i; …m缸 川β 0 USA 8ean , agronom} Self-supponed P扒、 Co!ombiá B自n ， plaflt palh~ll()g}- lmtit. Co1. Agmpecuario (IC A), Colomh泌 。圳IJano ， 川J 洶g恥川c~川拯r1lI Colomb岫 SWUll" ..nimaJ nutríü,m ClAT j{，叭、 d晶忌 C"rl品o盞 f彷'1. 均C河J》 lJomlmcan Repubhc -, líbrary , ;joçUr.IcnlalIOR CIAl %圳rnallι￡盯Iοy ρ{'2， C; Guyana Rl付， ag峙的m， Agency for In t. De、i. (AIO). USA 、 1 口 II叫治len ， Fr益nk (3 , P) H ol1and RICè , rural ‘A沌\01。但》 Univ. of Wag.eningen. Ho l!and V羽的 ln: !l l，俠 udol f'" (5 ζ7 Holl益nd 養ean ， enlomo:ogy Univ.o[ 、Nagrrηrig\:'ll ， H oJlanl.l 玄 ，- m m 棚"啪"吻" 一巾 , '一 間， 嶼- 附J r 你描囂的 which minimiz割 cbemicalc暐nlrol; 間gional institutions charged with 個揖ava 蜘ono揖ic發 e:x;-ante analy糊 of valìdating improved varietíes and cultural impact of new cassava produclion pr雞ctíces ， and with traíning and technology on small far臨ers; and bean 甜pervlSlng 閃電ension worker慧， credít breeding{ agronoI室主y … br脫這in轟 and officer惑， andp到:>duction adv諒。閱、 Training screening cli臨 bing b臨n varieties for in production is d朋ígn祕 to províde or associated cropping with ma泣:e. enhance skills ín field experímentation and improved pr。這uctíon technologies and Visiting R眉earch A攝制i甜甜 methods of pl翩翩嚕， co械制ting and 軒aluating trainin轟 programs and This training cate事。ry i ncludes PbD production campaigr臨. CIA Ts training in C齡必治ates doing a話。r part of Iheir 泌的is production has a multid時ciplinary focus research at CIAT and post-MS but ít is 泌sed on singie commodíti倡“ professionals doing research to gain lndívíduals selected for trai恥綠草 m experience 目 tropical agriculture. In 1977, productíon are c1assífied as Post車站duate 的車ht doctoral stl綿綿 and seven post-MS lnterns for Production. Most productíon re!唱archers came 10 CIAT. In addition, trainin車 is conducted through organiz綠 seven Visiting Research Associates who 草roup courses, however, some production 祕駭浪 atCIATbefo時 1977 continued their traínín單路 done on an individualized basís. investigations into 1977‘ The avera孟.e production training period 社uring the year w.品 seven months R輔earch Scholars (excluding short course partic是.par草綠. In 1977, there were 112 production trainees. lndividuals in this 曲tegory are enrolled The followíng product時n course~ were ín a m齡ter's degr明 prog倍阻 in an offered. a部redited university. Mter 叩mpletin鑫 their academic phase, they conduct their B甜r Producti棚 C間酬 th師給 workatCIAT. Tbisyear，時嗨nwere ac心ep給d to do theÎr酪aster's research The fìfth Livestock Productíon witbin the on-going res甜甜h oftheCenter. Speciali到了raining course was conducted Thirteen Researoh Scholars who ca閥e 10 from January through Octob缸.Candidate CIAT prior to 1977 continue是 theirwork 揖I間tion was contingent upon the train啊呀， ínto I 會77. returning to pos挂賠肘 wherεknowledge gained in the ωurse would be utilized in 1'0過tgraduate Interns for R揖輸rch trainin墓。th前s within their own instítutions. The 撒ajority of the cour揖 ln t扭扭 category 目pr鶴enta!1v制 from 側的cipant學 we凹 selected from one national and regio發al research progra冊S C叫做ry (in Ihis case, G阻temala) 10 assure 糊剖開 training in advan明4 扭轉arch a critical mass of tr斟制這 professionals 10 techniqu峙。 Numerically， this 鶴tegory is effect real change ín the traditíonal the Iargest in r揖念館ch training: 36 agricuitural pro揖拙. TwelveGuatemala肘， Postgraduate Interns for Research fro血泊 two 80livi組s and one pe攏。2 臨ch from instìtutions in 1S countries came to ClAT Colombia, H onduras, and Panama in 1977; 1I trainees enter泌 CIAT before participated in the 叩訂閱﹒ (For fu認her i會77 and comp愉悅 their trainin草 this details see Training Sectio鈍 8eef y時民 Progr酪見} TRAl演ING IN PRODUCTlON Be削 Prod叫做n Cou附 Production training ís provid必 for C1Ars 話時t intensivεb臨n. produ~tion those rep甜甜ntativ的 of national and course for Latin Am肘ícan bean 可 911 CIAT Annu蟬 R8JIO叫 "“16 researchers was held for one month in The 叩叫2 兩制i糊糊摺 to prov姆 March and April. The course provided 30 拉íIls in all 幽pec詣 of 峙。d pf!必制tlO後， persons from 12 Latin American countti揖 pr叩開sing. and commercíali揖tìon， an桂 to with sp恥iali.zed information and training traín partlcipants ín planníng. developíng, experiences in all disciplines related to and operating seed enterprises and s研d bean production systems. Course serví明s. Sp間ía1isU from CIAT. ICA, and participants 時pr目ented the fo11owing Míssíssíppi State conducted the cour田 d統iplines: br明d切軍 (8); agronomy (7); whích included formal presentations, pathology (5); soils (3); physiology (2); laboratory 帥d field experiences, and VÎSit5 t都hnology transfer (卦; entomology (1); 10 seed operatio削 ín the Cauca Valley of 組泌油脂logy (1); and s揖d production (1). Colomb帥 Thírty勵four profe臨10個15 This 垂iversity in backgrounds provided for attended the course (10 from other Latín interchan鈴。f i"deas among the Ameri叫n and Caribhean instítutions, and participants in the d盟cussions of both 24fromICAand private臨ed companíes ín specìfic problerns and 車;eneral investigatíve Colom泌的 訊ethodologi晶. (For further de臨泌專輯 Training S缸tion， Bean Pro嘉措m.) Rice Prod齡組onC。當揖 軍豈是AINING IN 級ANAGEMENT OF E主PEI至1萬護車只官學TATIONS One five扭扭onth rice pr<浴缸tion cour錯 W品 held.in 1977. T個 prof，崗位。描1s fro揖 .In 1會77， CIAT t臨ine是 five 盟anage路。f Bolivia. Braz誼. Ecuador. G溢atem滋A 糕perimenlaI stations ín C泌誨， Colo血bía Honduras. Mexìco. Ni值組，gua， 扭動d and EI Salv紛。几 ln in唱rvk:e program車 Panama we時 traìned in a11 a鈔扭扭。f討問 站stin草 fro臨 IWO to 位.vemont益s. τ措訟法草 production 甜dt甜hnologyv滋滋ationand was 恥lpervi揖d by CIAτ、結P缸inlent dissemi曲tion. (Fo r. further detaíls 甜e stati棚 5U睡如臨end甜t. Most of the work T raining Section, Rice U nit.) W齡 ín CIAT, but was 甜pp1e扭扭ted by VÎSils to 甜bstatíons in Carirnagua a祕 Swine Production Course Quilíchao, plus visi恆 10 other sta世onsin Colombía and Ecuador. (For furtber In the first semester of 197峰， CIAT de愉悅時eτrainin車 Section. Statio益 offe凹:d its first intensive swine production 。perations.) ∞U時e. Twenty胸five professíonals 甜lected from L酷的1 Ameri酬I national instítutions el'lgaged in swí肘 productíon training. TRAINING IN DOCUMENTATlON Cl\ tension , andj or ínvestigation panicipated in the 81恥week course‘ Four Latín Amerícan ínformation F軒"自pantsrep甜甜nted 10 count'l:悶. (For spec抽lisls from agricultural institut岫nsm further detal泊，品eTrainin轟$間tion， Swine Chile, the Dominican Republíc. Unit.) Hon心1fa8， and Peru were traíned in organ且lng and operating an agricultural Seed Produc齒。'n Course 是ocumentation center. Specìfic skills taught 盟cluded bibliographlc s臨rch間， A four-w鵲起 cou路e in 輯給 production abstractin皂 and c1assifícation of was conducted at CIAT ln coop軒atio提 documents. Docu血entatíon traÎníng w制 with the Instituto Colo聽oiano S站泌缸d垃;ed to a two-month traíníng A車rop臨臨rio (ICA) and Míssi路ippi S扭te period of formal p甜甜ntations， practice U酬ve持社y， USA. with 茲nanciala韓i鈍ancc 墓位sio剖， and other În-組rví，臨 traínin囂.(For from the U nited Stat，鴨 A革ency for further 訟fo虹natÌQn s揖 I阻i阻ngS臨tion， Inte閥割ional Develop臨ent (USAID). Library and Information Serv紛紛 對海ining and Con梅捕n_ "。穹7 r GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF The theoreti且1 part of the cou時e was TRAINING PARTlClPANTS taught in Jutiapa. For practical field experience, which rep呵呵'nted about 草g One-hundred sixty-s祖 (85 percent) of percent of the course content, small 草roups the training participants r制措íved in 1977 were form叫， assigned a vehicle, field 時'presented co叩tries of the tropical labo閃閃 and an instructor, and 時nt to Americ齡&也是 the Caribbean. Ten t給ín明s work in various localities. ln the field they ca賠e from other d軒eloping 問餒。肘。fthe conducted validative regional trials and w orld and the remaining 19 traínees came expenm扭扭 in farmers' fields 制 well 制 from developed countri峙， di錯eminating tech制CaI information to local produ聞自.τhe組 cour甜 activities F1NANCING OF TRAINING 前ollowe是 themodeld軒eloped at CIAT for Wlt祕n-∞臨哲y tr甜甜ng. Near the end of Of the 195 persons entering trainìn車前 the y甜言品 ICτA嘴:叫“ evaluation 1977, 72 were fman即是 from lhe Center's group assessed the progress and core budget. Of the remainder, 4草甘ainees accomplishments of the COUr蜘; were financed by international fundíng recommendat揖酪 are being 嚇給 to plan agencies, 20 by national institutions in future training activiti臨 in ICTA實 developed countries, 34 by governmentaJ and c間通it 阻titutions in developíng Dominicao Republic Cou益加晶， 10 by unìversities, 9 by private In 1976 the Secretary of State for companies, and 2 through 揖lf-support. Agriculture, through the Under吋如retary for Research, requested CIA1 ". assis臨犯時 WI宜HIN-COUNTRY TRAl洞ING 間 。rganizing a 卿ies of short courses for ASSIS宮ANCE rice production sp即ialists. Th開e cours輔 constitute an integral part of the Ouring 1977, two pr仿制婆一 one in 草ovemment's c割np卸車n 切 make the G油tema1aan益 the other in the Oominican ∞untry 801偽証fficient in rice prod削ion. Repu忌lic - continued 蛤 receive CIAT trammg as缸stance. Early in I會77aCIAT 甜羽絨線專 a輯oc攝.te was 審站泣。ned in the Dominìcan Repub!ic Guatemala to a認ist in or敘說但總喜 and cond泊的itIß Since 1975 CIAT has .ssisted the 甘u甜 cons，但utÌve 話n-w揖k 如服嘴毯. Sixty Guatemalan Instituto de C峙nci帥 Y farm administrators and 路tension Tecnologia Agricola (ICTA) in buildingits internal 甘ainíng program. Part of this “workers participated in th輯e c翩翩掉 signed to provide 的mpe扭制做 in all assistance was to help organize and asp自ts of modern rice p"倒叫io袋， co帥lct a within-country crop production including diagnostic and problem咕。Iving course for 14 prof，揖sionals in 197位 skills, plus competenci臨 in dis揖mination of materials and technical inforrnatio鍍 10 In 1977, a 揖cond c開p produ前ion producers. Care was lak開 to 糊糊'e that course was or甚anized and held in E僻tom participants would contribute to Q磁tem誨.W挂h fundir海 from the Inter­ continuing the trainin車 program beyond A點erican D研elop閥ent 器ank， CIAT 1977, without CIA1"s direct 制制tance. stationed a training associate in G叫棚ala Fo前 more courses of this type were for the enti賠 year to assist with the cour當 scheduIed for 1會沌， in which 19 professionals pa位i磁paled. N ine of these per峙的 we間 recent TRAINING MATERIALS graduates in agronomy組dwe甜甜heduled to begin working for lCτA after Efforts 閑時結.pa綠綠 in 會77 to completing the.lraining prog捕m. package a good part of CIA下車ene叫“ “ 1977 CIAτAnnual Roøort 18 information on new production q磁rter of 1977, after final approva1 of the technologìes for trainín車 purposes special project funding on wh主ch 紛 In是ìvi垂直1a1. char草，ed with actual1y prod uction of trai益ing material. dc警組血， prod凶íng trainín草 materials… in theform 如ring the year uníts were produ臼din of audio-tutorial uní詰- co餌pleted a 帥$揖.va， beans, ri帽t swíne, and w聞d training ph蜘掛daconside時ble這egreeof control. Base旭、upon a continuing team work wa益為chieved among these eva!臨tion， procedu酪 for developing the profi臨時nals. M odífi臨110喝 to the 臨到軒ials were modìfied in an effort to facilitì，臨 needed for producin喧 and make the training 血aterials lruly fít CIAT 臨lìzìng the audio-tutorìaì unìts were al蹄 甘ammg n蜘傲. Many of the ωmp!etω ∞mpleted duTÍn墓 the year. Twenty study umts were 純臨蜘fuUyu時追捕 prod阻tion carrels were í臨talled and 純毛主ípped with ∞U自由and conferen目 events齡CIAT.An audío 甜d ví鞠al playhack 利益1Îp闖闖t app路priate infra揖ructure for m世e 'Y話.ematic utilization of甘缸ningma輯結滋z Although fuU也都ale productíon of will be est幼lished in 1978. m泣的als did not 被gin until the 知t Conferences The CIAT Conferences Office fulfil\s a to efficient and eff，斜斜ve functionir駕車。f 也e principal role in the Center's efforts to Center from 甜。rganizational and receive, pa揖 on and interchange administrative viewp制服. 8uch events infGl1l1atÌon related to 詰. t臨hnology include Center or program 間views and development and 社 issemination plannín囂 confer聞自& en是揖.vo就 Confer閻明 10車ístics support is pro惜ed 00 a cootinuing basis. Also, 。) CIAT' internal communí叫誼。n communication advice for plannín草， ennls. These meetings have two purpo間s. coordinatin囂， and 前aluating conference First, they provide an opportunity for events 臨 made available by staff of the vísitors (scientists and other profe抽ìona1s) Center to formally address intere吼叫 membersof CIATs community. In 1977, v揖ito路 τhe Center's conference resources are presented 23 .部垃扭扭tìngs 關社阻minars. S間ond紗， th臨e events provide a forum for 泌lized for four typ髓。f events. These 缸e bríefly described below. Table 3lìsts the 26 internal exchanges of technical main events ìn categories (盼， (2), and (4) info rmatíon. To this et訟 a給 internal whích we)'e held ín 1977. seminar sefÎes was rei恥tituted during the year. In thís series CIAT scient扭扭 present 90-minute 時間臨時 with dísc臨ions， on (1) C IA T -sponsored or co啥po捕。z紛 alternate Fridays. Fifteen 5uch 紛個lific 叫你組囂揖﹒ τhese are ω那id肘ed presentat峙辮 were gìven dur閑事 the year. crucial to the Center's achìevemenl of' íts stated obj研t.v嗨， be they in the 訂閱 of (4) ClAT.bost.d eve扭扭， These events res臨時h or ìnternational cooperation, or a support an effort to make the Cen扭T's combìnatìon of the two. For these events, consid erable conference re80urces C IA T assumes 時sponsìbility for the available to outside entities whose plannin囂， se!.c位on of candidates, con述那丸 actlvltl臨時late 10 CIATs objectíves. For εvaluation， a拘謹 follow叫p act.v.t.es. such events, the Center provides i站 facilìtìes al nαcost， but char，串es the (2) ClAT or臨anizational events. The sponsoring ag帥。 for all direct ∞喝 purpose of these meetings ìs to contrihute íncurred by its conference Training and Conførences “勻， r Throu草ho混 the y軸r 何nference to-day 自edsform甜lingpla臼~byCIA豆、s facil泌的咐扭泌lized with great frequency pro鼻祖mSt thus assurin草 a continuo\lS by CIA T trainir喀 courses and other day- high-occupancy rate of the installations Table 3. 前茍制制ents held 區 CIAT's 帥nferenee 幅“馳2輔 d蠟rin& 1977. No.of Date Event parUClpan;.s CIAT帶個E揖red or tO"spo瓣。e吋 ，<1制組駁回￡鞠ng輔 2?42ZM3M4OS7U BBL h 站w P甜甜踹臨時n Days 13- e n 附 Work.sbop for Swine 。3。Pr叫uctÎQn Speçiali鵬 7 u d im W耐kshop 00 DeveJopnteDt of Stratcg是輔峙 lrnprove 343 如 w Rïce ProouctÎon in Latin America 9 何 - z “ j 詢 11支援llCIAT M..ti疇。n Regional Ri帥 Trials d 哼 9 問hv 肝 Work晶。'p 00 Cassava Plant Protectíon 點 CIAT .rp臨揖io揖I tnnts 22-24 F.b. Review of lCAICIAτCooper叫咱n 10 18 “ 30 April T AC Quinquonnial R研ù:w 15 lO May Jo融t TACj InternationaJ C扭扭r Direc岫時 4 Ju瓜e Annual M間tir郁 4{) 卜 7D揖 ClAτlntert總1 Program R軒給:ws 掛 12 關 13 Dec First 攝制iOI OI Advisory Co甜甜肘， UNDP!CIAT Spocial Projecl 10 CIAT training co間蟬， 17J迪拉 31 攝制的 單晶f Production (CIAT Ph關吋 17 28 Ma時起一 22 Apri1 B蠅n ProductÎon 30 11 April- 25 May Swine PtOOU咄咄 25 16 July 16D揖 Ri晶 Production 10 13 - 16 Sepl Sp輯給1 SOOrt Course on Continuous Ri冊 抖緝臨恥n for ICA Prof，棚ìona1s 15 1700<. - IC阿拉SAlDíMi帥帥ipp泌$攝le U制.v.ICIAT 11 Nov. S自d Pr<站uct闖。 36 CIATb個1M 軒醋，仇 睡個甜甜by other ir蟬itu自由 27-28 Jan Colo鵬bian C句aA軒ana: 單唔Îona1 Dír當神u' M開ting 等。 22 Feb. Colon指臨 So<. of S叫ISçi扭曲:揖軒Ulg起ment of Soils of 蜘 C削岫 V甜可 80 11- 14 March Dow Chelnícal Co.: Planning R~都arch in Agroç加。認al. 單 L到回 Ameri臨 25 S - ï May 站甜ìng of Dir醋。n of LatÎn Ameri峙n Asri­ 叫臨時1 PO瑚r甜甜Z 草樹閥1籌 (ALEAP) 23 - 21 M吋 USAID: Work.hop 00 R拙世 D前e)opme淵 仗 一一 ed C A A ∞間 勻 ψ•• H-20 R ， 訓 ? 一 提 Table 3 (ωntinued) NO.of Date Evcnt participants 2- 19 July L.出1 American Co甜甜eration of C間dit Coope捕制!聽 (COLAC): Seminar on Cr甜" for Ag捕前個ral ProduétioI支 ;!,\ 20-22 Sept IDRC: Work>hop to I恥ntífy R揖屆時h Prio融悶 in Bananas 甜揖 P1antai叫 28 30 Sept ASOCARA: Evaluation 01 Industrial ChemÍ;胡1. in Sugar Pr吋偏錯。n in Co1ombia 80 5 -60目. R晚息。，nalCommît紛e for Agricultu間1 Production: Evaluation i掰 24-280啦， lDRC: Commun祕揖峙n ，in Rural Development 瓣 14-18Nov SENAI。前四個T輯hn認aI Mi阻ion: T，明起插曲i A且必站。臨棚 th< Andean Regi聞 80 τ。騙1 particípants 1056 Train捕事 and Conferencel "一21 CIMMYT-CIAT Region叫 Ande甜揖 MaÎ:ze Unit The CIMMYT jCIAT Regional Andean national ∞operation prog揖恥 About 事。 ‘ Maize U nit is a cooperative program percent of the team'. 缸me i. d酬。ted to betw自n the two international目nters. The various international cooperation ac­ Unit's two 時nior scientis扭 areCIMMYT tiviíi制 with the remainder spent on .taff membe閱鋪signed to work out of breeding and evaluation work at CIAT. CIAT 揖 ￠剖開din轟 improved 臨別m After the arrival of the second 僻的帥 prod班的ion t都hnology to national 部ient時，t at the beginnin甚 of this y甜丸 the progra臨婆說 the And臨n countries. The team has 扭扭 able to fully develop and t闊的緣。然s in this 甜'gion form an ca討y on its planned progr那n. i臨portant part of CIA1 ". overa11 i恥軒﹒ INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION area of origin. Table 2 shows how a ACTlVITlES number of varieties planted in tropi，甜i trials late in 1976 perf0 肘mω 臨 well 繭 or Eval岫，tlon of Maleria語 better than the best local cl榔k varietie.. An importa酪 part ofthe And甜nmaize The t瞌睡 also a時認臨din 棚tabl盟恥，ng 僻忽攏，'s work is 誼le 扭扭扭bly and distrib掛 132 variety 翻d verifi蟬的。益的必 m tìo恕。fv獻給胎Iyp屑。f單位自絃法Is within f獻血寫時" field. at sÎX 1，制必iti舖盟 four the r嚀。n. During 19n, t被她蹄辦學以必 co關倒錯.V認至1屆tion tri訟s are desigr1e述 in placÎng 46 nurseries; the nur輯ri棚臨d 結油進idate 10鶴i 說必須絨線y packag揖 the countrì甜甜血ìving th甜1 are show滋訟 拉油lud益g improved 撤aterials. Table 1. Th間e trial. are beìng grown by the national maize programs with 制si酷a甜譚 In Bolivia, 20 verifi棚tion t討als 明re by the local t阻m planted in the Sanú龜 Cruzar鴨 incoopera­ tion with the Centro de InvesIÎgaci岳n de A盟。ng the entri國 in regional variety Agricultura Tropical and the Instituto 紛紛arcthebe臨vatieties or open pedigree Boliviano de T ecnologla Agropecuaria hybrids from natio揖1 br聞din轟 progr剖恥 (IBTA); two variety trial. were planted at 了草棚 trials， whicb帥掛瞬間blωforeith軒 Mairana. WÎth lBTA. Colombian tr旭1. higl秘祕 or 控op悶i∞祕itio傲. pro制dea were variety evaluations at 21 .ites in cor間甜甜甜thod 知 d軒nonstra悼 Antioqu嗨， with the local S自retary of mate說als that 揖ay be useful outside the Agricult輝這輯是 the I磁tituto Colombiano Røgionat Andean Mai揖 Uni電 H.23 r Table 1 觀哺岫閥1m.認. trials dlst刻buted ÙI 臨.A甜甜援 軍棚@輛輛車 1977. Countr迦 S 斟閹 No， of 揖(， No.of Type of tríal 開闊輔 囂。誰妙泌 Colo閥.bía Ec帥部穹 Hlpl.od trlal. Variety Trial (l!NZAS) 2s 主 5 lntrod.uction Nu時珍吋 42 3 2 )、 R的翩翩借 to Earwonn 20。 3 6 Peruvw.n R倉cial Comp 26 3 Lo兩恤nd lri.ls Opaqùt 攝制.eriab 31 2 z 2 ? Variety T瑚1 (ENZAT) 36 主 2 2 3 2 11 lntr叫“前時nN諮詢看時 鵲 4 Early品甜甜uring Va話揖Z酷 14 3 Agropec臨泣。 (IC衍 a絲棉other 14 Institut。“ lnvesti車aciones Agrope­ variety triaIS i經 Cau嗨， withtheDe攝rroUo c嚇做B. Sixty verifi明tion plantings were R軒allntegr罵是o and ICA. In Ec嚇疇。宮， in made 位 Callej6n de H uaylas, in Peru, with th楚:盟秘bura ar蝕， 15 verifi臨lion lrials the Pro車rama Cooperativo de In­ were 輝tablished in ∞opera'諒。n with the vestigací6n del Maiz of the Uni呵呵idad Naciona1 Agrar油“La Molina". Trainln草 The maize team helped organize or assisted with five workshops during 1977. Two tropi帥I maize workshops were hel卓 別 CIAT， in February andJune,andfloury maÎZe workshops were convel抽d in Bolívia. in Ap俑， and in Ec關dor， inJuno. The team al帥 partìcipated in a floury maÎZe workshop in Mexico during 0 0- tober. FìfI峙前 prof，甜甜onals fro酷 ma誼e prollrams in the five Ar叫ean countries were 做制ified to re甜i"o trai您給嘉誠 CIMMYT and fi時臨給ntists from four of Figu問I. A扭扭mberof枷.CIMMyTlCIATm.... t.... d扭曲曲軸曲e períorman四 ()f improved the countries were 時nt 如 CIMMY吉姆 materiaJs beine grown in thtst on 俑，踹 trlals 細 participa時 in mai制 Z峙騙rch as vÎSi!閑在 Ecuador 臨時別時峙， H-24 警車77 CIAT Annu甜 R8!>Ort Table 2. P甜fon翩翩.of 的>e b甜言臨啦揖 V前提ttts at five I醜輔峙棚枷 the 1976-77 L<>穹的輔d Variety T rial (ENZAT弘 Locaüons and Yl elds (tl諒的 Peru Ecuador CIAl句Parrnira Cou喘n甜甜吋臨風 perfOf咽i08 varieties La Moli間 San Rat抽血 Boliche P產chilíngue J (J...) Il (M.r.) C叫。曲bia ICA H-302 3.5 (關%)' 4.8 (71海) 6.7 (87盤) lCA V-I06 J.7 (109%) lCA H-154 5.0 (10眾議} 80 佇立%) v ..揖 2.uda Comp. Semide.-71 3.2 (63%) 3.8 (鉛%) 4.6 (94%) Comp. 1nt. ~I 3.3 (97%) Var , Simeto 學 9 (90%) 10.0 (90思} Peru PMC祠IS 4.3 (倒略) POD-I 3.0 (88%) 5 生(1l2%) PMC-747 5.8 (紛%) 6.5 (8主腎) 9.2 (83~主} E.u‘曲E I漪IIAP-515 3.7 (73喝} 6.0 (l22%J Var-3 PiONORS: Acco毯nts 時間i\'ab!e from donors a$ at December :U. 1977 comprised 5摸瓜 Gùvern臨@耐心f Belgium: 1977 gr.綠草 149 Sp即制 proJ甜 41 Government 190 of 晶.U制ted Kingdo咽 Ba)ance of 1977 grant (capital) 4íl 。由ers 50 288 納悶悶站I Report 一 1-6 r h M 3 「 , e何 叫 F h w其 “ J ν J 區h 彎 d m t ， 三 A 也 a 品p 句 3已 g心 hm 耐 h丘 w AH 心 d。 A 3 a g o 9 z . ￡ 有 腦 m - 兮 n M = 門 的 M z 屑 譯g 2U愉 P c 。 h 告4R A -司 4 z 總 -d 4司 E { ω d h h令W Z h 口 M ， u M g C 爛V n欄 尚“ 。a C 、S d c s 哈 H 本 L U 拉M d抑 函 得 照 得 叭 拉 守 仇 " 叭 呵 串 ， ，、 主h 的 司Z 叫 d 樹 聽喜 R 冒H m緝 亂U M「 主 告 。 Q耐 當 z出Z 心 d合 悶 話 " e色M m M g情 償 ， z洲g E 凶 A h 的 、 需a國 悟 。 B 4 揖 的- 伊 “ “ 囂危U 里 呼G 宮M阻 m r 門 E 叭d績H 叫 " D仿 且隔 a益 例 p。 樹U 帆 W 品 。 h h 吼d 轍V G 怯 一 鍾m 》 w 叫 。M S 神 。 “ 。 z 倒 俗間 時 》 h ' mF、 餒 的草 、 區 } N d M 。 司您翩草 函a M看 .. 叭 。彎 、Z扣 M 第彎 圖M」 吭d 儡彎 景 怠R ， 鈕 叫 ， 點 樹- 這，u 道 。 M 圈、a E h a 輛萬4 。盟 Z泣a F S 劉叭 的Z 施"M ) 胡》 。ω“ F 開 喻 Z 綠 。 1]1 1 國 訕 祕 0 。 億 z俐 h d hhem ， 惘 。 a 。 。 @ ..唔， 醫護 @卜 昏 、 軍 A 叭 聖經莘 a 。自 。峭 。 笠 苔 倒 h 畫 黨 Z 例 的 畫 茍aM伽 A耐 W 例 ， 持 叫 m砂U o， 吋 雷 且 H w V 鍋 h 口ι 一 d M 爛 得 丸 稽 輩 ， 輩 ‘ M。 W z" S m a“ 物 L S E E 草 E 〈 的 E繁 單 m E a 屆 U 草 怠 首M 為 S 信 g榮 反喜 智 a 草 。 苟 鑒 -E全 軍 ω - 容 趕Eh 量 e俗 E也 當血& o音缸m Ha 語 言 E且 扭 回Zu n 審 a 幟h舞書〈量z"里 萃 C 書言 。 官 馳書 。 ，泊 " 的 舍" 的h益 E時 晶 E 。" 陣 m洲Za羽聽怒嘉言也ω。 量"倒u已Zu昌倆聲 L a 據 明 X 海EE z 百h，的§- E 晶 海s h 蓋 單 自 。〈 s 個。 。是a u w M峙h莘。 這三室弘E E J 忽 章 說恥 習BP F 峙發aH g S υ 紗里君 位 純 U E弘e 柄 忽 。 U 。砂 e 霍叫。這 莘 E 的昂 a o Z 宜。U Eg帽 A m 。舌 W "袋 g 亂“ 旱 這Ue單 E S 喜 鷹U誼 m當是 ￡ w 綠 』S宮首k 。 叫e。看E R J EqZB量 草u 」 EE重 里 勛a -d。一在E“ 綠 FE壽藍 w F E 他E D E曇章 U a - 皇a已 叫v E -E苦棚當E 缸 A 星轟 O O。S章o 。 E z是 “z Z 創 E P - aS"毯EZ U OO L O 盟 nE 。OL P a 幫"h ， 一星轟 L O o 紛 Z U 主 W Z m “ω 尸 起星岫 D E 主 Q v d 、 ""。 們 RHFO H O 旬唔 c ι6 a W椒 ，， M •• 鈞 第 M 岫 O 。 自R 們'、 寸、抖 ω 的 甘 仍愴 uqazz ~N W叫草 的問 心 "。 ' 呵。。 吶 N 阿 肌 $f M A做 。 肉 F 喵h 也 哈w V 贊M '" 爵&為M 的MF」 G g a 銘 。L h， 苟 ~ 的 "益 詞 問 更。a 。 刮 重 涓d s 起“ 到 細m a 草伊 血 盟ω幅gE 餐 ω 位 叫 M 句 n 學 劉 O 水 a “ 哲 a 剖 旬 一 明 線 " 叭 w 零， 茵 。由 :;; - 祠 駒m ，w • 會 祠， r、 闖 自 華 RqN f!: 2g 革 。 時 J!;;之 叫 "叭 惱。 N =$f 份 研 。。 。 單 缸 。守 黛 Z Q e Z K i E D m W 豆 a 農申訴巴佬蓋章 電 H 唱， 華 扭扭疆 N :;，牢 叭 。 曲 車 們 呵。 - m 明 " 可 V 唸a @。 E 心 。 " M蚵 總u m S灣 當 」 。 M 紗 '" "、 司 J E 【 m 閻 b S 帽 ' 叫 N E 晶 宮 u a h U ω g O 叫 怠b " 叫 乎UE告 Z川O 種S 話 “ 婆 它o w“ 獨 需a 種E 。 當 6雪 E 她 吟 媳 i E 錯麓 蔥 滯 § 3焉 U研 E 童。 銷州 辛兮 E誦 扭 童- h 晶 茗， “宇 A 安籠 n K a 。 圓n @E、 居 這 話 程一 n 莒E BW h建給 心S 眉 。M 晶 g 一紹g 拉 閥蔥 m 草口 倡M h ω 盼E倡 議 E m ξ 苦5話 詔 』 曹 O e由 w a“ 苦 臥H a 圭 咱 Zt 。 “ 宮 這 M g - 診 m 臣 M 綠 紛m 言Z 豈倪 誌h - 們 R 萬倒 "O uA a E 倒 B u' 書間能。 Z按e向 @ 每n A s M W 2益 - - U 局U ;是益巴Z 低 a 則 E M m a 也" 當 r 百 。E u-O 化 z要 寫 u趴嘗》ω 枷 叮 h 閥g g音，" U一L個v w譯、 。W j 叫 O H 艾 門E hC o詣5語M 。 給 ( H o第“ -。 也 M 可a 剖 z 昌 蛇m 益 且 h幫 ω 包m 。 粗H梢S u m。5法 一 }【 平" a混 8翎 圍 E。Aa E 開M 攝V h制晶恥 o晶 a "A 這 唸》hw器O“ 向W 話 - 紹泣3拉 a 點 s u ω“ 鷹M M "蕊 叫A h品宮v。宮g， z Z m 絢U 苟 叫 W 耳 滋 謂b “ 滋、 。" " 儡 話 盲 雜 ω毀 W 為E a 。 草 組M司 D耐- “。a8伯W 。 a亂 OF 囡d幟 5。A u 倫 g草h t 個 g E得 誌i鴛h誼旬 τ u 詞 Z g 心 理 E p C通』忌告 E 。 ω削 坦U 這 爛A 一 “G Z晶目 志- 關 且B M E 宮 C品州 白V S 婆i " 呵 A " 2 戶-電V 抄G L向 信S 寫OE萬B ， 2“U a 信 心 E 與w終必 苦 r臣E。h 闖 鴨恥 K 也w ， 呵 WM " 垃a E站M“ 且 [ 目 芯U …卜 U自 Z 翻da罷 恕f 君 芯恥 ω 。 苦 g。 U d E h 關 φ砂 υ O M 丘z 咿 W 去h》 ω S o "a t a怨" 月 。 d 是持d 訕 U m a， 貓 的 z 」- 凶 。U h 。 合 的 F 。 主 」 o D h 妞 ω A 臨 w k " J 話 υ ­ 戶 孟“ U w 這 司 戶 的 z 恥 U m 。 m 自 “ 阿 軒"翩翩I Report 側 向 心7 / SCHfDUlE 2 n:!'i T賊。 l!\H除!'