# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.author[].value
International Center for Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
Research activities carried out by CIAT in collaboration with national research institutions for the improvement of bean production in the Central American and Caribbean region are analyzed. In 1981, preliminary trials (EP) were planted in Costa Rica and Guatemala in an effort to identify promising materials in terms of tolerance to web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris), BGMV, angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola), rust (Uromyces phaseoli), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), and Ascochyta leaf spot (Ascochyta fabae). The international web blight nursery was assembled, being distributed to, and planted in, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama. The 1st international Apion nursery was also established; this nursery was planted in Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico to develop commercially acceptable bean var. with resistance to the bean pod weevil (Apion godmani). All nonblack materials of the EP nursery were evaluated for resistance to BGMV in the Monjas site, Guatemala. (Extract)

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
International cooperation.1983. In: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Bean Program. Annual Report 1981 . CIAT, Cali, CO. p. 179-194.  (Series 02EB(1)83)

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
International Center for Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Market information systems: empowering the private sector

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.author[].value
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Market information systems: empowering the private sector

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
CTA convened a working group of about 30 people at Wageningen in January 1997

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
CTA. 1997. Market information systems: empowering the private sector. Spore 69. CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.description[].value
Keen competition and the need for rapid access to reliable information are major elements in the food marketing chain now that

governments have pulled back and market systems are free of the burden of state management. Governments have not,

however, withdrawn completely from the scene and they must still ensure the transparency (although it may be somewhat

relative) that is essential for the smooth operation of an efficient marketing system. The key question is: what form should a

reliable, cheap and permanent market information system take and how can it be set up? 



As government monopolies and publicly owned marketing boards progressively withdraw from economic activity, the

emergence of a free market creates the need for new sources of information. Thus, for example, the prices of many foodstuffs

that were long controlled by the state are now having to respond to the ever changing balance between supply and demand.

Knowledge of all the factors affecting this balance, and at each stage of the chain, is essential for strategic planning by private

operators. The competition inherent in a free market also means that a capability to anticipate which way a market will move

will have a significant influence on whether businesses flourish or fail. Early access to reliable information may thus be vital to

success. 



Towards an efficient marketing system 



Those already active in the private sector, and especially market traders, usually have a very good information system that helps

them to keep their businesses on a sound footing. For example, the marketing chain that supplies Abidjan with onions from

Niger (in competition with imports from Europe), is controlled by fewer than ten large Hausa concerns. They dominate the

market in Abidjan and are closely in touch with consumer demand as to both price and quantity needed. They are also very

well informed about what is happening in the distant producing areas. Each business has a well-organized network of agents in

Niger that is provided with the credit necessary for purchase and dispatch of the onions and that ensures that information

reaches Abidjan in good time. Telephones and fax machines are the essential tools of this business. These master manipulators

do not, however, hesitate to pay other sources, and particularly customs officials, to supply data on a daily basis about

quantities in transit and expected dates of arrival. The Hausa businesses share information amongst themselves in order, for

example, to prevent a glut on the market that would reduce their profit margins by leading to a fall in prices. They are very

careful, however, to make sure that none of this information leaks out to new businesses trying to get into the import trade. 



A market is not truly efficient unless there is real competition. When there is competition for a piece of the market, and only

when there is competition, must limit their profit margins and reduce their costs by operating more efficiently Without sufficient

competition the mere throwing open of operations to the 'rules of the market place' is not without considerable risk regarding

both availability and price. In liberalizing the market the State must not evade its responsibilities in respect of equity and food

security. It must ensure that what replaces state control is professional, competitive and efficient. In the role of facilitator,

governments must ensure, as far as possible, that transparency prevails and that the information needs of new operators wishing

to enter the market are freely available. 



No single 'model' information system 



Quite apart from the normal practical difficulties of collecting information and then making it available, the diversity of marketing

systems and their scattered nature provide some indication of the complexity of the problem. No single type of information

system can be expected to satisfy completely all the various situations. Market information systems must therefore be built,

piece by piece, in relation to needs, to the resources available and to the characteristics of each component. In order to identify

a methodological approach that could be adjusted to any particular situation so that an information system suitable to each case

could be designed, CTA convened a working group of about 30 people at Wageningen in January 1997. The workshop participants identified seven different stages in this process: 



1. Identification of the type of marker is the essential first step. One case, for example, might concern a local traditional marker,

whereas another might relate to a more modern market dealing with high value products. The Output could be directed to the

domestic market, a regional market or a distant export market - or even to all three at the same time. The definition of the

market is fundamental to the whole exercise. 



2. Identification of potential users of the system and possible partners whose characteristics may differ considerably in the

various marketing systems. Some classes of possible users are farmers, traders, policy makers, cooperative managers,

scientists, transporters, development workers, processors, bankers and exporters. 



3. Analysis of the initial state of the market for information needs revolves around a three-pronged question. Who needs which

type of information and to what use will it be put? Such an analysis allows identification of the essential elements and a decision

to be made on the information system that will supply them. 



4. Identification of the key people in the market chain from the list of possible users under point 2 above. 



5. Identification of available information systems and equipment leads to an understanding of the way existing information

channels operate. In addition to the traditional media sources such as radio, newspapers, newsletters, and to standard

equipment such as telephones and faxes, other means of communication including visits, meetings, direct advice, professional

associations, producer groups and women's groups should also be used. 



G. Participatory analysis of all these stages is the final step before a specific plan of action is defined. Which types of

organization or institution should be involved? At what stable level can the need for complementarily between public and private

sectors be set? What are the costs? Who is going to pay and how? It would be better to use an existing system, if there is one,

to effect cost reductions rather than to attempt to start a new one from scratch. Preference should also be given, again in the

interests of cost effectiveness, to simpler and more flexible systems that can be more easily adapted to changing conditions. 



7. There must be a monitoring and evaluation system to measure the effectiveness of the information supplied. Easy access,

rapid availability and accuracy in the short and the long-term are some of the measures of effectiveness. The monitoring system

must be able to provide the data needed to assess how the information is employed and its value to the users of the system. 



The burden of state systems for cereal markets 



Existing information systems are very diverse in nature. The market information systems set up in the Sahel countries,

particularly those in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, about 10 years ago at the start of privatization of the wholesale trade are

the most complicated. 



Mali's system is based on collection of data from 56 standard wholesale, direct wholesale to consumer, and retail markets

scattered throughout the country. The information covers the millet, sorghum, maize and rice which are the staple foods of the

region. Data on the amounts traded each week in the main wholesale markets are collected. Quality considerations, for

example whole rice, broken rice, 40% broken rice/paddy mixture, are also taken into account. All the work involved in

collecting and analysing the data is done by the staff of the National Cereals Board. These people are usually former

storekeepers who were 'recycled' when the state monopolies were disbanded and the private sector took over. The scheme

makes use of about a hundred people on a part-time basis and ensures dissemination of the information by radio and in the

press. It also publishes a weekly price summary, a monthly commentary and a six monthly analysis of trends. 



Blanket cover allows the authorities to detect the least variation in price in any part of the country and to act rapidly if there is a

shortage or any other problem on the supply side. A recent survey paints a less rosy picture for potential private sector users of

this market information system. The survey attempted, through direct interviews, to assess the contribution of information

supplied by the system in relation to the real needs of each type of user. Producers in general clearly make little use of any of it.

On the one hand they have access only to the nearest markers, for which their information sources are more direct. On the

other hand there are many reasons, and especially the urgent need for cash, why they are always in such a poor bargaining

position vis-a-vis the large traders; knowledge of the retail price in the major urban markets would be of little help to them.

With regard to the large wholesale traders, their own information networks provide them with a daily update of the state of the

market. This is much more useful than the official information sources that are always, at least to some extent, out of date.

These traders do, however, have other information needs such as cross-border prices and public sector policy on food aid

that, were it not available to them, could upset all their planning. 



The small and medium-sized wholesalers who are now beginning to enter the market seem to be the most frequent users of

market information systems. These new traders are more specialized in the cereal markets than the very large concerns, who

often trade in a purely opportunistic way and are usually closer to the producing areas than they are to the major urban

markets. This type of business has no network of its own and is always looking for information from areas where it does not

have any agents. Information is not, however, the only factor mitigating against them becoming large scale operators as their

lack of access to credit is also a major problem. 



One possible way of responding to the needs of these new enterprises identified by the survey of the market information

systems would be to set up service centres in the major producing areas in the south of Mali that would provide information on

the demand for the main commodities. To try to stimulate regional trade these centres would supply all kinds of information

about the markets in neighboring countries. This is especially so in the case of Côte d'lvoire, which is a large food importer. The

information supplied would relate not only to price and the quality and quantity of the commodities being sought, but also to

legal aspects and to the possibilities of obtaining credit. 



These types of information systems have so far been operated as 'projects' by the main donor organizations who, in their turn,

now wish to withdraw. The problem of how they are going to be financed in future remains to be solved. One possibility is that

the state and international agencies, as well as traders, may be asked to subscribe for the information. Another is the imposition

of a general statistical tax if the information IS to remain in the public domain. There are very few other possibilities of financing

these very costly systems that were set up under Structural Adjustment Programmes and which may now have to be less

ambitious with regard to the scale of their operations. 



Harnessing the Informal sector 



The 'Economic Observatory of Senegalese Horticulture' has been operating in the Dakar market since 1994. Its strategy is

very different from that of state-managed systems and consists of organizing operators in the marketing chain in order to make

it more efficient. The initiative was taken by the Horticultural Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and by scientists of the

Agricultural Research Institute (Institut senegalais de recherche agricole, ISRA) which was already collecting price data in

Dakar. The origin of the system is thus in the state sector, but the private sector was also involved right from the start.

Foremost among the latter group was the National Horticultural Association (Conseil national interprofessionel de ['horticulture,

CNIH) which was set up to fight the challenge of other exporting countries, particularly Burkina Faso and Kenya, competing

for the European market. CNIH's membership comes from all levels of the marketing chain, including one association of large

and one of small exporters. All parts of the chain from both the public and private sectors meet every week to discuss

developments. The Agricultural Research Institute provides information on market prices, the Customs 



Service supplies data on imports and exports, and producers talk about the stage of development of their crops and indicate

disease problems that might be of interest to the research organization. The downstream side looks to what it might do if it

seems that there is going to be a gap in production and the upstream side can set about trying to respond to the market

demand. Papa Abdoulaye Seck, special adviser to the Director-General of ISRA, has said that 'As President Senghor would

have said, the Association both gives and takes because once people are together they can talk about their problems and find

common ground from which to manage the conflicts that are inevitable in a market chain in which the problems of one section

are not necessarily the same as those of another. Discussion leads to mutual understanding and to a consensus from which

everyone, including the consumer, benefits.' 



The effectiveness of the Observatory could be improved still further, particularly as a provider of information by, for example.

distributing to the various media the two page minutes of its weekly meeting. This would be cost effective because 'as everyone

freely gives of the information that he has there is very little additional expense.' 



The Senegalese Horticultural Observatory is lean, participatory and has practically no formal organizational structure. It has,

however, benefited from one especially favourable circumstance which Papa Seck considers very important: 'Agricultural

policy in our countries since independence has resulted in very little interference in the horticultural sector. When one is not

circumscribed and encumbered by directives it is natural to be self-reliant and to grasp the initiative. Horticulture was well to the

front when 'liberalization' and 'disengagement' became the watchwords. This is why private sector initiatives in horticulture have

flourished in recent years compared to those in other agricultural sectors that were for long under the yoke of tight government

control.' 



This clearly confirms that a single type of market information system cannot be applicable to all situations. It also shows the

need for those most closely involved in the business to be fully a part of it. 







Retail Price of Local Potatoes in Guinea (1996)

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
LMP process and its support for the incorporation of livestock in NAIPs

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
LMP process and its support for the incorporation of livestock in NAIPs

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Bahta, S.T. 2020. LMP process and its support for the incorporation of livestock in NAIPs. Presented at the Second Consultative workshop on 'Supporting Member States to incorporate Livestock in their NAIPS', Accra, Ghana, 10-12 March 2020. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
New cassava varieties for Cameroon: a technical guide

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
New cassava varieties for Cameroon: a technical guide

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Hanna, R., Njukwe, E., Amah, D., Tenkouano, A., Dixon, A., Nguenkam, A. ...& Ngoko, Z. 2012. New cassava varieties for Cameroon: a technical guide (p. 15). Ibadan: IITA.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Basic guidance for meat inspection in small-scale pig slaughtering in Vietnam

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.donor[].value
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Basic guidance for meat inspection in small-scale pig slaughtering in Vietnam

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
ILRI. 2020. Basic guidance for meat inspection in small-scale pig slaughtering in Vietnam. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Practical Handbook: For Managing Cassava Diseases, Pests, and Nutritional Disorders

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Practical Handbook: For Managing Cassava Diseases, Pests, and Nutritional Disorders

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Alvarez, E., A.C. Bellotti, L.A. Calvert, B. Arias, L.F. Cadavid López, B. Pineda, G.A. Llano, M. Cuervo. 2012. Practical handbook for managing cassava diseases, pests, and nutritional disorders. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to support Cassava Research and Development (CLAYUCA); Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Cali, CO, 115 p. (CIAT publication no. 378).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.author[].value
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
A machine for making yam mounds? Yes, we can!.

Yam is the king of the crops in West Africa and one of the most important energy sources for many African countries. However, the cultivation and preparation is hard work for farmers because yams are planted in mounds (30 to 50 cm high and 1 or 2 m apart). The advantage of the mound system in yam production includes loose soil conditions (for easy tuber penetration), the collection of fertile topsoil, water control, and ease of harvesting. Loose soil holds plenty of water and produces well-shaped yam tubers. Making mounds is very labour-intensive in yam cultivation and is one of the difficulties in yam production expansion and cost reduction in West Africa; others are low seed technology and pest and disease problems. Ryo Matsumoto and Haruki Ishikawa are working on mechanizing land preparation and making yam mounds using a small tiller in collaboration with Honda under the MAFF-Japan project supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF) Japan. The simple protocol for land preparation and making mounds with a small tiller (FJ-500 with New Yellow Ridger) was developed through collaboration activities (Fig. 1). First, plough well with a small tiller to soften the soil. Secondly, use the cross-ridging technique (vertical and horizontal cross ridging). Finally, make mounds using a hoe. It took two and a half hours from plowing to making 144 mounds with four people (less than 200 ml fuel was spent for land preparation in a 13 m × 13 m area.).　

The staff who tried this protocol said: “The most significant advantage of this process is that the soil becomes very soft. After land preparation with the small tiller, it is very easy to make mounds.”

Haruki Ishikawa, the project leader of MAFF project, said: “When Honda and I discussed yam production, I said it is very difficult (or impossible) to make yam mounds with a machine. Honda disliked the word "impossible" and saw a good opportunity to come up with a solution. The technique still needs improvement because part of the process is manual. But we started the collaboration, and as you may know that we, Japanese people, never give up on technical improvement.” 

Ryo Matsumoto said, “This is an entry point for mechanized yam cultivation. I hope that this protocol can help yam farmers in Nigeria. The small tiller can help in land preparation for yam and can be applied for yam seed tuber production.” 

Movies of the process from ploughing to yam mound making are available at

- IITA movie:
- Honda movie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdgbN...

If you are interested in a small tiller and attachment, please contact Honda Manufacturing (Nigeria) Ltd (sales.hondamanufacturingnigltd@honda-eu.com). For technical issues for land preparation for yam with the small tiller, please contact Ryo Matsumoto (r.matsumoto@agiar.org).

We will continue yam mechanization to reduce hard work and increase the scale of production.

Disclaimer: The use of any equipment in this video does not mean that IITA endorses the product or brand

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
IITA. 2021. Yam Mounds Making Machine. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Mekong Basin Focal Project: Synthesis report

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Mekong Basin Focal Project: Synthesis report

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
The Mekong Basin Focal Project aims were to assess water use, water productivity and
water poverty in the basin, and analyse the opportunities and risks of change in water
management that influences water poverty.
The main issue facing the Lower Mekong is not water availability (except for seasonally in
certain areas such as northeast Thailand) but the impact of changed flows (which may
result from dam or irrigation development or climate change) on ecology, fish production,
access to water and food security. Poverty is generally decreasing in the Mekong, but the
poorer people are not sharing in the improvements. Water governance and sharing of
benefits is a key challenge for the Mekong.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Kirby, M., Krittasudthacheewa, C., Mainuddin, M., Kemp-Benedict, E., Swartz, C. and Rosa, E. de la. 2009. Mekong Basin Focal Project: Synthesis report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Evaluation of the productivity of crossbred dairy cattle on smallholder and government farms in the Republic of Malawi

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Evaluation of the productivity of crossbred dairy cattle on smallholder and government farms in the Republic of Malawi

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
Reports the results of a study conducted to compare the important reproductive and productive traits of crossbred dairy cattle on smallholder farms and at multiplication and research cnetres at Malawi, to measure the influence of environment on dairy production traits, to assess the suitability of various crosses to the different agricultural areas, and to determine the trends in dairy production over the years.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
International Livestock Centre for Africa

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.author[].value
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
Pour introduire en toute sécurité de nouvelles variétés de canne à sucre dans les pays producteurs, il est nécessaire de vérifier qu'elles sont indemnes de maladies. En effet, la mosaïque, le rabougrissement ou le leaf scald peuvent...

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
CTA. 1988. La canne en quarantaine. Spore 14. CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.description[].value
Pour introduire en toute sécurité de nouvelles variétés de canne à sucre dans les pays producteurs, il est nécessaire de vérifier qu'elles sont indemnes de maladies. En effet, la mosaïque, le rabougrissement ou le leaf scald peuvent rapidement anéantir des plantations. Pour éviter ces problèmes, la serre de quarantaine de l'IRAT/CIRAD à Montpellier teste chaque année 120 variétés en provenance d'une quinzaine de pays. Des tests sérologiques sont effectués sur les boutures mises en culture, elles subissent ensuite un traitement thermothérapique systématique avant d'être renvoyées munies d'un certificat de quarantaine. D'autre part, une maladie nouvelle sur la canne à sucre proche du rabougrissement de l'arachide a récemment été mise en évidence. Apportée probablement par un TOBA MO virus, elle serait responsable de certaines baisses de rendement jusqu'alors inexpliquées dans les plantations de canne. Un test Elisa facile à utiliser sera prochainement disponible et permettra une première campagne de diagnostic de la maladie à travers l'Afrique.



Pour tous renseignements

IRAT/CIRAD

Service de quarantaine B P 5035

34032 Montpellier Cedex France

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Economic considerations for smallholder cattle milk and meat production and marketing. II. Production related aspects

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Economic considerations for smallholder cattle milk and meat production and marketing. II. Production related aspects

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
Identifies constraints to and opportunities for improved meat and milk production in Africa; w., particularly emphasis on the increase of the quantity and quality of feed, improved nutrition, genetic improvement, animal health delivery system and disease control; and finally on risk adoption which is a constraint to increased productivity in the process of technology development or policy formulation.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
International Livestock Centre for Africa

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Physiological responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties to Rhizobia inoculation, phosphorus application and sequential cropping system in Minna, Nigeria

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Physiological responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties to Rhizobia inoculation, phosphorus application and sequential cropping system in Minna, Nigeria

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
Cowpea is the most important grain legume in Nigeria but the yield obtained on farmers’ fields is far below the potential yield of the crop. This study aimed at exploiting rhizobia inoculation, phosphorus application, varietal differences and sequential cropping system to improve the productivity and profitability of cowpea per unit area in Minna, Nigeria. A glasshouse and two field experiments were conducted between 2015 and 2017. The glasshouse experiment was a factorial combination of four nitrogen sources (uninoculated, inoculated with USDA 3451 and USDA 3384 rhizobia strains and 90 kg N ha-1), soils collected from 20 locations in the Nigerian savannas and two varieties of cowpea (IT93K-452-1 and IT99K-573-1-1) replicated three times and laid in a completely randomized design. The first of the field experiments conducted on three farmers’ fields in Minna was a factorial combination of three nitrogen sources (uninoculated, inoculated with USDA 3451 and USDA 3384 rhizobia strains), three phosphorus rates (control, 20 kg P ha-1 and 40 kg P ha-1) and three varieties (IT93K-452-1, IT99K-573-1-1 and TVX-3236) in the first year. In the second and third year of planting, the strains were replaced with BR 3262 and BR 3267 and 90 kg N ha-1 was added as part of the treatments. The treatments were laid in randomized complete block design. The second field experiment evaluated the performance of six cowpea varieties (IT93K-452-1, IT99K-573-1-1, TVX-3236, Kanannado, Oloyin and IT90K-76) in cowpea sequential cropping system. Data were collected on growth, yield, nodulation and physiological parameters. The results revealed that the cowpea varieties successfully formed symbiosis with the introduced rhizobia strains in all the locations. Rhizobia inoculation increased nodulation in 11 out of the 20 locations with percentage increase ranging from 4 to 43%. Plants fertilized with 90 kg N ha-1 had significantly higher biomass yield than the inoculated and uninoculated plants which had similar biomass yield. Phosphorus significantly (P≤0.05) increased the photosynthetic activities, nodulation, N-fixation, growth and yield of the cowpea varieties in the three years with application of 20 kg P ha-1 increasing grain yield by 49-95% over the control. Significant interactions exists between rhizobia inoculation, phosphorus and varieties on some growth and yield attributes. IT99K-573-1-1 maintained the highest productivity among the varieties however, TVX-3236 appeared to be more P efficient having significantly higher growth rate, nodule weight and grain yield at lower P rates. Number of pods per plant had the highest correlation coefficient with grain yield in the three years (r=0.79). Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI) and quantum yield of photosystem II (Phi 2) explained 67.29% of the variation in grain yield (R2= 67.29%) and these three physiological parameters could significantly predict the grain yield. All the varieties were successfully planted in two sequence in each growing season except Kanannado and there was significant variation in the growth and yield attributes of the cowpea varieties in sequential cropping system. IT93K-452-1, IT99K-573-1-1, TVX-3236 and IT90K-76 all had significantly higher (P≤0.05) grain yield and profitability with gross margin ranging between ₦407,910 and ₦1,131, 967 than Oloyin and Kanannado varieties which had gross margin range of -₦123,065 and ₦88,931. Similarly, double cropping of these four varieties increased the gross margin by an average of 115% in 2016 and 140% in 2017 over the traditional system of planting once. It can be concluded from these results that N limits the productivity of cowpea in some soils of Nigerian savannas and rhizobia inoculation with highly effective strains than what was used in this study can overcome this limitation. CGR, LAI and Phi 2 could be exploited to increase the grain yield of cowpea through agronomic practices and plant breeding programs. Application of 20 kg P ha-1 is sufficient for the optimum performance of cowpea in the study area and double cropping of improved, early and medium maturing varieties of cowpea per season is capable of increasing the productivity and profitability of cowpea in the study area.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Adediran, O.A. (2019). Physiological responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties to Rhizobia inoculation, phosphorus application and sequential cropping system in Minna, Nigeria. Minna: Federal University of Technology. (278 p.).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Advanced field-based phenotyping methods and opportunities for improving genetic gain in crop improvement

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.donor[].value
Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, France

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Advanced field-based phenotyping methods and opportunities for improving genetic gain in crop improvement

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Zaman-Allah, M. 2022. Advanced field-based phenotyping methods and opportunities for improving genetic gain in crop improvement. Mexico: CIMMYT. https://hdl.handle.net/10883/22399

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
G2 Productive, profitable, and resilient agriculture and aquaculture systems

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
G2 Productive, profitable, and resilient agriculture and aquaculture systems

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
CPWF. 2011. Project Proposal. Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo, Sri Lanka

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.crp[].value
Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.author[].value
CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
In 2011 CCAFS Coordinating Unit (CCAFS CU) initiated a carbon footprint plan including emission reduction targets and offsetting. This report follows up on actions and targets for 2015.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
CCAFS. 2015. CCAFS CU Carbon footprint report 2015. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Discovery of a novel coronavirus in Swedish bank voles (Myodes glareolus)

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.affiliation[].value
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Discovery of a novel coronavirus in Swedish bank voles (Myodes glareolus)

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
The unprecedented pandemic COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with bats as original reservoirs, has once again highlighted the importance of exploring the interface of wildlife diseases and human health. In this study, we identified a novel Betacoronavirus from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Grimsö, Sweden, and this virus is designated as Grimso virus. Repeated detection over three years and an overall prevalence of 3.4% suggest that the virus commonly occurs in bank voles. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Grimso virus belongs to a highly divergent Embecovirus lineage predominantly associated with bank voles. Given that bank voles are one of the most common rodent species in Sweden and Europe, our findings indicate that Grimso virus might be circulating widely in bank voles and further point out the importance of sentinel surveillance of coronaviruses in wild small mammalian animals, especially in wild rodents.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Wasberg, A., Raghwani, J., Li, J., Pettersson, J.H.-O., Lindahl, J.F., Lundkvist, Å. and Ling, J. 2022. Discovery of a novel coronavirus in Swedish bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Viruses 14(6): 1205.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
The impact of climate change on interdependence for microbial genetic resources for agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.cg.contributor.crp[].value
Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
The impact of climate change on interdependence for microbial genetic resources for agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
Interactions among crops and microbes influence the quality, productivity, and sustainability of food production systems. Microbes, both beneficial and antagonistic, and the array of functions they perform are currently underestimated. Nutrient cycling microbes, endophytes, mycorrhizae, and natural enemies of pests and diseases contribute to durable farming systems, while other microbes are responsible for devastating diseases and toxin contamination of crops. Crops and microbes must therefore be considered together when considering why, and the extent to which, countries are interdependent upon them. In this context, microbial genetic resources (MGRs) are defined as functional units of heredity such as DNA or RNA and do not include biochemical extracts (Glowka 1995).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Beed F. 2011. The impact of climate change on interdependence for microbial genetic resources for agriculture. In: Fujisaka S, Williams D, Halewood M, eds. The impact of climate change on countries’ interdependence on genetic resources for food agriculture. Background Study Paper No. 48. Rome, Italy: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO)

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Principios de acceso a Recursos Genéticos Forrajeros. Taller del Grupo de Pastizales y Cultivos Forrajeros. Tapachula, México, 15 de abril de 2013

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Principios de acceso a Recursos Genéticos Forrajeros. Taller del Grupo de Pastizales y Cultivos Forrajeros. Tapachula, México, 15 de abril de 2013

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Debouck, D.G.2013.Principios de acceso a Recursos Genéticos Forrajeros.  Taller del Grupo de Pastizales y Cultivos Forrajeros. Tapachula, México, 15 de abril de 2013

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Priority setting for small ruminant research

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Priority setting for small ruminant research

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.abstract[].value
The limited resources available to national agriculture research and extension systems in Africa will allow only top priority areas to be funded. Priority identification must take into account farmers' objectives and those of national planners. A farming systems approach is essential to determine farmers' objectives and constraints and to identify appropriate solutions. Such information is an essential prerequisite in the formulation of research programmes, which must be backed up by a thorough review of the literature. Small ruminants may or may not be a national priority.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.bibliographicCitation[].value
Reynolds, L. 1993. Priority setting for small ruminant research. In: Lebbie, S.H.B., Rey, B. and Irungu, E.K. 1993. Small ruminant research and development in Africa: Proceedings of the Second Biennial Conference of the African Small Ruminant Research Network, AICC, Arusha, Tanzania, 7-11 December 1992. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ILCA and Wageningen, The Netherlands: CTA.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dcterms.publisher[].value
International Livestock Centre for Africa

# _embedded.facets[].minValue
(ICARDA), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
International Food Policy Research Institute

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
International Center for Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
International Center for Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
International Food Policy Research Institute

# _embedded.facets[].maxValue
West and Central African Food Systems Transformation

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
Gender equality, youth and social inclusion

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
International Food Policy Research Institute

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
International Center for Tropical Agriculture

# _embedded.facets[]._embedded.values[].label
United States Agency for International Development