Case study #04: Ghana – Cocoa farming systems, varietal and species diversification, and carbon sinks in the Kakum Landscape

This case study analyzes how cocoa production systems in the Kakum landscape of Ghana have contributed to the loss of biodiversity and reduction of carbon sinks through agricultural expansion into forested areas and the adoption of full-sun cocoa monocultures. The document identifies key drivers such as falling yields, aging of farmers and trees, perverse incentives in tree ownership, and weak forest law enforcement. Based on an extensive review and consultations with local actors, the study highlights integrated solutions: dynamic agroforestry, diversification of species and varieties, cocoa certification, community resource management (CREMAs), agricultural insurance and REDD+ programs. Evidence shows that cocoa agroforestry can simultaneously improve productivity, biodiversity, livelihoods and climate mitigation, positioning the Kakum Landscape as a replicable model of nature-positive food systems in West Africa.