​On-farm agricultural management interventions to reduce nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane emissions from arable crop, livestock and rice systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): ​A systematic evidence and gap map protocol

This Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) systematically identifies, describes, and visualises the available evidence on on-farm agricultural management interventions that influence nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emission intensity (primary outcomes), and, where reported, absolute CH₄ and N₂O emissions (secondary outcomes), across arable crop, livestock, and rice systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). By integrating information on biophysical outcomes, yield-scaled and product-scaled emission metrics, life-cycle boundaries, and—when available—productivity and economic measures, the EGM provides a comprehensive picture of the breadth, depth, and distribution of existing evidence. This synthesis will support targeted research investment, guide climate-smart agricultural planning, and highlight priority gaps for future policy and innovation.