Spatial inequality in education and health care in China

Zhang, Xiaobo; Kanbur, Ravi. 2003. Spatial inequality in education and health care in China. CEPR Discussion Paper. https://cepr.org/publications/dp4136

While increasing income inequality in China has been commented on and studied extensively, relatively little analysis is available on inequality in other dimensions of human development. Using data from different sources, this Paper presents some basic facts on the evolution of spatial inequalities in education and healthcare in China over the long run. In the era of economic reforms, as the foundations of education and healthcare provision have changed, so has the distribution of illiteracy and infant mortality. Across provinces and within provinces, between rural and urban areas and within rural and urban areas, social inequalities have increased substantially since the reforms began.