Quantitative approaches to measure peace co-benefits of food and land systems: Quantitative evaluation framework

Climate interventions in fragile and conflict-affected contexts are increasingly expected to deliver not only environmental and economic benefits, but also contribute to social stability and peace. Evaluating these broader impacts presents important methodological challenges, as climate programs operate through complex pathways linking environmental conditions, livelihoods, and social dynamics. The empirical literature has progressively developed approaches that integrate household survey data, geospatial information, and quasi-experimental methods to capture both direct and indirect effects of climate interventions. This framework synthesises these approaches by organising outcome variables, confounding factors, mediating mechanisms, geospatial requirements, and modelling strategies into a structure grounded in existing empirical work. The objective is to provide a systematic overview of how climate interventions can be evaluated using available data sources, while highlighting the main methodological trade-offs and challenges identified in the literature.