CGIAR Initiative on Fragility, Conflict, and Migration
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/128444
Part of the CGIAR Action Area on Systems Transformation
https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/fragility-conflict-and-migration
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item HER+ Sustainable Land Management Trial in Ethiopia: Endline Survey(Dataset, 2025-04-07) International Food Policy Research InstituteThe HER+ Sustainable Land Management Study is a randomized controlled trial evaluating a bundled intervention that provides training and inputs (including 4-6 fruit tree seedlings, vegetable seeds, and tools) to encourage extremely poor rural Ethiopian households to adopt three complementary sustainable land management (SLM) practices: fruit tree planting, composting, and home gardening. The baseline survey was conducted in May-June 2023, followed by the intervention, with the endline study completed in May-June 2024. The study covers 95 sub-districts, with 20 households randomly selected in each sub-district from among beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) who met pre-specified eligibility criteria, resulting in a total sample of 1,900 households. The data presented here is from the endline survey.Item Double burden or Newfound freedom? Women’s empowerment amid large-scale male labor migration from rural Tajikistan(Working Paper, 2025-07-09) Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Mardonova Tolibkhonovna, Mohru; Pechtl, Sarah; Teirlinck, CharlotteLabor migration is generally motivated by the prospect of higher earnings abroad, and many migrants support their left-behind household members through remittances. Migrants’ long-term absence from home may, however, also affect intra-household dynamics among those remaining behind. Relying on primary qualitative data as well as quantitative data from 938 married women, we analyze empowerment impacts of migration on women in rural southern Tajikistan. Tajikistan is one of the most remittance-dependent countries in the world. A large share of young men migrates internationally, leaving behind – and often supporting – a multi-generational household. Yet, strong social norms limit the decision-making power and mobility of women, particularly of young women. Whereas senior women report noticeable differences when their spouses migrate, this is far less so for young women who live with their parents-in-law. Our study demonstrates that accounting for a respondent’s position within the household is key to understanding empowerment outcomes of its members.Item Measuring conflict and political violence using ACLED Data – practical guidelines(Presentation, 2025-06-30) Marivoet, Wim; Hema, AboubacarItem Effect of adding milk to a micronutrient fortified high-energy biscuit school feeding programme in Yemen: A cluster-randomised controlled trial(Journal Article, 2025) Bliznashka, Lilia; Michail, Monica George; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Gelli, Aulo; Hamid Hossam Al-Qadi, Ahmed Abdel; Saif Al-Ariqi, Munir Hassan; Hanash Qasim, Wajdan Hanash; Qawi Al-Athouri, Saeed Abdul; Hamid Ahmed Abdullah, Majed Abdel; Ali Naji Iskandar, Samia Majed; Hamoud Al-Battah, Nazma Saleh; Hamid Mansour, Salah Fazaa; Mohammed Al-Saadi, Samar Saeed; Goel, Mayank; ElHelbawy, Sherif; Rahman Qasem, Adeeb Abdul; Bahader, Hussein; Al-Haj, Waleed Mohammed; Al-Qasus, Adnan Yahya; Ohiarlaithe, Micheal; Suliman, Hala; Ghimire, Pramila; AlSabahi, Mohammed; AlBasha, Muna; Alameri, Abdulhafeed; Akther, Shahida; Qahtani, Fadhl Abdullah; Basaleem, Mohammed; Hassan, Mustafa; Bawazir, SamahBackground Two billion children globally are estimated to live in conflict-affected areas. School feeding programmes (SFPs) are a widely implemented safety net that supports children during and after conflict. Objective We evaluated the effectiveness of providing milk alongside a high energy biscuits (HEBs) SFP in Yemen on children’s and caregivers’ outcomes. Methods We implemented a two-arm longitudinal cluster-randomised controlled trial from December 2023 to May 2024. 42 schools in Al Mukha district were randomly assigned (1:1) to: control, where children received HEBs (2 packets (100 grams) daily), or milk, where children received HEBs plus a 120 ml carton of ultra-high temperature milk. Children aged 6-18 years were randomly selected for enrolment. The primary outcomes were children’s dietary diversity and milk consumption. Secondary outcomes were children’s cognition, learning, attendance, nutritional status, and health. Tertiary outcomes were child and caregiver mental health, and household food security. We conducted intent-to-treat analysis using linear mixed effects models accounting for clustering. Results 1,299 children were enrolled. After five months, the intervention increased milk consumption, but had no effect on dietary diversity. Children’s cognition [mean difference (MD) 1.00 (95% CI 0.40, 1.61)], literacy [1.14 (0.36, 1.92)], and numeracy [1.06 (0.46, 1.67)] scores improved. Cough symptoms declined: -0.12 (-0.2, -0.03). There were no changes in school attendance or nutritional status. The intervention reduced conduct problems in children [-0.52 (-0.97, -0.08)], severe anxiety in caregivers [-0.03 (-0.06, -0.001)], and household severe food insecurity [-0.09 (-0.17, -0.001)]. Conclusions Adding a daily milk drink to an HEB SFP in Yemen resulted in numerous benefits for children and their families. Hybrid models to incrementally improve meal quality are feasible, acceptable, and lead to meaningful impacts. More research is needed on medium- and long-term benefits.Item Gender dynamics within food systems in displacement contexts: Experiences from displaced populations in Nampula, Mozambique(Journal Article, 2025-06-11) Synnestvedt, Thea; Maviza, Gracsious; Maphosa, MandlenkosiIn Nampula province, Mozambique, internally displaced and refugee communities live in settlements situated at the outskirts of Nampula city. This paper explores the intersection of gender and food systems in displacement contexts by focusing on the experiences of displaced populations and examining how displacement exacerbates existing gender inequalities and shapes access to food resources and livelihoods. It delves deeper into the barriers and opportunities men and women face in orienting themselves within food systems in displacement contexts. A participatory rural appraisal methodology, disaggregated by gender, was implemented in displaced communities in Nampula. The gendered analysis found that displacement dynamics affected food systems, where gender dynamics play a central role in determining resilience capacities. The findings of this study contribute to the scholarship on the nexus between climate security, food security and gender, bringing internally displaced and refugee communities into the fore of food system discussions.Item How are climate, security, and human mobility dynamics interrelated in Pakistan?(Working Paper, 2025-04-21) Khalid, Shahab; Savelli, Adam; Vaselli, Alessandra; Carneiro, Bia; Pacillo, Grazia; Laderach, PeterPakistan faces a complex and interlinked set of challenges at the intersection of climate change, conflict, and mobility, which collectively exacerbate human insecurity and state fragility. This paper identifies three key pathways through which these drivers interact, often in non-linear and overlapping ways. The first pathway illustrates how climate-induced disruptions to land, water, and food systems—especially in the Indus Basin—intensify livelihood loss and social tensions, increasing the likelihood of conflict and displacement. The second pathway explores how climate- and conflict-induced displacement, when poorly managed, can overwhelm state capacity, deepen social grievances, and trigger secondary conflict in both origin and destination areas. The third examines how climate hazards and displacement can aggravate ongoing conflicts, weaken peacebuilding processes, and fuel recruitment by armed groups. The analysis underscores the urgent need for integrated, context-sensitive approaches to climate resilience, displacement, and peacebuilding in Pakistan by drawing on examples across Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.Item The unequal effects of resettlement in Coastal Regions: An intersectional vulnerability analysis of resettled fisher communities in Saint Louis, Senegal(Journal Article, 2025-06-01) Renkamp, Theresa Marie; Reine, Hane Marie; Jaquet, Stéphanie; Medina, Leonardo; Bonatti, Michelle; Sieber, StefanThe coast of West Africa is particularly affected by coastal erosion and inundation as a result of sea-level rise. Managed resettlement has emerged as a crucial adaptation strategy for vulnerable coastal communities. However, the retreat of fisher communities and unequal resettlement outcomes in the Global South remain under-researched. This study seeks to examine how the vulnerability of various groups within fisher communities has evolved following their resettlement inland. Given the highly gendered division of labour in fishery-based livelihoods – and its effects on intra-household and community power relations – a contextually grounded vulnerability analysis must consider not only livelihood provision but also reproductive labour and structural causes of vulnerability. For this, the study applies a framework informed by feminist political ecology and intersectionality. A comparative case study analysis of resettled fisherfolks in Saint Louis, Senegal, was conducted through a mixed method approach, including a quantitative survey (n = 115), focus group discussions, and participatory mapping exercises. An intersectional analysis was conducted across social groups defined by location, gender, age, marital status, wives’ position, and household status. An increase in vulnerability was observed followingresettlement due to everyday struggles in providing livelihood, precarious living conditions affecting social reproductive work, and exposure to gender-based violence and criminality within the resettlement. As the adaptive capacity of certain groups, including young unmarried individuals and women, was especially diminished due to social isolation, limited agency and work opportunities, the resettlement increased marginalisation. Overall, the study shows that mismanagement of resettlement projects can lead to maladaptation. A successful resettlement necessitates a balanced, context-specific approach, combining immediate recovery efforts with strategic, long-term planning, and acknowledging communities' livelihood traditions as well as intersectional vulnerabilities.Item Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala: Perspectivas locales de la aldea Las Uvas, municipio de El Progreso, departamento de Jutiapa(Report, 2025-06-09) Madurga Lopez, Ignacio; Penel, Charlotte; Higuera Florez, Julian; Morales, Reyna; Palou, NoheliaEste documento es un resumen de los resultados del estudio Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala para el caso de estudio de la comunidad de Las Uvas, municipio de El Progreso (Guatemala). Este estudio exploró las interrelaciones entre la migración irregular y los impactos del cambio climático desde una perspectiva de género en Las Uvas mediante la evidencia basada en el conocimiento y las experiencias locales. El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido identificar los principales factores impulsores y causas raíz de la migración irregular de distintos grupos poblacionales, incluyendo a mujeres, niños, niñas, personas con discapacidad y pueblos indígenas, y comprender en detalle cómo estos se ven afectados por el cambio climático. Además, se buscó identificar soluciones locales para la construcción de resiliencia y la cohesión social que apoyen el abordaje de las principales causas de la migración irregular identificadas dentro de Las Uvas.Item Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala: Perspectivas locales de la comunidad de Xöconilaj, municipio de Santa Bárbara, departamento de Huehuetenango(Report, 2025-06-09) Penel, Charlotte; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio; Higuera Florez, Julian; Palou, NoheliaEste documento es un resumen de los resultados del estudio Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala para el caso de estudio de la comunidad de Xöconilaj, municipio de Santa Bárbara (Guatemala). Este estudio exploró las interrelaciones entre la migración irregular y los impactos del cambio climático desde una perspectiva de género en Xöconilaj mediante la evidencia basada en el conocimiento y las experiencias locales. El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido identificar los principales factores impulsores y causas raíz de la migración irregular de distintos grupos poblacionales, incluyendo a mujeres, niños, niñas, personas con discapacidad y pueblos indígenas, y comprender en detalle cómo estos se ven afectados por el cambio climático. Además, se buscó identificar soluciones locales para la construcción de resiliencia y la cohesión social que apoyen el abordaje de las principales causas de la migración irregular identificadas dentro de Xöconilaj.Item Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala: Perspectivas locales de la comunidad de El Rincón, municipio de Sibilia, departamento de Quetzaltenango(Report, 2025-06-09) Penel, Charlotte; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio; Higuera Florez, Julian; Palou, NoheliaEste documento es un resumen de los resultados del estudio Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala para el caso de estudio de la comunidad de El Rincón en el municipio de Sibilia (Guatemala). Este estudio exploró las interrelaciones entre la migración irregular y los impactos del cambio climático desde una perspectiva de género en El Rincón mediante la evidencia basada en el conocimiento y las experiencias locales. El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido identificar los principales factores impulsores y causas raíz de la migración irregular de distintos grupos poblacionales, incluyendo a mujeres, niños, niñas, personas con discapacidad y pueblos indígenas, y comprender en detalle cómo estos se ven afectados por el cambio climático. Además, se buscó identificar soluciones locales para la construcción de resiliencia y la cohesión social que apoyen el abordaje de las principales causas de la migración irregular identificadas dentro de El Rincón.Item Irregular migration, climate change, and gender in Guatemala: local perspectives(Brief, 2025-06-04) Penel, Charlotte; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio; Higuera Florez, Julian; Palou, NoheliaItem Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala: Perspectivas locales del caserío de Chisnan, municipio de San Miguel Ixtahuacán, departamento de San Marcos.(Report, 2025-05-25) Madurga Lopez, Ignacio; Penel, Charlotte; Higuera Florez, Julian; Palou, NoheliaEste documento es un resumen de los resultados del estudio Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala para el caso de estudio del Caserío de Chisnan en el municipio de San Miguel Ixtahuacán (Guatemala). Este estudio exploró las interrelaciones entre la migración irregular y los impactos del cambio climático desde una perspectiva de género en Chisnan mediante la evidencia basada en el conocimiento y las experiencias locales. El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido identificar los principales factores impulsores y causas raíz de la migración irregular de distintos grupos poblacionales, incluyendo a mujeres, niños, niñas, personas con discapacidad y pueblos indígenas, y comprender en detalle cómo estos se ven afectados por el cambio climático. Además, se buscó identificar soluciones locales para la construcción de resiliencia y la cohesión social que apoyen el abordaje de las principales causas de la migración irregular identificadas dentro de Chisnan.Item Migración irregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala: Perspectivas locales(Infographic, 2025-05-31) Penel, Charlotte; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio; Higuera Florez, Julian; Palou, NoheliaItem Strategies for building resilient pastoral and agropastoral systems in Africa(Conference Paper, 2025-06) Whitbread, Anthony M.; Ba, Baba; Banerjee, Rupsha R.; Dhulipala, Ram; Flintan, Fiona E.; Houessionon, Prosper; Joseph, E.; Olesikilal, Birikaa; Paliwal, Ambica; Sarr, A.; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Sircely, Jason; Worou, O.N.; Wane, AbdrahmaneItem Migración iregular, cambio climático y género en Guatemala: Reporte Completo(Report, 2025-05-16) Penel, Charlotte; Madurga Lopez, Ignacio; Higuera Florez, Julian; Palou, NoheliaEl presente estudio exploró las interrelaciones entre la migración irregular y los impactos del cambio climático desde una perspectiva de género en Guatemala mediante la evidencia basada en el conocimiento y las experiencias locales. Esta investigación fue motivada por la notable ausencia de un estudio comprehensivo enfocado en Guatemala que integre un enfoque interseccional de género para mirar a la migración relacionada con el cambio climático. El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido identificar los principales factores impulsores y causas raíz de la migración irregular en Guatemala de distintos grupos poblacionales, incluyendo a mujeres, niños, niñas, personas con discapacidad y pueblos indígenas, y comprender en detalle cómo estos se ven afectados por el cambio climático. Además, se buscó identificar soluciones locales para la construcción de resiliencia y la cohesión social que apoyen el abordaje de las principales causas de la migración irregular identificadas dentro de las comunidades afectadas.Item Intersections of climate, security and human mobility in the community of Cedeño, Marcovia, department of Choluteca, Honduras(Report, 2025-05-14) Palou-Zuniga, Nohelia; Higuera-Florez, JulianRecent research has determined the importance of analyzing the relationship between climate variability and the dynamics of insecurity, violence and human mobility in Honduras and other countries in the region. Most of these efforts tend to focus on data and studies that demonstrate the correlations between these variables at the regional or national level in order to inform programs and strategies for climate change, citizen security, migration, displacement, natural resource management, food security, among others. However, this study aims to make a local level analysis of these interrelationships to capture the climatic, environmental, social, economic and cultural specificities of a single community: Cedeño, municipality of Marcovia, department of Choluteca. This proposal aims to highlight the importance of understanding local specificities in order to inform as accurately as possible the eventual policies, programs, strategies or interventions designed for the region. Using qualitative methodologies with an ethnographic and participatory approach, this report identifies and develops the local causal pathways of the climate security and human mobility nexus in the community of Cedeño, accounting for local experiences and the need to address the problems studied in a systemic and participatory method. Thus, the five causal pathways of climate security and human mobility identified in this community were: 1. Displacements caused by coastal erosion and flooding shape the dynamics of conflict and cooperation around access to basic services and land tenure in safe areas. 2. Some individuals and families in flood zones experience involuntary immobility, exacerbating their vulnerability and associated human security risks. 3. Environmental degradation influenced by economic activities impacts livelihoods, exacerbating human security risks and increasing people's climate vulnerability. 4. Climate impacts and hydrological phenomena that impact the main livelihood force mobility towards neighboring areas with greater marine and coastal resources, increasing the safety risks for fishermen. 5. Human mobility to rural, urban and international destinations generates opportunities to cope with the loss of traditional livelihoods, although it is also associated with perceptions and risks of insecurity. Similarly, this research includes seven collective action proposals from the inhabitants of the village of Cedeño to address the interrelated issues of climate, security and human mobility in the community. It is important to emphasize that just as the causal pathways analysis highlighted the need to recognize and address the problems in a systemic way, these proposals and action plans also aim to implement systemic solutions to the challenges analyzed. As in the identification and development of local causal pathways, the participatory approach was fundamental in the formulation of these proposals, ensuring that the solutions reflect the experiences, needs and priorities of the community's inhabitants.Item Welcoming the newcomers our way(Blog Post, 2025-04-09) Takaindisa, JoyceMainstream perceptions in public, media, and policy discourses predominantly assign the responsibility of integrating internally displaced persons (IDPs) to local and national institutions. Much academic attention has tended to focus on the role of state institutions in international migration, side-lining community-centric approaches of integration in internal migration or displacement. Moreover, the integration literature is predominantly Eurocentric, with a strong focus on integration dynamics in Europe and the USA as a ‘crisis.’ Consequently, the bulk of research studies have tended to focus on integration of persons who have crossed borders to seek refuge or asylum in another country, akin to what has been described as the mono-directional conceptual flow sourced in the Global North. Rarely do scholars and policy makers consider the role of traditional integration mechanisms in fostering social cohesion and peace among IDPs and receiving communities.Item From farm to table: Women at the agriculture-nutrition nexus(Presentation, 2025-03-13) Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Kyle, Jordan; Kosec, Katrina; Ragasa, Catherine; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Kumar, Neha; Sawhey, Tinni; Gonzalez, Teresa; Madero, Ana; Mittrick, Caitlin; Myers, Emily; Rapada, Amica; Adida, Claire, L.; Mo, Cecilia Hyunjung; Matanock, Aila M.; Arriola, Leonardo; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Fisher, RachelPresentation titles: Women in the Agriculture-Nutrition Pathways How Can Anticipatory Action Programming Support Women? Improving Women’s Livelihoods and Gender Equality through Women’s and Men’s Leadership and Advocacy Trainings in Rural Nigeria Role of Policy in Agriculture-Nutrition-Empowerment Nexus At a session of the Civil Society Organizations and Nongovernmental Organizations Forum during the 69th Commission on the Status of Women, researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) shared evidence and policy insights on women’s role in the agriculture-nutrition pathways in fragile settings. The presentations highlighted recent research on different aspects of how women might become empowered in fragile food systems: (1) through women’s self-help groups in India and health and nutrition; (2) through anticipatory action programming and humanitarian assistance in Nigeria and Nepal; (3) through advocacy trainings in Nigeria; and (4) through voice in the policymaking process for both agriculture and nutrition. Geographic scope: Regional, National Geographic Location: Regions: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia Countries: • Nigeria – field research, leadership training, and policy applications • India – synthesis of impact evaluations, policy assessment tool applied • Nepal – application of gender framework • United States – location of the UN event in New York This reflects both the locations of implementation and impact and the event venue.Item Protecting 90 million refugees on climate crisis frontlines(Case Study, 2025-04-30) Laderach, Peter; Craparo, AlessandroAlliance Bioversity –CIAT researchers—as part of the CGIAR Research Initiative on Fragility, Conflict, and Migration (FCM)—provided key evidence for UNHCR’s groundbreaking report on conflict, climate, and displacement. Providing clear evidence that more than 90 million refugees and forcibly displaced people are exposed to climate-related hazards has empowered UNHCR to reinforce its advocacy. The UN agency urges climate negotiators, funders, and policymakers to protect these most vulnerable populations.Item Local solutions for transformative development and sustainable futures(Blog, 2025-04-24) Gadu, Siyaxola; Maviza, Gracsious; Maphosa, MandlenkosiMembers of the CGIAR FOCUS Climate Security Team in Southern Africa attended the 2025 NUST-WFP National Symposium in Zimbabwe, themed “Building Resilient Communities for Sustainable Futures.”. The symposium brought together officials from various government ministries, academia, development partners, and civil society organisations.