CGIAR Initiative on Foresight

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/117889

Part of the CGIAR Action Area on Systems Transformation.

Primary CGIAR impact area: Poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs

https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/24-foresight-and-metrics-to-accelerate-inclusive-and-sustainable-agrifood-system-transformation/

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Unraveling the spatial patterns of water conflicts in Africa through a multi-scale lens
(Journal Article, 2025-06-06) Song, Chun; Petsakos, Athanasios; Gotor, Elisabetta
In Africa, water conflicts are increasing, posing significant threats to livelihoods. Unraveling the spatial pattern and drivers of water conflicts is essential for anticipating risks and targeting water policies. However, there is a lack of evidence to support this need. Using a multi-scale spatial approach, we examine the spatially heterogeneous influence of drought on intrastate water conflicts and how this may shape future water conflict patterns. We construct a unique dataset of water conflicts at the pixel level from 2010 to 2024 for 21 African countries. Results show that drought increases water conflict fatalities, with a 0.7% rise per 10 km closer to a country's border. Future droughts are anticipated to result in different trends in water conflict fatalities across areas. This pattern is not explained by the overall security situation or factors like irrigation, but may stem from weaker water governance in border areas, implying that stronger water governance may partially mitigate the impact of drought-driven water scarcity on intensifying water conflicts. Our study highlights the importance of identifying areas that face a dual risk from drought and inadequate governance to inform decision-making that strengthens water governance and de-escalates water conflicts.
Landscape complexity as determined by socioeconomic trends, climate change, and broad agricultural policies: A study on multifunctional landscapes
(Working Paper, 2025-06-27) Cenacchi, Nicola; Petsakos, Athanasios; Robertson, Richard D.; Song, Chun; Mishra, Abhijeet
Food systems face dire challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource overuse. To ensure their long-term sustainability and resilience they need urgent transformation, while continuing to support livelihoods and address rising food insecurity. The design and management of multifunctional agricultural landscapes offer a pathway to address these challenges; and improved understanding of landscape complexity, including a diverse mix of natural and cropland covers, can help advance achievement of multiple food system goals. As land managers and decision makers plan for the future of our landscapes, they need to recognize that powerful forces outside their control will have a strong influence on the final outcome. This study explores the interplay between global drivers—such as population growth, economic trends, climate change—and landscape complexity, using a modeling system linking a global agricultural economic model to a land-use model. Global trends are described, and Kenya serves as a case study, representing broader local dynamics. Results indicate that the majority of agricultural landscapes, globally and in Kenya, are projected to experience increased complexity by 2050, primarily through cropland expansion at the expense of natural habitats. However, there are a few instances where an expansion in cropland may be liked to a decrease in landscape complexity. Patterns also vary under alternative scenarios of agricultural development. Where greater complexity is achieved through policies that further concentrate agricultural land in some areas, this is mainly associated with net gains in natural habitats and a contraction of cropland. Overall, this preliminary research underscores the need for integrated landscape management and more comprehensive scenarios to inform sustainable land-use planning aligned with global food security and environmental objectives.
Achieving transformational sustainable land Intensification: Integrated general equilibrium and portfolio analysis for Senegal
(Journal Article, 2025-08-10) Pradesha, Angga; Siddig, Khalid; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James
Feeding a growing global population while conserving natural resources remains a central challenge of Sustainable Intensification (SI). Despite decades of SI efforts, cropland expansion in many developing countries continues to accelerate, contributing to deforestation and biodiversity loss. Even with observed increases in crop yields, studies suggest that farmers continue to expand cropland, underscoring the need to consider market dynamics and the economywide effects of productivity gains. This study offers a new perspective on achieving transformational sustainable land intensification by treating farming activities as investment decisions shaped by risk and return under production and markets uncertainties. Unlike the traditional SI strategies that focus on efficiency gains through improved inputs or agronomic practices, we apply an optimal portfolio analysis to cropland allocation, aiming to enhance farming efficiency by considering market interconnections across sectors. Using Senegal as a case study, we demonstrate that adopting an optimal diversification strategy on new cropland investment could reduce land expansion needs by up to 68 % by 2030. This strategy not only helps mitigate emissions and reduce water footprint but also enhances crop biodiversity. Socioeconomic and environmental benefits are found to be greater when the country promotes high-value crops in its portfolio, such as fruits and vegetables, compared to grain crops. Our findings also contribute to ongoing debates around land-sparing versus land-sharing strategies and offer new insights into the drivers of cropland expansion in light of current global land use patterns.
Economic and social outcomes of investment on research and development in Tajikistan’s agrifood system
(Brief, 2025-06-25) Khakimov, Parviz; Aragie, Emerta A.; Goibov, Manuchehr; Ashurov, Timur
The World Bank’s agriculture sector public expenditure review study (World Bank 2021) findings indicates that public expenditure on agriculture sector remains relatively small at less than one percent of GDP, though grew significantly between 2015 and 2020, and the sector relies heavily on donor financing (54 percent). There is a notable underinvestment in R&D, 0.7 percent of total public expenditure in agriculture sector between 2016-2019, which impacts productivity and climate resilience. In this brief, for evaluating the potential impact of investment on Research and Development (R&D) to accelerate agricultural transformation and inclusiveness in Tajikistan agrifood system (AFS), we rely on the IFPRI’s Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model which incorporates household survey-based microsimulation and investment modules, and simulates the functioning of a market economy, comprising markets for products and factors which include land, labor, and capital (IFPRI 2023).
Economic and social outcomes of investment on extension and advisory services in Tajikistan’s agrifood system
(Brief, 2025-06-25) Khakimov, Parviz; Aragie, Emerta A.; Goibov, Manuchehr; Ashurov, Timur
Findings of recent study shows that in 2021, roughly 5 percent of farms and nearly 14 percent of arable land used professional extension services. Extension service actors in Tajikistan include Ministry of Agriculture, Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tajik Agrarian University, government extension specialists at the village level, the private sector, and NGOs, with a total staff of about 2,250 people, of whom about 600 are trained to provide professional extension services (Muminov 2021). The government’s fiscal space is limited the extent of support to such investments. Thus, there is a notable underinvestment in extension and advisory services (EAS), 2.4 percent of total public expenditure in agriculture sector between 2016-2019 (World Bank 2021). In this brief, for evaluating the potential impact of investment on extension and advisory services to accelerate agricultural transformation and inclusiveness in Tajikistan AFS, we rely on the IFPRI’s Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model which incorporates household survey-based microsimulation and investment modules, and simulates the functioning of a market economy, comprising markets for products and factors which include land, labor, and capital (IFPRI 2023).
Economic and social outcomes of investment on market and food systems in Tajikistan
(Brief, 2025-06-25) Khakimov, Parviz; Aragie, Emerta A.; Goibov, Manuchehr; Ashurov, Timur
Findings of World Bank study (WB, SRAS Project 2021) indicates that lack of sufficient quantity and quality of seeds, seedlings, and planting materials in domestic market is one of the critical issues affecting farmers income and food security. Most donor projects provide direct extension support to farmers on multiplying and adopting seeds and seedlings. The local capacity to generate new varieties and planting materials remains low and over 50 percent of all agricultural inputs are imported. The capacity to test new varieties of crops for their adaptation to soils and climate in the country is also lacking, and in general the regular testing of new varieties, whether domestically developed or imported, is not conducted. Between 2016-2019, the share of public agriculture expenditure on inputs distribution to the farmers (0.04 percent or 0.81 million Tajik Somoni) and development of seeds and seedlings (0.8 percent or 16.64 million Tajik Somoni) were low (Khakimov et al. 2024).
Economic and social outcomes of investment on infrastructure and early warning system in Tajikistan’s agrifood system
(Brief, 2025-06-25) Khakimov, Parviz; Aragie, Emerta A.; Goibov, Manuchehr; Ashurov, Timur
Irrigation and timely access to sufficient volumes of water are vital to increase crops productivity, rural incomes, and food security (FAO 2023; World Bank 2021). In Tajikistan, irrigation sector faces several challenges and constraints such as: aged, poorly maintained infrastructure and poor management system that led low-quality irrigation services; limited investment in drainage infrastructure, inadequate maintenance, poor water management, and harmful irrigation practices that led salinization and waterlogging in some irrigated areas. In addition, the ongoing process of climate change and rising temperatures will increase crop water demands, while water supply reliability will decline, leading to more-severe, more-frequent water stress. The minimum required operation and maintenance on irrigation infrastructure estimated to be about US$35 million per year. Around 85 percent of cultivated land is irrigated and provides more than 90 percent of the total value of crop production. Since independence, the condition and performance of irrigation infrastructure has declined because of severe underfinancing. More than 40 percent of irrigated areas depend on pumping (the highest dependency in Central Asia), and many high-lift, high-volume pumping stations are in poor condition. Pumping is inefficient (~0.28 kWh/m3, which accounts for 20 percent of total national electricity use). The economic productivity of irrigation is among the lowest 5 percent of countries in the world (~0.21 USD/m) because of high water loss, predominance of low-value crops, and low yields. Irrigation is heavily subsidized but still underfunded. Between 2016 and 2019, the share of public agriculture expenditure on irrigation infrastructure was high (44.6 percent or 880.3 million Tajik Somoni). Irrigation is financed through direct transfers for electricity, government subsidies for pumping station staff costs, revenue from irrigation service fees, WUA membership fees (for on-farm operations and maintenance), and donor investments. More than 60 percent of irrigation capital expenditures (including flood protection) is donor financed (Khakimov et al. 2024; World Bank. SWIM Project 2022).
Global Gridded Data on Climate Impact on Yields From DSSAT Crop Model, 2005–2050
(Dataset, 2025-06-04) International Food Policy Research Institute
This dataset presents percentage changes in agricultural yields due to climate change, comparing the projected yield in 2050 under two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios and 5 climate models, to the climate of 2005. The dataset includes spatially explicit outputs at a 0.5-degree resolution and covers seven key crops: maize, wheat, rice, soybeans, sorghum, groundnuts (peanuts), and potatoes. The analysis is done separately for growing under rainfed and irrigated conditions and includes separate results computed with and without CO2 fertilization. The yields used in the calculation were generated using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) crop model. The projections are driven by climate inputs from five global climate models (GCMs) included in the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 3b (ISIMIP3b), aligned with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). Two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways—SSP370 and SSP585—are used to represent divergent climate and development trajectories. Simulations were conducted both with and without the effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) fertilization.
Prospects for cereal self-sufficiency in sub-Saharan Africa
(Journal Article, 2025-06-17) Ittersum, Martin K. van; Alimagham, Seyyedmajid; Silva, João Vasco; Adjei-Nsiah, Samuel; Baijukya, Frederick P.; Bala, Abdullahi; Chikowo, Regis; Grassini, Patricio; de Groot, Hugo L.E.; Nshizirungu, Aphrodis; Mahamane Soulé, Abdelkader; Sulser, Timothy B.; Taulya, Godfrey; Amor Tenorio, Fatima; Tesfaye, Kindie; Yuan, Shen; van Loon, Marloes P.
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the world’s largest projected increase in demand for food. Increased dependence on imports makes SSA vulnerable to geopolitical and economic risks, while further expansion of agricultural land is environmentally harmful. Cereals, in particular, maize, millet, rice, sorghum, and wheat, take nearly 50% of the cropland and 43% of the calories and proteins consumed in the region. Demand is projected to double until 2050. Here, we assess recent developments in cereal self-sufficiency and provide outlooks until 2050 under different intensification, area expansion, and climate change scenarios. We use detailed data for ten countries. Cereal self-sufficiency increased between 2010 and 2020 from 84 to 92% despite the 29% population increase. The production increase was achieved by increased yields per hectare (44%), area expansion (34%), and a shift from millet to the higher yielding maize (22%). Outlooks for 2050 are less pessimistic than earlier assessments because of the larger 2020 baseline area, higher shares of maize and somewhat less steep projected population increase. Yet, to halt further area expansion, a drastic trend change in annual yield increase from the present 20 to 58 kg ha−1 y−1 is needed to achieve cereal self-sufficiency. While such yield increases have been achieved elsewhere and are feasible given the yield potentials in SSA, they require structural changes and substantial agronomic, socioeconomic, and political investments. We estimate that amounts of added nitrogen need to at least triple to achieve such yield improvements, but it is essential that this comes with improved context-specific agronomy.
Fine-tuned AI for tracking policy demands and studies
(Brief, 2025-06-01) Yego, Francis; Song, Chun; Laporte, Marie-Angelique
This Learning Note describes the development of an AI-based system using fine-tuned language models to support researchers in identifying and analyzing policy demands. The Alliance’s PISA team developed an annotated dataset from policy documents, labeling key elements such as drivers, outcomes, and interventions, and classifying texts as either foresight or ex-post studies. The AI model, based on RoBERTa, performed Named Entity Recognition and classification tasks, achieving high precision for socioeconomic and biophysical entities. However, it faced challenges in distinguishing study types and interpreting nuanced contexts. The Note highlights technical and non-technical challenges, and emphasizes the importance of modular AI models and interdisciplinary collaboration for effective policy analysis. Future efforts aim to enhance context reasoning and deploy user-facing tools like web portals or chatbots.
Bridging the gap: Integrating crop pests and pathogens into agricultural foresight models for food security assessments
(Journal Article, 2025) Petsakos, Athanasios; Montes, Carlo; Falck-Zepeda, José; Pequeno, Diego Noleto Luz; Schiek, Benjamin; Gotor, Elisabetta
Regional and global economic models, combined with spatially distributed crop growth simulation models and hydrology models that simulate water supply and demand across sectors (among others), represent the most widely used quantitative approach for addressing questions related to food security under alternative future scenarios (e.g., for a recent reference, van Dijk et al., 2021). These integrated foresight modelling approaches, hereinafter referred to as “Agricultural Integrated Assessment Models” (AIAMs), provide a macro-level view of the global food system, encompassing, directly or indirectly, implicitly or explicitly, components outlined in contemporary definitions (HLPE, 2017). Due to the complex nature of modelling the effects of crop pests and pathogens (P&P) on crop performances, the use of AIAMs in P&P-related analyses has been scant and limited to hypothetical epidemics caused by specific P&Ps affecting a single crop (Godfray et al., 2016; Petsakos et al., 2023). This limitation, also identified in the ex-ante assessment of the pesticide reduction objective of the European Common Agricultural Policy (Barreiro-Hurle et al., 2021), suggests that AIAMs overlook a critical element – one that has historically contributed to, or even triggered, famine events (Padmanabhan, 1973; Woodham-Smith, 1992). Given the importance of AIAMs in informing policies and shaping agricultural decisions at national and global scales (e.g., Barreiro-Hurle et al., 2021; Fuglie et al., 2022), it is necessary to adress this gap.
Social Accounting Matrix for Okara District, Pakistan: A Water Resources Accountability in Pakistan (WRAP) Project Analysis
(Data Paper, 2025-05-09) Davies, Stephen; Ali, Muhammad Tahir; Akram, Iqra; Hafeez, Mohsin
The aim of this paper is to develop a document to guide the methodology and data resources used to develop a local Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Okara district in Punjab, Pakistan, and to provide an overview of the SAM results. Regional SAMs at lower administrative levels can be used to understand the regional economic impact of geographically targeted policies and shocks. The common data standards, procedures, and classification systems for national SAMs are adapted and modified for these regional SAMs. This approach and paper closely follow the development of SAM construction outlined in IFPRI’s NEXUS Project, which emphasized the need for greater transparency and consistency in SAM construction to strengthen model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries. Utilizing much of that Project’s general structure, our results permit comparisons at regional administrative scales, especially in agriculture and food systems including water resources dimensions. Additionally, this paper develops a companion method to evaluate direct and indirect water use associated with the economic changes produced from SAM analyses. We hope this methodology can be used to develop SAMs for other districts in the future.
Assessing agrifood system growth outcomes in Tajikistan
(Brief, 2025-04-25) Khakimov, Parviz; Diao, Xinshen; Goibov, Manuchehr; Ashurov, Timur
On March 1, 2023, the Government of Tajikistan adopted a new sectoral program, “Agrifood System and Sustainable Development Program,” for the period up to 2030. The program defined six priorities, namely (1) strengthening institutions, (2) enabling physical infrastructure, (3) creating an agriculture extension system, (4) ensuring food and nutrition security, (5) ensuring food safety and, veterinary and plant protection, and (6) establishing effectively functioning value chains. The Program aims to ensure sustainable development of the sector and enhance its competitiveness through structural and institutional reforms, by boosting sector productivity, creating new jobs, and ensuring food security. To inform the policy by providing empirical evidence, in this brief, first we assess and compare diverse contributions of different agrifood value chains to broad development outcomes, second, we assess the effectiveness of agricultural productivity-led growth across agrifood value chain groups for achieving multiple development outcomes (economic growth, job creation, declining poverty, and improved diets) and inclusive agrifood system transformation in Tajikistan.
Structural changes and drivers of agrifood system growth in Tajikistan
(Brief, 2025-04-25) Khakimov, Parviz; Diao, Xinshen; Goibov, Manuchehr; Ashurov, Timur
The agricultural sector accounted for one-third and one-fourth of total GDP in 2011 in 2022, respectively. In 2022 compared to 2011, both primary and off farm agricultural GDPs dropped, respectively by 13.2 and 3 percentage points, while primary agriculture employment share fell by 10.4 percentage points. The domestic market played a vital role in the recent agrifood system (AFS) growth, and a sizable portion of locally produced agrifood products was able to meet domestic demand. Though agroprocessing an important off-farm component of the AFS, grew more rapidly and thus contributed the most to off farm AFS growth, the aggregate size of off-farm components of the AFS did not increase to match with the structural change in the broader economy.
Tajikistan’s agrifood system structure
(Brief, 2025-04-25) Khakimov, Parviz; Diao, Xinshen; Goibov, Manuchehr; Ashurov, Timur
Tajikistan’s agrifood system (AFS) accounted for 34.7 percent of Tajikistan’s national GDP and 58 percent of employment in 2022. Primary agriculture alone contributed one-quarter of total GDP and 54.9 percent of employment, while the four off-farm components of the AFS contributed about 10 percent of GDP and 3.2 percent of employment. The share of employment in primary agriculture in total employment in AFS (AgEmp+) is huge, 94 percent. The off-farm components of the AFS therefore accounted for close to 30 percent of AgGDP+ and only 5 percent of AgEMP+. Though Tajikistan is an agrarian economy, it imports a lot of foods, and the shares of imports in the country’s total merchandise imports are consistently high, around 22 percent between 2016 and 2022. For the same period, food exports as a percentage of total merchandise exports were just 3 percent (World Bank 2023). Agrifood imports also grew more rapidly, increasing by a multiple of 16 between 2000 and 2023, while exports only doubled over the same period (Khakimov, et al. 2024).
CGIAR Research Initiative on Foresight: Annual Technical Report 2024
(Report, 2025-04-15) CGIAR Initiative on Foresight
Projections of poultry and maize markets in Southern Africa under climate change
(Poster, 2024-08-04) Enahoro, Dolapo K.; Mensah, Charles
Repurposing fertilizer subsidies in India: An economywide modelling analysis
(Brief, 2025-03) Devi, Asha; Praveen, K. V.; Sharma, Kriti; Pal, Barun Deb; Singh, Alka; Barman, Subrata; Reddy, K. R.; Hanji, Shreya; Rao, Ch. Srinivasa
Between 1980 and 2023-pushed by green revolution technology and fertilizer subsidy policy-fertilizer consumption in India increased from 31.95 kg/ha to 136.05 kg/ha {FAI 2024). The fiscal burden of fertilizer subsidies in India has surged dramatically, increasing from INR 505 crores in 1980/1981 to INR 2,25,220 crores in 2022/2023 ( ibid). As of 2022/2023, the budgetary allocation for fertilizer subsidy was 1.02 percent of India's gross value added (GVA). Fertilizer subsidies have led to greater price increases for phosphorus and potassium fertilizers than for urea, making urea the preferred choice among farmers. This consequent overreliance on urea has created significant imbalances in soil nutrient composition, and subsidized urea is also often diverted to other industries undermining its intended benefit for the agricultural sector.
Impact of rice export ban on Indian economy
(Brief, 2025-03) V. R., Renjini; Ajmani, Manmeet Singh; Pal, Barun Deb; Singh, Alka; Nandi, Sukhendu; Naik, P. Bhargav; Naorem, Yoihenba; Mazumder, Chiranjit; Rao, Ch. Srinivasa
In India, rice is an important crop that provides livelihood opportunity for millions of farmers and ensures food security for the 1.4 billion population. India also contributes 25 percent of global rice production and 40 percent of global rice exports, exporting 16 percent of its domestic rice production (FAO 2022). On the other hand, delayed onset of monsoon, extreme weather events, and weather variability significantly affect rice production and the domestic price of rice in the country (Palanisami et al. 201 7; Bowden, Foster, Parkes 2023). In response to this situation, policymakers frequently reassess export strategies to ensure adequate domestic supply and to control price fluctuations. Given India's significant contribution to the global rice market, any change in rice trade policy to stabilize the domestic rice market in India will affect the global supply chain of rice and the livelihood of lndian farmers. In 2022/2023, in an effort to control rice prices, the government-imposed export restrictions on different varieties of rice such as broken, brown, non-basmati, basmati, and parboiled rice. Figure 1 reveals that total rice exports from India declined from 16.55 lakh metric tons (mt) to 7.58 lakh mt between July 2023 and November 2023, following the July 2023 ban on non-basmati white rice exports. In August 2023, exports of non-basmati white rice declined sharply from 3.81 lakh mt to 0.40 lakh mt, and exports remained negligible until the ban was lifted in February 2024. Parboiled rice also saw a decline, though it was less severe due to selective export allowances. Exports began recovering from early 2024, driven by basmati and parboiled rice. This recovery aligned with India's October 2024 decision to remove the 20 percent export duty on parboiled rice. India's global market share dropped from 35.48 percent in 2022 to 30.46 percent in 2023, creating opportunities for other major rice -exporting countries. Vietnam saw an increase in its exports from 10.52 percent of global share to 11.23 percent, while Pakistan's share rose from 7.75 percent to 8.39 percent. Thailand maintained a steady presence at around 15 percent and the US share rose marginally from 5.62 percent to 5.87 percent. These shifts highlight how India's policy decision disrupted global trade patterns, benefitting competing exporters and altering the international rice market dynamics. Even so, the economywide impact of these restrictions on the Indian economy remains underexplored. While the government aims to maintain domestic price stability, it is unclear how effectively the export ban shields consumers from inflation and how this compares to the income losses experienced by exporters and farmers. Questions also persist about the policy's spill over effects on overall market dynamics. In this note, we examine the impact of the rice export ban on GDP (by sector), employment, and household income in India. We also provide insights aimed at helping policymakers balance affordability for consumers with stable incomes for producers.
IFPRI-Sudan: Generating evidence-based solutions for strengthening humanitarian response and economic resilience
(Brief, 2025-04-07) Siddig, Khalid; Abay, Kibrom A.; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Rakhy, Tarig
Sudan is experiencing one of the most severe humanitarian and economic crises in its modern history due to the ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Sudan is now suffering the largest humanitarian crisis in the world. The war has devastated livelihoods, displaced millions, and significantly weakened the country’s agrifood systems and broader economic structures. In response, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), along with its partners, has intensified its research and policy engagement in Sudan through the Sudan Strategy Support Program (SSSP), which was launched in 2022. IFPRI’s work on Sudan is centered on addressing fragility, post-conflict recovery, resilience-building, and economic development. Its research and policy engagements focus on food security, economy-wide modeling, social protection, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSME), and agricultural resilience as it works to provide critical evidence-based insights to support recovery efforts that will enable Sudan to regain peace and economic growth and stability. Through high-frequency data collection, impact evaluations, and policy dialogues, the SSSP team has continued to deliver data-driven solutions to inform humanitarian responses, economic revitalization, and development planning in Sudan. By collaborating with organizations such as the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, and other CGIAR centers and initiatives, IFPRI, through SSSP, has generated information to design effective interventions for conflict-affected populations and institutions working to rebuild Sudan’s economy.

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