IRRI Reports

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/155175

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Association between climate resilience capacities and pro-WEAI indicators: Evidence from small livestock farmers in West Bengal, India
(Report, 2025) Gartaula, Hom Nath; Atreya, Kishor; Sapkota, Anisha; Puskur, Ranjitha
This study examines the relationship between women’s empowerment indicators and climate resilience capacities in rural India, emphasizing the unequal burden of climate change on women’s livelihoods and adaptive options. Using baseline data of CGIAR Gender Equality and Inclusion Accelerator project, the analysis focuses on 277 women engaged in goat and poultry rearing in West Bengal. Women’s empowerment was measured using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI), while resilience capacity assessment included four dimensions: preventive, anticipative, absorptive and adaptive capacities. Descriptive statistics reveal low levels of both empowerment and resilience among women respondents. Correlation analysis indicates a significant positive association between overall empowerment and overall resilience capacity (r = 0.373, p < 0.01), with most pro-WEAI indicators strongly linked to absorptive and adaptive capacities. The analysis further shows a nonlinear pattern: resilience capacity rises sharply up to a threshold level of empowerment adequacy, beyond which gains taper off. Independent-sample t-test indicates that adequacy in ownership of land and other assets significantly enhances resilience capacity, followed by adequacy in self-efficacy and group membership. Conversely, adequacy in autonomy in income shows no significant association with any resilience capacity. The findings suggest that empowerment and resilience reinforce each other in bidirectional but context-specific ways, underscoring the need for integrated approaches that simultaneously strengthen women’s agency and their capacity to manage climatic risks.
Learning Strategy: Exposure Visits
(Report, 2026) Mukhopadhyay, Dr Prama; Mitra, Avik; Iqbal, Md.; Biswas, Niloy
As part of the CGIAR Gender and Social Inclusion (GSI) Accelerator under the EMPOWER initiative, two exposure visits were organised for women farmers participating in Learning Labs (LLs) in West Bengal, India. Operational for over two years in the climate-vulnerable districts of South and North 24 Parganas, these Learning Labs are sites of piloting the gender responsive Socio-Technical Innovation Bundles (STIBs) approach. The LLs aim to enable women farmers to access integrated bundles of technical, institutional, financial, and social interventions to strengthen resilience to climate change. The exposure visits were a deliberate component of these innovation bundles and were designed as an experiential, peer-based learning strategy. By engaging directly with women farmers involved in similar agri-based livelihood activities in other regions, participants observed how technical practices, institutional arrangements, access to finance, risk-mitigation mechanisms, and collective action interact in practice to generate sustainable livelihood outcomes. The visits contributed to enhanced confidence, expanded aspirations, and deeper practical understanding among participating women.
Status Report: Development of management, diagnostics and monitoring systems to support the use of regulated non-quarantine weedy wild rice genetic resources for breakthrough innovation in the Philippines
(Report, 2025) Castellion, Martina
This project was implemented to establish management, diagnostics, and monitoring framework that enables the responsible use of regulated non-quarantine weedy wild rice genetic resources for research and breeding, while safeguarding biosafety, germplasm purity, and surrounding agro-ecosystems in the Philippines. The initiative supports breakthrough innovation by balancing access to valuable wild rice genetic diversity with robust risk-based controls aligned with national regulations and institutional risk appetite. In the Philippines, the management of wild rice is subject to national legal and biosafety obligations, including the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (Republic Act No. 9147) and the mandates of the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) under Executive Order No. 430. These frameworks require that activities involving wild species prioritize ecological balance, biological diversity, and the safe use and containment of biological organisms. Consistent with these requirements, and aligned with the CGIAR Research Ethics Code and IRRI Code of Conduct, researchers and partner institutions are accountable for conducting wild rice-related activities responsibly, transparently, and with due regard to risks to communities and ecosystem. Recognizing both the scientific value and the biosafety risks associated with wild rice, this project aims to establish a risk-based institutional policy framework governing the access, handling, cultivation, movement, monitoring, and disposal of wild rice species and their progenies.
Review of PAGASA Applications Programming Interface (API) for weather-informed agro- advisories through Climate+
(Report, 2025-05) Vila, Jerome
This report presents a technical review of the PAGASA Ten-Day and Seasonal Weather Forecast APIs to assess their structure, accessibility, and compatibility with the Climate+ system. The review aims to identify strengths, limitations, and implementation considerations that are relevant not only for technical integration but also for inter-agency coordination, shared standards, and future enhancements of climate information services. The findings are intended to support informed decision-making among PAGASA, IRRI, and partner institutions, and to contribute to the continued improvement and governance of climate data services for agricultural applications.
BARC–IRRI Consultation Meeting for the Prioritization of Innovations: Workshop proceedings
(Report, 2025-08-18) International Rice Research Institute
The Consultation and Prioritization Workshop for the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) Program in Bangladesh was held on 18 August 2025 at the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Dhaka. Convened jointly by BARC and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the workshop aimed to support country-led prioritization of mature and high-potential CGIAR innovations for accelerated scaling. The consultation facilitated alignment between CGIAR and IRRI innovation portfolios and national research and development priorities, strengthened coordination with the National Agricultural Research and Extension System (NARES), and identified system-level constraints and opportunities for scaling in climate-vulnerable agro-ecosystems. Key thematic areas included coastal polder water management, synchronized cropping systems, crop diversification, social and gender-responsive innovations, and digital advisory and decision-support tools. Through structured discussions, participants prioritized water management and drainage-focused innovations, collective action-based cropping systems, Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), and scalable digital platforms as near-term opportunities for impact. The workshop concluded with agreement on follow-up actions, including thematic workshops, policy dialogues, and joint planning processes to operationalize scaling pathways under the CGIAR S4I Program in Bangladesh.
Climate change, food security, and the role of technology in community resilience
(Report, 2025-09-06) Elhassan, Azza; Zeidan, Juliette; Ismail, Abdelbagi; Baru, Joshua; Ogolla, Michelle; Al-Saud, Princess Noura; Al-Shalan, Princess Mashael; Costa, Sergio; Melo, Carla
The climate crisis is no longer a distant threat but a present reality, manifesting as increased droughts, unprecedented floods, and the degradation of critical ecosystems. While the global community has mobilized to develop technological and financial solutions, progress towards true, systemic climate resilience remains uneven and often superficial. A central barrier to effective action is the persistent disconnect between the large-scale, often abstract, solutions developed by international bodies, governments, and technology firms and the specific, complex, and culturally-rooted needs of the communities most affected by climate change. This gap has led to a cycle of well-intentioned but ill-fitting interventions that are met with resistance, low adoption, and ultimately, unsustainable outcomes. The global effort to combat climate change and build resilience is consistently hindered by a fundamental disconnect: the imposition of top-down technological and policy solutions that fail to align with the hyper-local, socio-cultural realities of affected communities. This report posits that overcoming this systemic barrier requires a radical shift from a model of imposed solutions to one of genuine cо- creation. The analysis, drawn from an extensive review of interviews with leading experts across diverse domains, identifies that a lack of context-specificity, a deep- seated deficit of trust, and an extractive approach to data and knowledge are the primary obstacles to progress.
Planning the Scaling of Rice-Based Innovations through the Agricultural Information Services: Workshop proceedings report
(Report, 2025-05-19) International Rice Research Institute
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), in collaboration with the Agricultural Information System (AIS), organized a planning workshop on 19 May 2025 in Dhaka to explore pathways for scaling rice-based innovations in Bangladesh. The workshop focused on aligning IRRI’s climate-smart and sustainable rice innovations with AIS’s national information dissemination platforms to enhance outreach of rice-based innovations. Key discussions addressed innovation scaling models, agronomic and water management solutions for coastal polder zones, and the use of digital, print, and broadcast media for knowledge sharing. Participants emphasized the development of a joint scaling roadmap, and formalizing collaboration through a memorandum of understanding. The workshop laid the groundwork for a strategic partnership to support sustainable rice-based agri-food systems and national food security goals
Experience Sharing of CGIAR Innovations with PKSF: Workshop Proceedings
(Report, 2025-05-25) International Rice Research Institute
As part of the CGIAR Scaling for Impact program, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), in collaboration with Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), organized a knowledge-sharing workshop on 25 May 2025 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The workshop aimed to present scalable agricultural innovations developed by CGIAR centers and explore opportunities for collaboration to accelerate their uptake in Bangladesh. Researchers from IRRI, CIMMYT, and CIP showcased innovations related to agronomic practices for coastal polder zones, digital agriculture, diversified cropping systems, zero tillage potato production, and water and climate risk management. PKSF officials expressed interest in selected innovations and discussed pathways for partnership, including joint project development, capacity building, and renewed institutional collaboration through a memorandum of understanding with IRRI. The workshop provided a platform to align CGIAR innovations with PKSF’s development programs, laying the foundation for future collaborative scaling efforts.
Assessing enabling environment, institutional capacity and pathways to transformative gender responsive budgeting in Bangladesh
(Report, 2025) Joshi, Deepa; Khan, Md. Tarikul Islam; Rahman, Shadlee; Ramakrishnan, Harini; Mannan, Fouzia; Sarker, Mou Rani
Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) is an international planning instrument developed to enable national governments to plan, implement and track the outcomes of gender equitable budgets. Without a robust and strategic gender budgeting system, it is not possible to translate policy prescriptions to gender equality. Currently, 100 countries have initiated efforts on gender-responsive budgeting to address the historical underinvestment in women and girls. However, data from over 105 countries shows that of this total, only 27 have comprehensive systems to track gender equality allocations in their financial budgets. Bangladesh was an early adopter of the Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) strategy. The country formally introduced GRB as part of the Financial Strategy in 2009–10, initially piloting the approach in four ministries. Currently, 61 Ministries operationalize the GRB and in 2025, nearly one-third (33%) of the national budget, equivalent to over Tk 260,000 crore (2.1m USD), was tagged as gender-responsive. This reflects official and regulatory commitment to promoting gender equity through fiscal mechanisms. Bangladesh has also formally demonstrated its commitment to international gender equality policies and goals, but there are also deep-rooted cultural challenges. For example, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), a worldwide human rights charter for women outlines provisions for equal rights for women, including prevention and control of trafficking, exploitation and discrimination on gendered grounds, and on improving education, health, and employment rights for women. Bangladesh ratified the CEDAW in 1984 and submits periodic reports to the CEDAW Committee on progress and challenges, however, there are reservations: Article 2 - namely, incorporation of equality into legal systems and practices, and Article 16.1(c) - equal rights and responsibilities in marriage and divorce are both not applicable in Bangladesh. These challenges, as we discuss below result in contradictions in gender gains.
Guidelines for gender-responsive seed systems development
(Report, 2025) Bomuhangi, Allan; Yila, Jummai; Puskur, Ranjitha; Khan, Afreen
Developing seed systems that work for everyone is important for food security, climate adaptation, and agricultural development. As this guideline has presented, achieving this requires a deliberate and systemic shift from gender-blind approaches to those that are genuinely gender-responsive. The persistent exclusion of women from key seed sector functions, ranging from varietal development and production to distribution and governance, comes at a high cost, resulting in lower productivity, weakened resilience, and forgone economic gains. The evidence and actions presented here demonstrate that change is possible. Through reorienting seed sector ambitions and designing gender-responsive interventions, the specific barriers women face can be addressed. This means moving beyond simply ensuring women have access to seed. It requires actively supporting their roles as seed entrepreneurs, ensuring their trait preferences shape breeding programs, tailoring services to their needs, and guaranteeing they have a voice in the policies and organizations that govern the seed sector. The successful examples from Syria, Burkina Faso, India, Uganda, and elsewhere prove that when space is intentionally created for women's knowledge and leadership, the entire system benefits. Operationalizing this change rests on foundational principles: dismantling structural barriers, using an intersectional lens, integrating interventions across all seed functions, and shifting the focus from women's access to their agency and control. Supporting this, a robust monitoring and evaluation framework is crucial for tracking progress, ensuring accountability, and continuously learning from experience. Transforming seed systems is thus not just a technical challenge; it is a social and economic imperative. Gender-responsive seed systems are not optional. Embedding gender analysis into every function of the seed sector is a practical pathway to building seed systems that are not only more equitable but also more effective, efficient, and sustainable. “When seed systems work for women, they work better for everyone.”
PROGRESS REPORT: Developing Data‑Driven Agronomic Recommendations for Site‑Specific Nutrient Management on Rice in Cambodia
(Report, 2025-11-28) Mabilangan, Abigail; Mkuhlani, Siyabusa; Saito, Kazuki
This first pass implementation of the AgWise Fertilizer Recommendation Module for rice in Cambodia assembles fertilizer response trial dataset, calibrates both mechanistic and machine learning models, and generates preliminary maps of indigenous nutrient supply along with prototype fertilizer recommendations. A total of 1,909 georeferenced fertilizer response trials across 17 provinces were harmonized with soil, climate, and terrain covariates following the AgWise framework. Analyses reveal higher and more stable yields in the dry season than in the wet season; strong yield responses to nitrogen, a narrow -optimum for phosphorus, and potassium responses that peak at intermediate rates. Reverse and forward -QUEFTS, together with -gradient boosting and random forest models, reproduce observed yields with moderate to good predictive skill and provide -apparent soil N, P, and K supply estimates that can be mapped across the rice domain. These maps show uniformly low P, moderate but heterogeneous N, and high, highly variable K, providing clear evidence for a transition from current fertilizer recommendation toward site- and season--specific nutrient management.- These are explicitly treated as preliminary, pending refinement through incorporation of additional datasets and model re calibration.
Scaling LCAS-APT in Asia
(Report, 2025-12) Urfels, Anton; Varkey, Lisa Mariam; Vettil, Prakashan; Koirala, Ashish; Nayak, Hari Sankar; Santos, Rosette; Quicho, Emma; Samaddar, Arindam; Flor, Rica Joy
The Landscape-Scale Crop Assessment System for Agronomic Partnership and Technology (LCAS–APT) is a streamlined, field-based data system developed to pinpoint areas where agronomic investments can most effectively boost productivity, resilience, and farmer income. By combining spatial diagnostics, household-level observations, and data on management practices, LCAS–APT offers a systematic approach to identifying constraints, benchmarking present performance, and prioritizing solutions tailored to specific farming systems. These data-driven insights directly inform the design and improvement of Minimum Viable Products (MVPs) within the Agronomy Partnership Platform (PAAS). This approach ensures that new tools and interventions are crafted to address actual, system-level challenges rather than relying on broad assumptions. The brief below highlights initial findings from recent LCAS–APT data collection campaigns across Asia, demonstrating how the system facilitates more precise, evidence-based agronomic innovation. In particular, it presents insights and evidence from India, the Philippines, and Cambodia.
Satellite-Powered Crop Insurance to Protect Rice Farmers from Climate Risk in the Philippines
(Conference Paper, 2025-11-28) Raviz, J. V.; De La Cruz, I. Q.; Gutierrez, M. A. R.; Alosnos E. D.; Garcia C. A.; Villano L. S.; Hellin J.; Laborte A. G.
Smallholder rice farmers in the Philippines face increasing losses from climate hazards. Conventional indemnity-based crop insurance, while available at no cost to smallholder farmers in the Philippines, suffers from slow claims processing, subjective damage assessments and limited coverage. This study presents the development and simulation of the Area-Based Yield index insurance (ARBY) product, an innovative and scalable crop insurance solution that leverages the Philippine Rice Information System (PRISM). PRISM integrates remote sensing and crop modeling to generate monthly and seasonal estimates of rice area, planting date, and yield estimates, which are used to define homogeneous insurance zones (IZ) and estimate seasonal yields. Using six-year historical baselines (2018-2023), we parameterized the mean and variance of yields per IZ and conducted simulations for the 2023–2024 rice crop seasons in six municipalities in the Philippines. Two coverage options (80% and 90% of historical mean yield) were evaluated to balance affordability and protection. Results show that 80% coverage was cost effective for moderate-risk areas, while 90% coverage delivered greater protection in high-risk zones, at higher premiums. ARBY demonstrates significant potential to reduce financial losses from climate-induced yield shortfalls, with benefits amplified by farmer education, local government engagement, targeted subsidy schemes and continuous refinement of yield models. This study illustrates how remote sensing–based yield estimation can overcome key limitations of traditional crop insurance and strengthen climate resilience and food security in rice-based systems. By replacing costly and time-consuming farm-level loss adjustment with satellite-derived yields, ARBY addresses core limitations of traditional schemes and can improve the speed, transparency, and scale of financial protection. Through active role of the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC) in co-developing and piloting ARBY, the product has a clear pathway and strong potential to scale nationally.
Climate+ for Bicol Region, Philippines: IPSR Innovation Package and Scaling Readiness Report
(Report, 2025) Castillo, Rowena; Baradas, Airene Claire; Balanza, Jane Girly; Laborte, Alice; Hellin, Jon
The report presents the results of an Innovation Package and Scaling Readiness workshop aimed at designing an innovation package and identify opportunities and bottlenecks for achieving the following scaling ambition: By 2024, ClimBeR and partners will work together with the DA, local government units and input providers to catalyze use and uptake of the Climate+ by 5,000 farmers (30% women) in Bicol region contributing to the adoption of bundled agro-climatic farm-level advisories and increased rice production by 10%. The workshop was held on January 23, 2024 in Legazpi, Albay and was attended by 12 female and 17 male experts.
Report on Paddy Mitra Chatbot Pilot Testing
(Report, 2025-05) Bharti, Preeti; Gakhar, Shalini; Patnaik, Girija Prasad
PaddyMitra stands for Precision Advisory for Data-Driven Yield Management of Irrigation, Timing, and Resource Application. This pilot study was designed to assess the feasibility and farmers' experience using the PaddyMitra chatbot in the Puri and Balasore districts of Odisha. Specifically, the study aimed to: • Understand the digital readiness and demographic characteristics of rice farmers, • Assess how farmers perceive and use the chatbot’s nutrient recommendations, and • Capture feedback for future improvements, including additional advisory modules. Ultimately, the goal is to support a more inclusive and farmer-centered digital extension ecosystem in Odisha, one that combines trusted local knowledge, modern research, and accessible technology to improve productivity and resilience in the rice farming system.
Review of weather and climate forecast-based advisory frameworks for rice-based systems
(Report, 2025-11-28) Mabilangan, Abigail; Saito, Kazuki
This report reviews weather and climate forecast-based advisory tools for rice-based agriculture, including WeRise, ORYZA, Climate+, PRiSM, PRiME, PICSA, PRISE, and IRAS. Each tool provides science-based, actionable recommendations to help users anticipate and manage risks associated with climate variability and extreme weather events. The report evaluates their architectures, core algorithms, required weather inputs, and integration potential into AgWise. The findings support a modular, risk-aware, and evidence-driven approach to generating advisories that can be applied not only in rice systems but also adapted for other crops and farming contexts.
Accelerating Methane Reductions in Rice Production Systems through Market-based Mechanisms: Results of Farmer Surveys and Choice Experiments in Vietnam
(Report, 2025-10) Villanueva, Donald B.; Pajadan, Karen M.; Revicoy, Riela Rose R.; De Castro, Allenie M.; Malana, Xyla Mae L.; Gonzalez, Tobiah Rey P.; Pascual, Franz Josef E.; Nghia, Tran Dai; Hai, Le Trong; Mirzabaev, Alisher
Vietnam is a major rice producer and exporter, with its rice paddies also being a significant source of methane emissions. This study surveyed 597 rice farmers across five provinces –Thai Binh (Red River Delta), Nghe An (North Central Coast), and An Giang, Kien Giang, Soc Trang (Mekong Delta) – to take stock of current practices and assess farmers’ awareness, adoption, and willingness to accept incentives for low-emission climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices. The goal is to inform policies and investments that encourage farmers to adopt CSA, reducing methane emissions while improving farm productivity and livelihoods.
Greenhouse Gas Fluxes and Modelling from Rice Workshop: Report
(Report, 2025-10-13) Adviento-Borbe, M. Arlene; Ferrer, Anaida; Hasegawa, Toshihiro; Li, Tao; Mencos Contreras, Erik; Minamikawa, Kazunori; Radanielson, Ando; Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Sander, Bjoern Ole; Valdivia, Roberto
Methane (CH4) emissions from paddy fields contribute significantly to agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, posing a critical challenge for achieving global climate goals. Despite the availability of the Tier 3 method—which utilizes process-based models and high-resolution datasets to capture variability in site-specific CH4 emissions, its application has been limited to a few countries. There is still a large gap in establishing country and regional specific emissions factors and an increasing demand to measure actual emissions from the field. These requirements are not only for country-level inventories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) but also for the emerging carbon market in the agricultural sector. Significant efforts are being invested in advancing technologies and options for targeting and supporting climate mitigation initiatives in rice systems. Measurements and monitoring are critical in setting the baseline for these initiatives and in evaluating the progress made. However, their implementation remains challenging due to limited consensus in protocols for measurements, as well as the limited accessibility of tools and technologies for measurements, modeling and monitoring of emissions. Modeling is central to bridging experimental research data with actionable mitigation and adaptation strategies at scale. Current models can reliably simulate yield, water balance, and basic soil–nutrient interactions, but they struggle with trade-offs between methane reduction and nitrous oxide emissions, or with integrating soil carbon dynamics. Owing to the serious impacts of the climate crisis in crop production and human health, global assessments of GHG emissions through measurements and modeling are urgently needed to accelerate efforts in developing resilient food systems in all rice-growing countries around the world. The “Greenhouse Gas Fluxes and Modeling from Rice Workshop” was convened to address these challenges. The workshop was held from 1–5 September 2025 at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines, jointly led by IRRI, AgMIP, and the Global Methane Hub—with support from CGIAR Climate Action and Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF).The workshop gathered more than 80 participants from 40 organizations across 25 regions and brought together perspectives from research, stakeholders engaged in national GHG inventories, UNFCCC reporting, and the carbon market.
Accelerating Methane Reductions in Rice Production Systems through Market-based Mechanisms: Results of Farmer Surveys and Choice Experiments in Thailand
(Report, 2025-10) Villanueva, Donald B.; Pajadan, Karen M.; Revicoy, Riela Rose R.; Malana, Xyla Mae L.; De Castro, Allenie M.; Napasintuwong, Orachos; Duangbootsee, Uchook; Punjatewakupt, Piyawong; Mirzabaev, Alisher
This report presents the results of IRRI’s farmer survey and choice experiment implemented in Thailand. The analysis documents farmers’ awareness, adoption, and preferences regarding low-emission rice cultivation practices such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD), direct seeding, rice straw management, and other climate-smart technologies. It provides detailed evidence on the level of technical support farmers receive, their incentive preferences, and the socioeconomic factors shaping their willingness to adopt methane-reducing technologies. The survey results offer a foundation for designing market-based mechanisms—particularly carbon crediting approaches—that are feasible for smallholder rice farmers in Thailand. The report concludes with policy implications for scaling low-emission practices and for improving farmer engagement in emerging carbon markets.
Stocktaking of policy, institutional readiness, and carbon initiatives for Just Low-carbon Transitions in the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Report, 2025-11) Batin, Cynthia Jean; Gonzalez, Tobiah R.; Pajadan, Karen; Dela Rueda, Justin; Yaowapruek, Boonrod; Almonares, Ray Anthony; Welutung, Phatchariya; Sukpholtham, Sitthichat; Hai, Le Trong; Tran, Nghia Dai; Dinh, Dung Thi Kim; Cuong, Ong Quoc; Mirzabaev, Alisher
This synthesis report consolidates the information on the policy landscape, institutional readiness, and carbon-mitigation initiatives in the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, with a specific focus on accelerating methane reductions in rice systems. It reviews national climate commitments (NDCs), sectoral policies, and regulatory frameworks influencing low-carbon rice cultivation, particularly the adoption of AWD and related climate-smart practices. The report also provides detailed assessments of each country’s carbon market initiatives—including CDM, voluntary carbon market projects, Article 6 readiness, results-based climate finance, and emerging JCM projects—and evaluates institutional capacity for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV). Through comparative stakeholder mapping and synthesis tables, the publication identifies gaps, opportunities, and practical entry points for promoting just and inclusive low-carbon transitions across major rice-producing economies in Southeast Asia

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